scholarly journals Polymorphism in the IGF-I Gene: Clinical Relevance for Short Children Born Small for Gestational Age (SGA)

2002 ◽  
Vol 87 (6) ◽  
pp. 2720-2724 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicolette Arends ◽  
Linda Johnston ◽  
Anita Hokken-Koelega ◽  
Cornelia van Duijn ◽  
Maria de Ridder ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Birth Weight ◽  
Gestational Age ◽  
Small For Gestational Age ◽  
Head Circumference ◽  
Later Life ◽  
Short Children ◽  
Igf I ◽  
I Gene

Low birth weight is associated with an increased risk in adult life of type 2 diabetes, hypertension and cardiovascular disease (CVD). The fetal insulin hypothesis postulates that genes involving insulin resistance could effect birth weight and disease in later life (Hattersley, 1999). Besides insulin, there is extensive evidence that insulin-like growth factor-I and -II (IGF-I, IGF-II) play an important role in fetal growth. We hypothesized that minor genetic variation in the IGF-I gene could influence pre- and postnatal growth. Three microsatellite markers located in the IGF-I gene in 124 short children (height < −1.88 SDS) who were born small for gestational age (SGA) and their parents were studied. SGA was defined as both a birth weight and birth length below −1.88 SDS for gestational age. Two polymorphic markers showed transmission disequilibrium. Allele 191 of the IGF1.PCR1 marker was transmitted more frequently from parent to child (χ2 = 4.8 and p = 0.02) and allele 198 of the 737/738 marker was transmitted less frequently from parent to child (χ = 4.5 and p = 0.03). Children carrying the 191-allele had significantly lower IGF-1 levels than children not carrying this allele (−1.1 SDS vs.− 0.05 SDS; p = 0.03). Also, head circumference SDS remained smaller in children with allele 191 compared to children without allele 191 (−2.1 SDS vs. −0.9 SDS; p = 0.003). Our results show that genetically determined low IGF-I levels may lead to a reduction in birth weight, length and head circumference and to persistent short stature and small head circumference in later life (proportionate small). Since low IGF-I levels are associated with type 2 diabetes and CVD, we propose that the IGF-I gene may provide a link between low birth weight and such diseases in later life.

Letters to the Editor

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1982 ◽  
Vol 69 (1) ◽  
pp. 130-130
Author(s):  
Evelyn Lipper ◽  
Kwang-sun Lee ◽  
Lawrence M. Gartner ◽  
Bruce Grellong
Keyword(s):  
Birth Weight ◽  
Low Birth Weight ◽  
Gestational Age ◽  
Small For Gestational Age ◽  
Head Circumference ◽  
Low Birth Weight Infants ◽  
Letters To The Editor

All of the infants entered into the study were low-birth-weight infants (<2,500 gm). The majority of infants had a gestational age less than 37 completed weeks, and, of these, some were also small for gestational age. Sixteen infants had a gestational age of ≥37 weeks but were included in the study because their birth weight was below the tenth percentile for their gestational age. We agree with Drs Knobloch and Malone's comment about the interrelationship of all three figures: as gastation advances, birth weight and head circumference increase.

scholarly journals Metabolic implications of GH treatment in small for gestational age

2007 ◽  
Vol 157 (suppl_1) ◽  
pp. S47-S50 ◽  
Author(s):  
E M Delemarre ◽  
J Rotteveel ◽  
H A Delemarre-van de Waal
Keyword(s):  
Lipid Metabolism ◽  
Gestational Age ◽  
Growth Retardation ◽  
Small For Gestational Age ◽  
Postnatal Growth ◽  
Gh Treatment ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Igf I

Fetal growth retardation is associated with decreased postnatal growth, resulting in a lower adult height. In addition, a low birth weight is associated with an increased risk of developing diseases during adulthood, such as insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes mellitus, hypertension, dyslipidemia, and cardiovascular diseases. Children with persistent postnatal growth retardation, i.e., incomplete catchup growth, can be treated with human GH. The GH/IGF-I axis is involved in the regulation of carbohydrate and lipid metabolism. The question of whether treatment with GH in children born small for gestational age (SGA) has long-term implications with respect to glucose/insulin and lipid metabolism has not been answered yet. In this article, the available data are reviewed.

scholarly journals Longitudinal Changes in Insulin-Like Growth Factor-I, Insulin Sensitivity, and Secretion from Birth to Age Three Years in Small-for-Gestational-Age Children

2006 ◽  
Vol 91 (11) ◽  
pp. 4645-4649 ◽  
Author(s):  
Germán Iñiguez ◽  
Ken Ong ◽  
Rodrigo Bazaes ◽  
Alejandra Avila ◽  
Teresa Salazar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Mass Index ◽  
Insulin Secretion ◽  
Birth Weight ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Gestational Age ◽  
Small For Gestational Age ◽  
Cell Function ◽  
Model Assessment ◽  
Igf I ◽  
Catch Up

Abstract Introduction: Insulin resistance (IR) develops as early as age 1 to 3 yr in small for gestational age (SGA) infants who show rapid catch-up postnatal weight gain. In contrast, greater insulin secretion is related to infancy height gains. We hypothesized that IGF-I levels could be differentially related to gains in length and weight and also differentially related to IR and insulin secretion. Methods: In a prospective study of 50 SGA (birth weight < 5th percentile) and 14 normal birth weight [appropriate for gestational age (AGA)] newborns, we measured serum IGF-I levels at birth, 1 yr, and 3 yr. IR (by homeostasis model assessment) and insulin secretion (by short iv glucose tolerance test) were also measured at 1 yr and 3 yr. Results: SGA infants had similar mean length and weight at 3 yr compared with AGA infants. SGA infants had lower IGF-I levels at birth (P < 0.0001), but conversely they had higher IGF-I levels at 3 yr (P = 0.003) than AGA infants. Within the SGA group, at 1 yr IGF-I was associated with length gain from birth and insulin secretion (P < 0.0001); in contrast at 3 yr IGF-I was positively related to weight, body mass index, and IR. Conclusions: IGF-I levels increased rapidly from birth in SGA, but not AGA children. During the key first-year growth period, IGF-I levels were related to β-cell function and longitudinal growth. In contrast, by 3 yr, when catch-up growth was completed, IGF-I levels were related to body mass index and IR, and these higher IGF-I levels in SGA infants might indicate the presence of relative IGF-I resistance.

Placental 11B-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase Type 2 mRNA Levels in Intrauterine Growth Restriction versus Small-for-Gestational-Age Fetuses

2015 ◽  
Vol 39 (2) ◽  
pp. 147-151 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Dolores Gómez-Roig ◽  
Edurne Mazarico ◽  
Daniela Cárdenas ◽  
M. Teresa Fernandez ◽  
Marta Díaz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Birth Weight ◽  
Gestational Age ◽  
Small For Gestational Age ◽  
Rna Extraction ◽  
Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase ◽  
Phenotypic Characterization ◽  
Activity Levels ◽  
Mrna Levels ◽  
Intrauterine Growth

Introduction: The objective of this study was to evaluate placental 11B-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2 (11B-HSD-2) mRNA levels in intrauterine growth-restricted fetuses (IUGR) as compared with small-for-gestational-age (SGA) fetuses according to clinical criteria. Material and Methods: Placental levels of 11B-HSD-2 mRNA levels were measured in SGA (birth weight <10th centile) and gestational-age-matched, appropriate-for-gestational-age (AGA) births. SGA was classified as IUGR (birth weight <3rd centile or <10th percentile with abnormal uterine artery Doppler or cerebroplacental ratio) or non-IUGR SGA. After RNA extraction, mRNA levels were determined by reverse transcription and quantitative PCR. Results: A total of 38 placentas were analyzed (20 AGA and 18 SGA). Among the SGA pregnancies, 13 qualified as IUGR. The activity of 11B-HSD-2 in IUGR pregnancies [0.105 (SD 0.328)] was significantly reduced compared to non-IUGR SGA [0.304 (SD 0.261); p = 0.018] and AGA [0.294 (SD 0.328); p = 0.001]. These differences remained significant after adjusting for potential confounders (such as smoking or maternal cortisol levels). Activity levels did not significantly differ between non-IUGR SGA and AGA. Discussion: IUGR fetuses had reduced 11B-HSD-2 activity in comparison with SGA and normally grown fetuses. This finding provides opportunities to develop new placental biomarkers for the phenotypic characterization of fetal smallness.

The insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) gene in individuals born small for gestational age (SGA)

1999 ◽  
Vol 51 (4) ◽  
pp. 423-427 ◽  
Author(s):  
Linda B. Johnston ◽  
Juliane Leger ◽  
Martin O. Savage ◽  
Adrian J. L. Clark ◽  
Paul Czernichow
Keyword(s):  
Growth Factor ◽  
Gestational Age ◽  
Small For Gestational Age ◽  
Insulin Like Growth Factor ◽  
Factor I ◽  
Igf I ◽  
Growth Factor I ◽  
I Gene

scholarly journals Kangaroo Mother Care –Differences and Quantitative Benefits in Different Subgroups of Low Birth Weight Babies

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Birth Weight ◽  
Gestational Age ◽  
Small For Gestational Age ◽  
Head Circumference ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Kangaroo Mother Care ◽  
Daily Weight Gain ◽  
At Home

Objectives: To determine the effectiveness of Kangaroo Mother Care in subgroups of LBW babies-Preterm AGA, Preterm SGA and Term SGA, To assess any differences in benefits of KMC in relation to duration in the subgroups, To assess weight gain difference in NICU and at home at first follow up visit and up to 40 weeks of follow up to Preterm AGA, Preterm SGA and till gain of 2500g in Term SGA babies. Study design: Prospective observational study. Setting: NICU in a large teaching institute, department of pediatrics, Mahatma Gandhi Memorial Hospital, North Telangana. Subjects and Methods: 240 neonates with birth weight <2500g, hemodynamically stable. Intervention: The subjects are classified into three subgroups-based on gestational age (by new Ballard’s score) and by weight (Lubchenco’ s charts) into Preterm Appropriate for gestational age (PT AGA) (102), Preterm Small for Gestational Age (PT SGA) (88) and Term Small for Gestational age (T SGA) (50). Further categorized into <=32 wks,33-34wks,35- 36wks,>=37wks.KMC was given to all subgroups at hospital and home with mean duration of 9+2hrs at hospital and 5+2hrs at home. Outcome Measures: Growth measured by average daily weight gain, mean weight gain, (weight was measured by electronic weighing scale (seca), head circumference (measured by non-stretchable and non-metallic tape) and total length (measured by infant meter) in follow up to 40 weeks of corrected gestational age in Preterm and up to gain of 2500g in Term SGA were assessed with KMC. Results: Better weight gain was noticed in all the 3 subgroups of LBW neonates with KMC at hospital and home. In spite of lower duration of KMC at home PT AGA (33-34 weeks) subgroup has the highest weight gain (24.5+5.5g/day, p=0.003), highest head circumference gain (0.70+0.5cm/week, p=0.002), highest length gain (0.90+0.6cm/week, p <0.008). The time taken to reach full feeds and the time to reach initiation of direct breastfeeds were comparable in all subgroups but attained much earlier in PT AGA (33-34wks) and PT AGA (35-36wks). Duration of hospital stay is least in PT AGA with mean of 12.68 ± 6.37 days.KMC significantly reduced the incidence of apnea in all subgroups of LBW babies. All babies were on exclusive breastfeeds at the end of the study (98%). Conclusion: We conclude by this present study that KMC improves growth in all sub groups of LBW infants. KMC has significantly reduced the incidence of co mortifies like apnea, hypothermia, hypoglycemia in all the subgroups of LBW babies. KMC is cost effective, easily accessible and acceptable not only to mothers but also by majority of the family members

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