Effects of Tolbutamide on Intestinal Glucose Absorption and Blood Glucose Levels.

The worldwide prevalence of metabolic diseases such as obesity, metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes shows an upward trend in recent decades. A characteristic feature of these diseases is hyperglycemia which can be associated with hyperphagia. Absorption of glucose in the small intestine physiologically contributes to the regulation of blood glucose levels, and hence, appears as a putative target for treatment of hyperglycemia. In fact, recent progress in understanding the molecular and cellular mechanisms of glucose absorption in the gut and its reabsorption in the kidney helped to develop a new strategy of diabetes treatment. Changes in blood glucose levels are also involved in regulation of appetite, suggesting that glucose absorption may be relevant to hyperphagia in metabolic diseases. In this review we discuss the mechanisms of glucose absorption in the small intestine in physiological conditions and their alterations in metabolic diseases as well as their relevance to the regulation of appetite. The key role of SGLT1 transporter in intestinal glucose absorption in both physiological conditions and in diabetes was clearly established. We conclude that although inhibition of small intestinal glucose absorption represents a valuable target for the treatment of hyperglycemia, it is not always suitable for the treatment of hyperphagia. In fact, independent regulation of glucose absorption and appetite requires a more complex approach for the treatment of metabolic diseases.

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Potential of Syzygium polyanthum (Daun Salam) in Lowering Blood Glucose Level: A Review

Pertanika Journal of Science and Technology ◽

10.47836/pjst.29.4.02 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 29 (4) ◽

Author(s):

Nur Salsabeela Mohd Rahim ◽

Ida Farah Ahmad ◽

Terence Yew Chin Tan

Keyword(s):

Blood Glucose ◽

Scientific Evidence ◽

Safety Evaluation ◽

Underlying Mechanism ◽

Glucose Absorption ◽

Diabetic Patients ◽

Glucose Levels ◽

Blood Glucose Levels ◽

Herbal Decoction ◽

Intestinal Glucose Absorption

Syzygium polyanthum is a herb widely used in Malaysia and Indonesia in cuisines. Traditionally, the herbal decoction of S. polyanthum (daun salam) leaves is often used by diabetic patients in Indonesia. Therefore, our objective is to evaluate the scientific evidence available for S. polyanthum in lowering blood glucose levels (BGL). We systematically searched Pubmed, Google Scholar, Scopus, CENTRAL. LILAC and clinicaltrials.gov databases up to 23rd October 2020 using the keywords “Syzygium polyanthum” and “antidiabetic”. From the selected 413 articles, eight studies involving rodents were included. All results showed a significant effect in lowering BGL without any adverse effects. The possible underlying mechanism of action is attributed to inhibiting intestinal glucose absorption and enhancing glucose uptake by the muscles. Chemical families responsible for the effect were determined as flavonoids, alkaloids and terpenoids. Thus, S. polyanthum leaves showed potential antidiabetic properties, but further research is required to identify the active compounds followed by the safety evaluation of this compound.

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Multifaceted interplay among mediators and regulators of intestinal glucose absorption: potential impacts on diabetes research and treatment

AJP Endocrinology and Metabolism ◽

10.1152/ajpendo.00373.2015 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 309 (11) ◽

pp. E887-E899 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Leo Ka Yu Chan ◽

Po Sing Leung

Keyword(s):

Small Intestine ◽

Blood Glucose ◽

Critical Role ◽

Glucose Absorption ◽

Therapeutic Interventions ◽

Diabetes Research ◽

Glucose Levels ◽

Blood Glucose Levels ◽

Patients With Diabetes ◽

Intestinal Glucose Absorption

Glucose is the prominent molecule that characterizes diabetes and, like the vast majority of nutrients in our diet, it is absorbed and enters the bloodstream directly through the small intestine; hence, small intestine physiology impacts blood glucose levels directly. Accordingly, intestinal regulatory modulators represent a promising avenue through which diabetic blood glucose levels might be moderated clinically. Despite the critical role of small intestine in blood glucose homeostasis, most physiological diabetes research has focused on other organs, such as the pancreas, kidney, and liver. We contend that an improved understanding of intestinal regulatory mediators may be fundamental for the development of first-line preventive and therapeutic interventions in patients with diabetes and diabetes-related diseases. This review summarizes the major important intestinal regulatory mediators, discusses how they influence intestinal glucose absorption, and suggests possible candidates for future diabetes research and the development of antidiabetic therapeutic agents.

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The beaver pond analogy of blood glucose control.

AJP Advances in Physiology Education ◽

10.1152/advances.1999.276.6.s69 ◽

1999 ◽

Vol 276 (6) ◽

pp. S69 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

D P Swain

Keyword(s):

Blood Glucose ◽

Water Level ◽

Blood Glucose Control ◽

Glucose Absorption ◽

Beaver Pond ◽

Counterregulatory Hormones ◽

Glucose Levels ◽

Physiological Variables ◽

Blood Glucose Levels ◽

Stream Beds

The concentration of glucose is tightly regulated in the blood by a complicated set of physiological variables. To provide students with a means to more readily understand these complex mechanisms, the control of the water level in a beaver pond is presented as an analogy. A beaver must maintain a constant water level in the pond for the proper functioning of the lodge, just as blood glucose is maintained for, among other reasons, brain function. The beaver controls the water level by changing outflow over the dam and inflow from stream beds. Water flow over the dam is analogous to glucose leaving the blood for tissues, which is controlled by insulin. Inflow of water from streams is analogous to glucose absorption from the gastrointestinal tract and glucose release from the liver, the latter being controlled by glucagon and other counterregulatory hormones. The analogy is extended by considering the effects of exercise in normal and diabetic individuals on blood glucose levels.

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The Contents of Phenol and Flavonoid Compounds in Water Extract of Gyrinops Versteegii Leaves Have Potentially as Natural Antioxidants and Hypoglicemic in Hyperglycemic Wistar Rats

Biomedical & Pharmacology Journal ◽

10.13005/bpj/1521 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 11 (3) ◽

pp. 1543-1552

Author(s):

Adi Parwata ◽

Laksmiwati Sudiarta ◽

M. N. Dina ◽

Sutirta Yasa

Keyword(s):

Blood Glucose ◽

Wistar Rats ◽

Cell Damage ◽

Water Extract ◽

Natural Antioxidants ◽

Glucose Absorption ◽

Glucose Content ◽

Glucose Levels ◽

Blood Glucose Levels ◽

Reduce Blood Glucose

Phenols and flavonoids compounds in their activities as antioxidants can reduce blood glucose levels (hypoglycemic) through a mechanism to inhibit cell damage at pancreatic Langerhans gland, inhibit glucose absorption in the intestine and cell resistance to insulin. Preliminary analysis shows that total phenol and flavonoid contens is 2099,5025 mg GAE / 100 g, and 8133,322 mg QE / 100 gram, Antioxidant capacity with IC50 = 12.58 mg / mL. LD50 = 6,355,3536 gram. This results revealad that the water extract of Gyrinops versteegii leaves can be developed as an alternative to natural antioxidant, safe for consumption and can reduce blood glucose in hyperglycemic Wistar rats. The results of the measurement of the effect of decreasing blood glucose content showed that the water extract of Gyrinops versteegii leaves at doses of 100, 200 and 400 mg / kgBW significantly (p <0.01) could reduce blood glucose contents in hyperglycemic Wistar rats. The activity of reducing blood glucose levels (hypoglycemic) with oral doses of water extract of Gyrinops versteegii leaves was 100,200 and 400 mg / kgBW was 53.6% (53.6 ± 5.8), 58.9% (58.9 ± 8.6 ) and 75.8% (75.8 ± 1.3). High contents of phenol and flavonoids allegedly a factor that causes water extract of Gyrinops versteegii leaves to reduce blood glucose levels in hyperglycemic Wistar rats.

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Mode of Action of Anti-diabetic Phyto-Compounds Present in Traditional Indian Plants: A Review

Current Journal of Applied Science and Technology ◽

10.9734/cjast/2020/v39i2130819 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 19-38

Author(s):

Divya Jain ◽

Kiran Bains ◽

Neerja Singla

Keyword(s):

Medicinal Plants ◽

Heart Diseases ◽

Cost Effective ◽

Glucose Absorption ◽

Sea Buckthorn ◽

Mulberry Leaves ◽

Glucose Levels ◽

Blood Glucose Levels ◽

Intestinal Glucose Absorption

The traditionally used plants having therapeutically potent phyto-chemicals are known to have a great potential in the treatment of various ailments including the non-communicable ones like obesity, diabetes, hypertension, heart diseases etc. Diabetes is a serious metabolic disorder affecting a large number of population worldwide. Despite the great efforts made to understand and manage this disorder, its prevalence is increasing unabatedly which creates an upsurging demand for some other approach than conventional medicines. The use of many traditional plants with anti-diabetic potential is being considered as an alternate strategy, which is cost-effective and has less side effects. This paper reviews the accumulated literature mainly for five Indian herbs having anti-diabetic activity and their proposed action of mechanism which has been scientifically tested. Phyto-compounds present in medicinal plants like gurmur (Gymnema Sylvestre), cinnamon (Cinnamomum), sea buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides), mulberry leaves (Moraceae Plant) and fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum) have shown significant hypoglycemic potential in treating type 2 diabetes through several possible mechanisms. Gymnemic acid in gurmur can inhibit the intestinal glucose absorption, whereas cinnamaldehyde in cinnamon and palmitoleic acid in Sea buckthorn enhances glucose uptake. The compound 1-deoxynojirimycin found in mulberry leaves inhibits the enzymatic activity of α-glucosidase and diosgenin in Fenugreek has a role in the regeneration of pancreatic β-cells, thus showing the mechanism of their anti-diabetic action. The inclusion of these medicinal plants in daily dietaries can be looked upon as an alternate strategy towards controlling and managing blood glucose levels among people with diabetes.

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Potensi Jamur Kuping Hitam (auricularia polytricha) Sebagai Terapi Alternatif Diabetes Melitus

Journal of Health Science and Physiotherapy ◽

10.35893/jhsp.v2i1.23 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 2 (1) ◽

pp. 9-14

Author(s):

Dhea Oksalia Edi

Keyword(s):

Diabetes Mellitus ◽

Blood Glucose ◽

Glucose Absorption ◽

Auricularia Polytricha ◽

Glucose Levels ◽

Blood Glucose Levels ◽

Decrease Blood Glucose ◽

Prevalence Of Diabetes Mellitus ◽

Peripheral Glucose Utilisation ◽

Diabetes Melitus

Dewasa ini penderita penyakit gangguan metabolik terus mengalami peningkatan jumlah penderita. Salah satu dari penyakit gangguan metabolik yaitu Diabetes melitus atau masyarakat awam mengenalnya dengan penyakit kencing manis. Prevalensi diabetes melitus di Indonesia diperkirakan akan mencapai 21,3 juta orang pada tahun 2030. Diabetes melitus ditandai oleh meningkatnya kadar glukosa dalam darah yang disebabkan karena kelainan sekresi insulin, penurunan kerja insulin ataupun keduanya. Diabetes melitus berkaitan erat dengan komplikasi berupa makroangiopati ataupun mikroangiopati. Banyak negara mengembangkan senyawa herbal yang memiliki khasiat menurunkan kadar glukosa dalam darah seperti jamur kuping hitam (Auriculria polytricha). Jamur kuping hitam mengandung flavonoid dan polisakarida berupa serat (43,2%) yang berperan penting dalam menurunkan kadar glukosa darah. Mekanisme kerja flavonoid dalam menurunkan kadar glukosa darah yaitu menurunkan penyerapan glukosa dengan menghambat GLUT 2 mukosa, meningkatkan pemakaian glukosa di jaringan perifer dan menurunkan stress oksidatif. Sedangkan polisakarida dapat mengendalikan penyerapan glukosa pada pencernaan sehingga mampu menurunkan kadar glukosa darah. Nowadays patients with metabolic disorders are continously increase recently. One of those metabolic disorder is Diabetes mellitus or people know as “kencing manis” disease. The prevalence of diabetes mellitus in Indonesia is estimated to be as many as 21,3 million people in 2030. Diabetes mellitus is characterized by the increase of glucose levels in the blood caused by the abnormalities of insulin secretion, the decrease of insulin function or both. Diabetes mellitus is closely related to complications such as macroangiopathy and microangiopathy. There are many countries elaborate herbal coumpounds that have efficacy for decreasing blood glucose levels such as wood ear mushroom (Auricularia polytricha). Wood ear mushroom contains is flavonoid and polyssacharides in form of fiber (43,2%) which havean important role in decreasing blood glucose levels. The mechanisms how flavonoids decrease blood glucose levels is by decrease glucose absorption by inhibit the intestinal mucosa GLUT 2, decrease stimulation of peripheral glucose utilisation and decrease oxidative stress. Polysaccharides help to control the glucose absorptionin the gastrointestinal to maintain the blood glucose levels.

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