Serum Osteocalcin and Total Body Calcium in Normal Pre- and Postmenopausal Women and Postmenopausal Osteoporotic Patients*

Regional and total bone mass were determined in three groups of women by photon absorptiometry of the distal radius [bone mineral content BMC)] and total body neutron activation analysis [total body calcium (TBCa)], respectively. There were three groups of patients: group A, osteoporotic women treated with a variety of pharmacologic agents; group B, osteoporotic women (controls) taking only calcium supplements; and group C, normal postmenopausal women. The mean TBCa and BMC were considerably higher in the postmenopausal women than in the osteoporotic women. The rate of change of bone mass in group C was -0.45%/yr and -0.9%/yr for the total skeleton and radius, respectively. Group B had no significant rate of loss, whereas group A demonstrated a significant increase in TBCa of 0.75%/yr with no change in the BMC of the radius. There were no significant between-subject correlations for the slopes (rates of change) of the two bone mineral measurements.

Download Full-text

Skeletal mass in postmenopausal women.

AJP Endocrinology and Metabolism ◽

10.1152/ajpendo.1978.235.1.e82 ◽

1978 ◽

Vol 235 (1) ◽

pp. E82

Author(s):

J F Aloia ◽

S H Cohn ◽

P Ross ◽

A Vaswani ◽

C Abesamis ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Bone Mass ◽

Bone Mineral Content ◽

Postmenopausal Women ◽

Bone Mineral ◽

Mineral Content ◽

Total Body Calcium ◽

Skeletal Mass ◽

Normal Women ◽

Total Body

The techniques of photon absorptiometry of the radius and total body neutron activation analysis were used for the determination of bone mineral content and total body calcium, respectively. The subjects consisted of 71 normal women who were 1-5 yr postmenopausal and 44 osteoporotic women who had crush fractures of the dorsal spine. Both bone mineral content and total body calcium were corrected for age and body size by using the ratio of observed values to those predicted from previously derived equations. Discrimant analysis involving both osteoporotic and normal postmenopausal women resulted in the successful assignment of 81% of the 115 subjects to their correct group. Statistical analyses of the distribution of the bone mass of the postmenopausal women yielded no evidence to support the hypothesis that a subgroup exists with bone mass levels markedly different from the remainder of the women.

Download Full-text

Changes in total body calcium balance with exercise in the rat

Journal of Applied Physiology ◽

10.1152/jappl.1983.55.1.201 ◽

1983 ◽

Vol 55 (1) ◽

pp. 201-204 ◽

Cited By ~ 16

Author(s):

A. D. LeBlanc ◽

H. J. Evans ◽

P. C. Johnson ◽

S. Jhingran

Keyword(s):

Least Squares ◽

Voluntary Exercise ◽

Calcium Balance ◽

Sprague Dawley ◽

Total Body Calcium ◽

Sprague Dawley Rats ◽

Least Squares Fit ◽

Significant Change ◽

Total Body ◽

And Control

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of deconditioning on the total body calcium in rats. Two separate experiments were performed using female Sprague-Dawley rats, 187-266 days of age. Total body calcium was measured in experimental and control rats during and following several weeks of voluntary exercise. The slope from the least-squares fit of total body calcium with time was used to obtain an average calcium balance for each animal during each study period. In both groups the exercised rats had a significantly decreased calcium balance after cessation of exercise, whereas no significant change was seen in nonexercised controls. In both groups, the exercised animals gained calcium at a significantly greater rate than controls. Our findings indicate that while exercised rats may gain calcium at a faster rate compared with nonexercising controls, the rate of gain following cessation of exercise is less than the controls.

Download Full-text

A Comparison of the Effects of Raloxifene and Estrogen on Bone in Postmenopausal Women1

The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism ◽

10.1210/jcem.85.6.6654 ◽

2000 ◽

Vol 85 (6) ◽

pp. 2197-2202

Author(s):

Karen M. Prestwood ◽

Michele Gunness ◽

Douglas B. Muchmore ◽

Yili Lu ◽

Mayme Wong ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Lumbar Spine ◽

Bone Turnover ◽

Postmenopausal Women ◽

Biochemical Markers ◽

Mineral Density ◽

Bone Formation Rate ◽

Markers Of Bone Turnover ◽

Bone Biopsies ◽

Hip Bmd ◽

Total Body

Raloxifene HCl, a selective estrogen receptor modulator, has been shown to increase bone mineral density (BMD) and decrease biochemical markers of bone turnover in postmenopausal women without stimulatory effects on the breast and uterus. However, it is not known whether the changes in BMD and bone turnover are associated with changes at the tissue level, nor how changes with raloxifene compare with estrogen. In this randomized, double blind study, we evaluated the effects of raloxifene (Evista, 60 mg/day) or conjugated equine estrogens (CEE; Premarin, 0.625 mg/day) on bone architecture, bone turnover, and BMD. Iliac crest bone biopsies were obtained at baseline and at the end of the study after double tetracycline labeling and were analyzed for standard histomorphometric indexes. Serum and urinary biochemical markers of bone turnover were measured at baseline and at 4, 10, 18, and 24 weeks of treatment. Total body, lumbar spine, and hip BMD were measured at baseline and at the end of the study by dual energy x-ray absorptiometry. Activation frequency and bone formation rate/bone volume were significantly decreased from baseline in the CEE, but not in the raloxifene, group. Bone mineralization did not change in either group. Most markers of bone resorption and formation decreased in both groups, but to a greater degree in the CEE group (P < .05). Total body and lumbar spine BMD increased from baseline in both groups, with a greater increase in the CEE group (P< 0.05). Hip BMD significantly increased from baseline in the raloxifene group, but the change was not different from that in the CEE group. These results suggest that raloxifene reduces bone turnover and increases bone density, although to a lesser extent than CEE. Thus, raloxifene is an alternative to CEE for the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis in postmenopausal women.

Download Full-text

Oral alendronate induces progressive increases in bone mass of the spine, hip, and total body over 3 years in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis

Bone ◽

10.1016/8756-3282(95)00436-x ◽

1996 ◽

Vol 18 (2) ◽

pp. 141-150 ◽

Cited By ~ 117

Author(s):

J.P. Devogelaer ◽

H. Broll ◽

R. Correa-Rotter ◽

D.C. Cumming ◽

C. Nagant de Deuxchaisnes ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Bone Mass ◽

Postmenopausal Women ◽

Total Body

Download Full-text

Serum osteocalcin concentrations in relation to glucose and lipid metabolism in Chinese individuals

Acta Endocrinologica ◽

10.1530/eje-09-0585 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 161 (5) ◽

pp. 723-729 ◽

Cited By ~ 128

Author(s):

Mi Zhou ◽

Xiaojing Ma ◽

Huating Li ◽

Xiaoping Pan ◽

Junling Tang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Regression Analysis ◽

Lipid Metabolism ◽

Glucose Tolerance ◽

Lipid Profile ◽

Postmenopausal Women ◽

Multiple Logistic Regression Analysis ◽

Premenopausal Women ◽

Diabetic Patients ◽

Model Assessment ◽

Serum Osteocalcin

ObjectivesOsteocalcin, a bone-derived protein, has recently been reported to affect energy metabolism. We investigated the relationship between serum osteocalcin and parameters of adiposity, glucose tolerance, and lipid profile in Chinese subjects.MethodsSerum osteocalcin was measured by electrochemiluminescence immunoassay in 254 men (128 with newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and 126 with normal glucose tolerance (NGT)), 66 premenopausal women (33 with T2DM and 33 with NGT) as well as 180 postmenopausal women (92 with T2DM and 88 with NGT). Their associations with parameters of adiposity, glucose tolerance, and lipid profile were examined.ResultsSerum osteocalcin concentrations in diabetic patients were significantly lower than those in NGT subjects after adjusted for age, gender, and body mass index (P=0.003). Postmenopausal women had higher osteocalcin concentrations than premenopausal women and men (both P<0.001). Multiple stepwise regression analysis showed that age, %fat, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, fasting plasma glucose, and fasting serum insulin were independently associated with osteocalcin in men (P<0.05). Age and HbA1c were independently correlated with osteocalcin in postmenopausal women. Besides age and HbA1c, serum triglyceride was also an independent factor influencing osteocalcin in premenopausal women. In addition, osteocalcin was also positively associated with homeostasis model assessment of β-cell function. Furthermore, multiple logistic regression analysis demonstrated that osteocalcin was independently associated with T2DM.ConclusionsSerum osteocalcin was closely associated with not only fat and glucose metabolism but also with lipid metabolism.

Download Full-text

Bone resorption and mineral excretion in rats during spaceflight

AJP Regulatory Integrative and Comparative Physiology ◽

10.1152/ajpregu.1983.244.3.r327 ◽

1983 ◽

Vol 244 (3) ◽

pp. R327-R331 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

C. E. Cann ◽

R. R. Adachi

Keyword(s):

Neutron Activation Analysis ◽

Bone Resorption ◽

Time Course ◽

Large Change ◽

Sodium Potassium ◽

Total Body Calcium ◽

Mineral Excretion ◽

Synchronous Control ◽

Total Body ◽

Sodium And Potassium

Bone resorption was measured directly in flight and synchronous control rats during COSMOS 1129. Continuous tracer administration techniques were used, with replacement of dietary calcium with isotopically enriched 40Ca and measurement by neutron activation analysis of the 48Ca released by the skeleton. There is no large change in bone resorption in rats at the end of 20 days of spaceflight as has been found for bone formation. Based on the time course of changes, the measured 20–25% decrease in resorption is probably secondary to a decrease in total body calcium turnover. The excretion of sodium, potassium, and zinc all increase during flight, sodium and potassium to a level four to five times control values.

Download Full-text

Circulating insulin levels are related to bone density in normal postmenopausal women

AJP Endocrinology and Metabolism ◽

10.1152/ajpendo.1993.265.4.e655 ◽

1993 ◽

Vol 265 (4) ◽

pp. E655-E659 ◽

Cited By ~ 19

Author(s):

I. R. Reid ◽

M. C. Evans ◽

G. J. Cooper ◽

R. W. Ames ◽

J. Stapleton

Keyword(s):

Body Weight ◽

Postmenopausal Women ◽

Multiple Regression ◽

Vertebral Body ◽

Fat Mass ◽

Volumetric Density ◽

Insulin Levels ◽

The Third ◽

Lumbar Vertebral Body ◽

Total Body

We recently established that the dependence of bone mineral density (BMD) on body weight in women is mainly attributable to a close relationship between total body fat mass and BMD. The present study assesses whether this latter relationship might be contributed to by the hormones insulin or amylin, both of which may influence fat mass and calcium metabolism. Fifty-three normal postmenopausal women underwent a 75-g glucose tolerance test with measurement of plasma insulin and amylin concentrations every 30 min for 2 h. Body composition and BMD/height (to provide a quantity with the dimensions of volumetric density that is independent of body size) were measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, and volumetric density of the third lumbar vertebral body was calculated. Circulating insulin concentrations correlated with BMD/height and volumetric density of the third lumbar vertebral body (r = 0.28-0.52). They also were related to body weight (r = 0.34-0.56) and fat mass (r = 0.38-0.56) but were not independently related to lean mass on multiple regression. There were no consistent relationships between amylin levels and these variables. Multiple-regression analyses with fat mass and insulin levels as independent variables indicated that BMD/height of total body and femoral trochanter were primarily related to fat mass, whereas, in femoral neck, the significant relationship was with insulin. Volumetric density of the third lumbar vertebral body was related to insulin levels alone on this analysis.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Download Full-text

Sodium Intake and Osteoporosis. Findings From the Women's Health Initiative

The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism ◽

10.1210/jc.2015-4017 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 101 (4) ◽

pp. 1414-1421 ◽

Cited By ~ 11

Author(s):

Laura Carbone ◽

Karen C. Johnson ◽

Ying Huang ◽

Mary Pettinger ◽

Fridjtof Thomas ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Lumbar Spine ◽

Women's Health ◽

Postmenopausal Women ◽

Calcium Intake ◽

Sodium Intake ◽

Women's Health Initiative ◽

Health Initiative ◽

Skeletal Site ◽

Total Body ◽

The Women’S Health Initiative

Abstract Background: The relationship of sodium intake to changes in bone mineral density (BMD) in postmenopausal women has not been established, and no study to date has examined its relationship with fracture risk. Methods: This was a prospective observational cohort study including 69 735 postmenopausal women in the Women's Health Initiative during an average of 11.4 years of followup to examine whether sodium intake is associated with changes in BMD at the lumbar spine, total hip, femoral neck, and total body and with incident fractures and whether this relationship is modified by potassium and/or calcium intake. Results: In adjusted models, there was no association of calibrated sodium intake with changes in BMD at the hip or lumbar spine from baseline to 3 or 6 years (P ≥ .06). Higher sodium intakes were associated with greater increases in total body BMD from baseline to 3 years (P = .00) with a trend from baseline to 6 years (P = .08) and with reduced hip fractures (hazard ratio, 0.81; 95% confidence interval, 0.67–0.97). In sensitivity analyses that included body mass index as an additional covariate in the models, there was no association of sodium intake with changes in BMD at any skeletal site (P ≥ .32) or with incident fractures (P > .28). There was no association of sodium intake with incident fractures after adjusting for potassium intake (P ≥ .30). Calcium intake did not modify the association between sodium intake and incident fractures (P ≥ .20). Levels of sodium intake above or below currently recommended guidelines for cardiovascular disease (≤ 2300 mg/d) were not associated with changes in BMD at any skeletal site from baseline to 3 (P ≥ .66) or 6 years (P ≥ .74) or with incident fractures (P ≥ .70). Conclusion: Current population-based recommendations for sodium intake are unlikely to significantly affect osteoporosis.

Download Full-text

The role of fetal parathyroid hormone-related protein in transplacental calcium transport

Journal of Molecular Endocrinology ◽

10.1677/jme.0.0170159 ◽

1996 ◽

Vol 17 (2) ◽

pp. 159-164 ◽

Cited By ~ 27

Author(s):

J Tucci ◽

V Hammond ◽

P V Senior ◽

A Gibson ◽

F Beck

Keyword(s):

Parathyroid Hormone ◽

Calcium Pump ◽

Calcium Deposition ◽

Related Protein ◽

Compensatory Mechanisms ◽

Total Body Calcium ◽

Parathyroid Hormone Related Protein ◽

Ionised Calcium ◽

Total Body

ABSTRACT During pregnancy, a placental calcium pump maintains the fetus in a hypercalcaemic state relative to the mother, a condition which has been thought to facilitate normal development of the fetal skeleton. Based on experiments performed in the sheep, parathyroid hormone-related protein (PTHrP) has been implicated as the hormone responsible for maintaining the placental calcium pump. In the present study on mice in which the PTHrP gene has been ablated by homologous recombination, we have measured both fetal and maternal circulating total and ionised calcium levels, as well as fetal total body calcium, in order to determine whether absence of PTHrP during fetal development has an effect on fetal calcium levels. Our results show that, in fetuses lacking PTHrP, circulating ionised calcium levels are significantly lower than those of heterozygote and wild-type littermates, but circulating total calcium levels show no difference. Total body calcium levels of null mutants are significantly higher than those of normal littermates. The role of PTHrP in maintaining the integrity of the transplacental calcium pump in the rodent thus remains unclear. It may be that the lower levels of fetal blood ionised calcium in mutant animals are due to disruption of the placental pump, but, if this is the case, compensatory mechanisms have operated to allow the excessive calcium deposition seen in the skeletons of these animals. Alternatively, the increased avidity of the bones for calcium may in itself have produced a lower equilibrium level of available ionised calcium.

Download Full-text