Calendars in Knotted Cords: New Evidence on How Khipus Captured Time in Nineteenth-Century Cuzco and Beyond

Ethnohistory ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 66 (3) ◽  
pp. 437-464 ◽  
Author(s):  
José Carlos de la Puente
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Historical Context ◽  
Roman Catholic ◽  
Central Problem ◽  
Basic Principles ◽  
Rural Parishes ◽  
History Of ◽  
Ways Of Thinking ◽  
New Evidence

AbstractDespite the critical advances toward khipu decipherment, the specific ways in which Andean khipu masters captured and organized the course of time in their cords, in the form of ages, dates, chronologies, and calendric intervals and cycles, remains obscure. This essay contributes to this central problem of knot making and reading traditions by enlisting the aid of an unlikely source: the memoirs of a mid-nineteenth-century gentleman who was given a striking account of how khipu masters in Cuzco’s countryside recorded specific events of a twelve-month calendar in their khipus and made accurate calculations based on them. The analysis and reconstruction of Cuzco’s calendar-demographic khipus is framed into the history of Catholic catechesis, which included early efforts at colonizing indigenous ways of thinking and experiencing time through tactile, visual, and sonic strategies. This process, rather than marginalizing knotted cords all together, as it is sometimes assumed, turned khipukamayuq into important, yet often overlooked agents for the gradual establishment of the Roman Catholic calendar in Andean rural parishes. Unraveling the basic principles for the accounting of time in these modern khipus by placing them in their historical context is a firm, and to our knowledge unprecedented, step toward future efforts at deciphering both quantitative and qualitative cords with a temporal component.

Corporate Environmentalism and the Boundaries of Sustainability

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Geoffrey Jones
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Entire Period ◽  
Temporal Context ◽  
Corporate Environmentalism ◽  
New Markets ◽  
Commercial Success ◽  
Green Business ◽  
History Of ◽  
Green Entrepreneurship ◽  
Ways Of Thinking

This chapter reviews the history of green entrepreneurship, arguing that green entrepreneurship was shaped by four different temporal contexts between the mid-nineteenth century and the present day. Although there were significant achievements over the entire period, it was only in the most recent era that green business achieved legitimacy and scale. Green entrepreneurs often had religious and ideological motivations, but they were shaped by their institutional and temporal context. They created new markets and categories through selling their ideas and products, and by imagining the meaning of sustainability. They faced hard challenges, which encouraged clustering which provided proximity advantages and higher trust levels. Combining profits and sustainability has always been difficult, and the spread of corporate environmentalism in recent decades has not helped. Although commercial success often eluded pioneers, by a willingness to think outside of traditional boxes, they have opened up new ways of thinking about sustainability.

A brief history of suicidal behaviour

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Navneet Kapur ◽  
Robert Goldney
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Mental Illness ◽  
Middle Ages ◽  
Suicidal Behaviour ◽  
Social Influences ◽  
Historical Context ◽  
Systematic Research ◽  
History Of ◽  
Over Time ◽  
The Middle Ages

This chapter places suicide and suicidal behaviour in a European historical context. Although suicide has been documented throughout history, its meaning and functions have varied over time. In the Middle Ages, suicide was regarded as sinful but, subsequently, was conceptualized in terms of social influences or mental illness. Systematic research into suicidal behaviour has been undertaken for more than two centuries. The contributions of Morselli, using statistical and epidemiological techniques, were particularly notable. Many of the accepted social and psychiatric antecedents of suicide we talk about today were well described by the nineteenth century.

John Lingard and the catholic revival

1977 ◽  
Vol 14 ◽  
pp. 313-327
Author(s):  
Sheridan Gilley
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Sense Of Self ◽  
Roman Catholic ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
The Political ◽  
English History ◽  
Self Identity ◽  
History Of ◽  
Roman Catholic Priest ◽  
Better Than

The nineteenth-century histories of England were inspired by and reflect the political and religious ideologies of the era; the liberal anglican school described by Duncan Forbes, the varieties of high church scholarship from Christopher Wordsworth to canon Dixon, the optimistic whiggery of Hallam and Macaulay, the protestant high toryism of Southey, the political protestantism of Froudc and the teutomania of Freeman. Most of these writers had two ideas in common; a strong sense of the importance of national history as a reinforcement of the English sense of self identity, and the oneness of English history. This was a view given classic expression m John Richard Green’s Short History of the English People, and has been perpetuated by Trevelyan and Churchill into the twentieth century. Far better than most of his predecessors, Green’s history was more than just a history of the nation written from a partisan point of view, and owed its popularity as much to its breadth of sympathy as to the author’s gift for quicksilver generalisation and narration which move the reader on at the pace of a hare. In this last quality, it was most unlike the most popular nineteenth-century history of England before its publication, the work of a Roman catholic priest John Lingard, though Lingard also professed to rise above the turmoil of parties to write an impartial history.

scholarly journals The nineteenth-century dictionaries of Russian women writers: (not only) general bibliographical and literary historical principles

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Magdalena Dąbrowska
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Women Writers ◽  
Historical Context ◽  
History Of ◽  
Female Writers

The article presents the oldest dictionaries of the Russian women writers (bibliographical data and literary historical context): 1. Bibliographical Catalogue of the Russian Women Writers (1826) by Stepan Russov; 2. Materials to the History of the Russian Women Writers by Mikhail Makarov (published in the periodical “Damskij zhurnal” 1830, 1833); 3. Bibliographical Dictionary of the Russian Women Writers (1889) by Nikolai Golitsyn; 4. Our female writers. The dictionary of the Russian women writers (1891) by Stepan Ponomaryov. The first dictionary of the Russian writers (Nikolai Novikov, 1772) serves as the interpretative context. The structure and contents of the dictionaries are discussed.

scholarly journals Professional Activities (1930–1981) of Latvian-Born Lithuanian Architect and Engineer Karolis Reisonas (1894–1981) in Kaunas, Panevėžys and Adelaide Cities

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
pp. 35-51
Author(s):  
Sigitas Vladas Saladžinskas ◽  
Kristina Vaisvalavičienė
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Values ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
Interwar Period ◽  
Historical Context ◽  
Roman Catholic ◽  
Modern Architecture ◽  
Vocational School ◽  
Professional Activities ◽  
Urban Construction ◽  
History Of

The article introduces the professional activities of Latvian-born Lithuanian architect and engineer Karolis Reisonas (in Latvian: Kārlis Reisons; 1894–1981) in the second half of his life – from 1930 in Kaunas, Panevėžys and Adelaide cities – and his role in the history of Lithuanian architecture. K. Reisonas was one of the most prominent creators of modern 20th-century interwar Lithuanian architecture and together with other famous Lithuanian architects formed a special style of Kaunas modern architecture in interwar period. K. Reisonas is the author or co-author of representative buildings in Šiauliai, Kaunas and other Lithuanian cities, as well as in Riga and Adelaide cities. Architect and engineer K. Reisonas worked as Šiauliai City Engineer and Head of Municipal Construction Department (1922–1930), Director of Šiauliai Vocational School (1926), Consultant of Lithuanian Chamber of Agriculture (1927–1928), Head of Construction Department of Kaunas Municipality (1930– 1938), Panevėžys City Engineer (1940) and Burgomaster (1941–1944). From 1949, the Reisonas family lived in Adelaide city, Australia. To his projects three monuments of independence were built in Lithuania – Monument of Independence in Šiauliai city, Podium of the Freedom Monument of Kaunas city and Roman Catholic Christ’s Resurrection Church in Kaunas city. Fourteen of buildings in Lithuania (in Kaunas and Šiauliai cities) designed by him are included in the list of cultural values of Lithuania. Early K. Reisonas’ projects are characterized by historism, elements of eclecticism and «brick style», later projects are characterized by austere rationalism, functionalism, adaptation to urban construction and cultural and historical context.

scholarly journals Latviešu izcelsmes Lietuvas arhitekta un inženiera Kārļa Reisona (1894–1981) darbība (1930–1981) Kauņā, Panevēžā un Adelaidā

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
pp. 34-49
Author(s):  
Sigits Vlads Saladžinsks ◽  
Kristina Vaisvalavičiene
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Values ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
Interwar Period ◽  
Historical Context ◽  
Roman Catholic ◽  
Modern Architecture ◽  
Vocational School ◽  
Professional Activities ◽  
Urban Construction ◽  
History Of

Raksts iepazīstina ar latviešu izcelsmes Lietuvas arhitekta un inženiera Kārļa Reisona (Karolis Reisonas; 1894–1981) profesionālo darbību mūža otrajā pusē – no 1930. gada Kauņā, Panevēžā un Adelaidā – un viņa darbu nozīmi Lietuvas arhitektūras vēsturē. K. Reisons bija viens no spilgtākajiem 20. gadsimta starpkaru perioda Lietuvas modernās arhitektūras radītājiem, kopā ar citiem slaveniem Lietuvas arhitektiem veidoja īpašo starpkaru perioda Kauņas modernās arhitektūras stilu. K. Reisons ir reprezentatīvu celtņu Šauļos, Kauņā un citās Lietuvas pilsētās, kā arī Rīgā un Adelaidā autors vai līdzautors. Arhitekts un inženieris K. Reisons strādāja par Šauļu pilsētas inženieri un pašvaldības Būvniecības nodaļas vadītāju (1922–1930), Šauļu arodskolas direktoru (1926), Lietuvas Lauksaimniecības kameras konsultantu (1927–1928), Kauņas pašvaldības Būvniecības nodaļas vadītāju (1930–1938), Panevēžas inženieri (1940) un birģermeistaru (1941–1944). No 1949. gada Reisonu ģimene dzīvoja Adelaidā, Austrālijā. Pēc viņa projektiem Lietuvā uzcelti trīs neatkarības pieminekļi – Šauļu Neatkarības piemineklis, Kauņas Brīvības pieminekļa postaments un Kauņas Romas katoļu Kristus Augšāmcelšanās baznīca. 14 no viņa projektētām celtnēm Kauņā un Šauļos ir iekļautas Lietuvas nekustamo kultūras vērtību sarakstā. Agrīniem K. Reisona projektiem raksturīgs historisms, eklektisma elementi, «ķieģeļu stils», vēlākie projekti iezīmējas ar modernismam raksturīgu askētisko racionālismu, funkcionālismu, piemērošanos pie pilsētbūvnieciskā un kultūrvēsturiskā konteksta. The article introduces the professional activities of Latvian-born Lithuanian architect and engineer Karolis Reisonas (in Latvian: Kārlis Reisons; 1894–1981) in the second half of his life – from 1930 in Kaunas, Panevėžys and Adelaide cities – and his role in the history of Lithuanian architecture. K. Reisonas was one  of the most prominent creators of modern 20th-century interwar Lithuanian architecture and together with other famous Lithuanian architects formed a special style of  Kaunas modern architecture in interwar  period. K.  Reisonas is the author or co-author of representative buildings in Šiauliai, Kaunas and other Lithuanian cities, as well as in Riga and Adelaide cities. Architect and engineer K. Reisonas worked as Šiauliai City Engineer and Head of Municipal Construction Department (1922–1930), Director of Šiauliai Vocational School (1926), Consultant of Lithuanian Chamber of Agriculture (1927–1928), Head of Construction Department of Kaunas Municipality (1930–1938), Panevėžys City Engineer (1940) and Burgomaster (1941–1944). From 1949, the Reisonas family lived in Adelaide city, Australia. To his projects three monuments of independence were built in Lithuania – Monument of Independence in Šiauliai city, Podium of the Freedom Monument of Kaunas city and Roman Catholic Christ’s Resurrection Church in Kaunas city. Fourteen of buildings in Lithuania (in Kaunas and Šiauliai cities) designed by him are included in the list of cultural values of Lithuania. Early K. Reisonas’ projects are characterized by historism, elements of eclecticism and «brick style», later projects are characterized by austere rationalism, functionalism, adaptation to urban construction and cultural and historical context.

The Fantasy of Reunion: The Rise and Fall of the Association for the Promotion of the Unity of Christendom

2007 ◽  
Vol 58 (1) ◽  
pp. 49-74 ◽  
Author(s):  
MARK D. CHAPMAN
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Roman Catholic ◽  
Vested Interests ◽  
History Of

This paper traces the history of the Association for the Promotion of the Unity of Christendom, one of the most successful of the eccentric and idiosyncratic private ecumenical initiatives of the mid-nineteenth century. The principal motivation behind the venture was a Romantic medievalism inspired by the lay Roman Catholic Ambrose Phillipps de Lisle and the Anglican ritualist priest, Frederick George Lee. While initially attracting widespread support, the leaders failed to recognise the power of vested interests in both Churches. After a vigorous denunciation by Henry Manning, the hopes of reunion proved to be little more than a dream.

Socialism and Catholicism in Ireland

1964 ◽  
Vol 33 (4) ◽  
pp. 462-483 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emmet Larkin
Keyword(s):  
Catholic Church ◽  
Historical Context ◽  
Roman Catholic ◽  
Roman Catholic Church ◽  
Main Difficulty ◽  
Labour Movement ◽  
Irish History ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Church

There is no man or movement in modern Irish history that can be intelligibly discussed apart from the Roman Catholic church in Ireland. That Church had for centuries been intimately bound up with nearly every phase of Irish life. Taking the measure of so complex and venerable an institution is an enormous task. Since there is no general history of the Church in Ireland, the main difficulty is in maintaining perspective. In confining the discussion to the narrower limits of the relations between the Irish Labour movement and the Church, an obvious distortion is attendent. Seeing the Church in microcosm is not seeing it whole and constant, if indeed such a thing is possible. Examining it with regard to Irish Labour is actually taking liberties with its historical context. Two unequal figures are in contention on the Irish stage, and the Church, which is certainly the larger of the two, suffers proportionately by having to play so limited a role.

Ministry in laïque France: Understanding history to confront present challenges

2020 ◽  
pp. 009182962093739
Author(s):  
Stephen M. Davis
Keyword(s):  
Public Space ◽  
Catholic Church ◽  
Historical Context ◽  
Roman Catholic ◽  
Cross Cultural ◽  
Roman Catholic Church ◽  
Cultural Workers ◽  
State Neutrality ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Law

This article attempts to provide insight into the challenging and changing religious context for cross-cultural ministry in France in the 21st century. Many of these challenges exist due to the religious history of France, the marginalization of religion, and the unwelcome presence of foreign missionaries in secular France. French laïcité presents a specificity in origin, definition, and evolution which arises from a unique historical context leading to the Law of Separation of Churches and state in 1905. The law abrogated the 1801 Napoleonic Concordat with the Vatican, disestablished the Roman Catholic Church, ended centuries of religious turmoil, declared state neutrality in religious matters, and continues as a subject of debate and dissension 100 years later with the emergence of Islam as the second largest religion in France. Cross-cultural workers enter a ministry context where religion has been progressively removed from public space.

The History of Local Political Power—Some Suggestions for Analysis

1977 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 252-269 ◽  
Author(s):  
John A. Garrard
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
Critical Review ◽  
Political Power ◽  
Historical Context ◽  
Political Context ◽  
The Political ◽  
The Past ◽  
Community Power ◽  
History Of

This paper represents an attempt to analyse certain aspects of the work on ‘community power’ within a historical context. It begins with a critical review of those writers whose work has included a historical dimension, particularly R. A. Dahl. It is argued that generalizations about the location of power in the past need to go beyond the mere analysis of the background of office-holders, and the consequent search for a socioeconomic ‘élite’. Indeed, such generalizations need to be tested quite as rigorously as any that are made about the present. On the basis of research done on Salford, an attempt is made to suggest a framework for the comparative analysis of the political context within which nineteenth-century urban municipal leaders operated, and by which their power was conditioned.

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