Intestinal Glucose Absorption Is a Key Determinant of 1-Hour Postload Plasma Glucose Levels in Nondiabetic Subjects

The worldwide prevalence of metabolic diseases such as obesity, metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes shows an upward trend in recent decades. A characteristic feature of these diseases is hyperglycemia which can be associated with hyperphagia. Absorption of glucose in the small intestine physiologically contributes to the regulation of blood glucose levels, and hence, appears as a putative target for treatment of hyperglycemia. In fact, recent progress in understanding the molecular and cellular mechanisms of glucose absorption in the gut and its reabsorption in the kidney helped to develop a new strategy of diabetes treatment. Changes in blood glucose levels are also involved in regulation of appetite, suggesting that glucose absorption may be relevant to hyperphagia in metabolic diseases. In this review we discuss the mechanisms of glucose absorption in the small intestine in physiological conditions and their alterations in metabolic diseases as well as their relevance to the regulation of appetite. The key role of SGLT1 transporter in intestinal glucose absorption in both physiological conditions and in diabetes was clearly established. We conclude that although inhibition of small intestinal glucose absorption represents a valuable target for the treatment of hyperglycemia, it is not always suitable for the treatment of hyperphagia. In fact, independent regulation of glucose absorption and appetite requires a more complex approach for the treatment of metabolic diseases.

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Potential of Syzygium polyanthum (Daun Salam) in Lowering Blood Glucose Level: A Review

Pertanika Journal of Science and Technology ◽

10.47836/pjst.29.4.02 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 29 (4) ◽

Author(s):

Nur Salsabeela Mohd Rahim ◽

Ida Farah Ahmad ◽

Terence Yew Chin Tan

Keyword(s):

Blood Glucose ◽

Scientific Evidence ◽

Safety Evaluation ◽

Underlying Mechanism ◽

Glucose Absorption ◽

Diabetic Patients ◽

Glucose Levels ◽

Blood Glucose Levels ◽

Herbal Decoction ◽

Intestinal Glucose Absorption

Syzygium polyanthum is a herb widely used in Malaysia and Indonesia in cuisines. Traditionally, the herbal decoction of S. polyanthum (daun salam) leaves is often used by diabetic patients in Indonesia. Therefore, our objective is to evaluate the scientific evidence available for S. polyanthum in lowering blood glucose levels (BGL). We systematically searched Pubmed, Google Scholar, Scopus, CENTRAL. LILAC and clinicaltrials.gov databases up to 23rd October 2020 using the keywords “Syzygium polyanthum” and “antidiabetic”. From the selected 413 articles, eight studies involving rodents were included. All results showed a significant effect in lowering BGL without any adverse effects. The possible underlying mechanism of action is attributed to inhibiting intestinal glucose absorption and enhancing glucose uptake by the muscles. Chemical families responsible for the effect were determined as flavonoids, alkaloids and terpenoids. Thus, S. polyanthum leaves showed potential antidiabetic properties, but further research is required to identify the active compounds followed by the safety evaluation of this compound.

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The Rate of Intestinal Glucose Absorption Is Correlated with Plasma Glucose-Dependent Insulinotropic Polypeptide Concentrations in Healthy Men

Journal of Nutrition ◽

10.1093/jn/136.6.1511 ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 136 (6) ◽

pp. 1511-1516 ◽

Cited By ~ 71

Author(s):

Renate E. Wachters-Hagedoorn ◽

Marion G. Priebe ◽

Janneke A. J. Heimweg ◽

A. Marius Heiner ◽

Klaus N. Englyst ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Plasma Glucose ◽

Glucose Absorption ◽

Healthy Men ◽

Intestinal Glucose Absorption

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Multifaceted interplay among mediators and regulators of intestinal glucose absorption: potential impacts on diabetes research and treatment

AJP Endocrinology and Metabolism ◽

10.1152/ajpendo.00373.2015 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 309 (11) ◽

pp. E887-E899 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Leo Ka Yu Chan ◽

Po Sing Leung

Keyword(s):

Small Intestine ◽

Blood Glucose ◽

Critical Role ◽

Glucose Absorption ◽

Therapeutic Interventions ◽

Diabetes Research ◽

Glucose Levels ◽

Blood Glucose Levels ◽

Patients With Diabetes ◽

Intestinal Glucose Absorption

Glucose is the prominent molecule that characterizes diabetes and, like the vast majority of nutrients in our diet, it is absorbed and enters the bloodstream directly through the small intestine; hence, small intestine physiology impacts blood glucose levels directly. Accordingly, intestinal regulatory modulators represent a promising avenue through which diabetic blood glucose levels might be moderated clinically. Despite the critical role of small intestine in blood glucose homeostasis, most physiological diabetes research has focused on other organs, such as the pancreas, kidney, and liver. We contend that an improved understanding of intestinal regulatory mediators may be fundamental for the development of first-line preventive and therapeutic interventions in patients with diabetes and diabetes-related diseases. This review summarizes the major important intestinal regulatory mediators, discusses how they influence intestinal glucose absorption, and suggests possible candidates for future diabetes research and the development of antidiabetic therapeutic agents.

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Effects of Tolbutamide on Intestinal Glucose Absorption and Blood Glucose Levels.

Experimental Biology and Medicine ◽

10.3181/00379727-98-24223 ◽

1958 ◽

Vol 98 (4) ◽

pp. 901-902 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

J. E. Klimas ◽

G. W. Searle

Keyword(s):

Blood Glucose ◽

Glucose Absorption ◽

Glucose Levels ◽

Blood Glucose Levels ◽

Intestinal Glucose Absorption

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Mode of Action of Anti-diabetic Phyto-Compounds Present in Traditional Indian Plants: A Review

Current Journal of Applied Science and Technology ◽

10.9734/cjast/2020/v39i2130819 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 19-38

Author(s):

Divya Jain ◽

Kiran Bains ◽

Neerja Singla

Keyword(s):

Medicinal Plants ◽

Heart Diseases ◽

Cost Effective ◽

Glucose Absorption ◽

Sea Buckthorn ◽

Mulberry Leaves ◽

Glucose Levels ◽

Blood Glucose Levels ◽

Intestinal Glucose Absorption

The traditionally used plants having therapeutically potent phyto-chemicals are known to have a great potential in the treatment of various ailments including the non-communicable ones like obesity, diabetes, hypertension, heart diseases etc. Diabetes is a serious metabolic disorder affecting a large number of population worldwide. Despite the great efforts made to understand and manage this disorder, its prevalence is increasing unabatedly which creates an upsurging demand for some other approach than conventional medicines. The use of many traditional plants with anti-diabetic potential is being considered as an alternate strategy, which is cost-effective and has less side effects. This paper reviews the accumulated literature mainly for five Indian herbs having anti-diabetic activity and their proposed action of mechanism which has been scientifically tested. Phyto-compounds present in medicinal plants like gurmur (Gymnema Sylvestre), cinnamon (Cinnamomum), sea buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides), mulberry leaves (Moraceae Plant) and fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum) have shown significant hypoglycemic potential in treating type 2 diabetes through several possible mechanisms. Gymnemic acid in gurmur can inhibit the intestinal glucose absorption, whereas cinnamaldehyde in cinnamon and palmitoleic acid in Sea buckthorn enhances glucose uptake. The compound 1-deoxynojirimycin found in mulberry leaves inhibits the enzymatic activity of α-glucosidase and diosgenin in Fenugreek has a role in the regeneration of pancreatic β-cells, thus showing the mechanism of their anti-diabetic action. The inclusion of these medicinal plants in daily dietaries can be looked upon as an alternate strategy towards controlling and managing blood glucose levels among people with diabetes.

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