scholarly journals Tax problems in the undiscounted case

2005 ◽  
Vol 42 (3) ◽  
pp. 754-765 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Whittle
Keyword(s):  
Optimal Policy ◽  
The State ◽  
Gittins Index ◽  
Index Policy ◽  
State Dependent ◽  
Dependent Part ◽  
Occupation Numbers ◽  
The Matrix ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Programming Analysis

The aim of this paper is to evaluate the performance of the optimal policy (the Gittins index policy) for open tax problems of the type considered by Klimov in the undiscounted limit. In this limit, the state-dependent part of the cost is linear in the state occupation numbers for the multi-armed bandit, but is quadratic for the tax problem. The discussion of the passage to the limit for the tax problem is believed to be largely new; the principal novelty is our evaluation of the matrix of the quadratic form. These results are confirmed by a dynamic programming analysis, which also suggests how the optimal policy should be modified when resources can be freely deployed only within workstations, rather than system-wide.

scholarly journals Tax problems in the undiscounted case

2005 ◽  
Vol 42 (03) ◽  
pp. 754-765
Author(s):  
P. Whittle
Keyword(s):  
Optimal Policy ◽  
The State ◽  
Gittins Index ◽  
Index Policy ◽  
State Dependent ◽  
Dependent Part ◽  
Occupation Numbers ◽  
The Matrix ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Programming Analysis

The aim of this paper is to evaluate the performance of the optimal policy (the Gittins index policy) for open tax problems of the type considered by Klimov in the undiscounted limit. In this limit, the state-dependent part of the cost is linear in the state occupation numbers for the multi-armed bandit, but is quadratic for the tax problem. The discussion of the passage to the limit for the tax problem is believed to be largely new; the principal novelty is our evaluation of the matrix of the quadratic form. These results are confirmed by a dynamic programming analysis, which also suggests how the optimal policy should be modified when resources can be freely deployed only within workstations, rather than system-wide.

scholarly journals SCHEDULING IN A SINGLE-SERVER QUEUE WITH STATE-DEPENDENT SERVICE RATES

2019 ◽  
Vol 34 (4) ◽  
pp. 507-521
Author(s):  
Urtzi Ayesta ◽  
Balakrishna Prabhu ◽  
Rhonda Righter
Keyword(s):  
Optimal Policy ◽  
Arrival Rate ◽  
Complete Characterization ◽  
Single Server ◽  
Holding Costs ◽  
Release Times ◽  
State Dependent ◽  
Service Rates ◽  
Transient System ◽  
The Cost

We consider single-server scheduling to minimize holding costs where the capacity, or rate of service, depends on the number of jobs in the system, and job sizes become known upon arrival. In general, this is a hard problem, and counter-intuitive behavior can occur. For example, even with linear holding costs the optimal policy may be something other than SRPT or LRPT, it may idle, and it may depend on the arrival rate. We first establish an equivalence between our problem of deciding which jobs to serve when completed jobs immediately leave, and a problem in which we have the option to hold on to completed jobs and can choose when to release them, and in which we always serve jobs according to SRPT. We thus reduce the problem to determining the release times of completed jobs. For the clearing, or transient system, where all jobs are present at time 0, we give a complete characterization of the optimal policy and show that it is fully determined by the cost-to-capacity ratio. With arrivals, the problem is much more complicated, and we can obtain only partial results.

scholarly journals STRUCTURIZATION OF THE REGIONS OF UKRAINE BY THE INDICATOR OF CASH ESTIMATION OF AGRICULTURAL LANDS

2020 ◽  
pp. 102-119
Author(s):  
Ludmila VOLONTYR ◽  
Oksana ZELINSKA ◽  
Nadin POTAPOVA
Keyword(s):  
Cluster Analysis ◽  
Agricultural Land ◽  
Arable Land ◽  
The State ◽  
Individual Species ◽  
Land Resources ◽  
Monetary Valuation ◽  
Land Valuation ◽  
The Matrix ◽  
The Cost

The article reveals the issue of structuring the regions of Ukraine by indicators of monetary valuation of agricultural land. On the basis of the data of the State Statistics Service of Ukraine the analysis of the structure of agricultural land was carried out, which made it possible to establish a fraction of the area of individual species of land in total. The focus is on the concentration of significant amounts of land in private ownership, which exacerbates the issue of land valuation from the perspective of possible resource management and efficiency in its use. It has been argued that fragmentation of land is one of the good reasons for the inefficient use and changing purpose of land, lack of financial resources and smallholder coherence. In accordance with the Law of Ukraine "On Land Assessment" and the data of directories of the State Service of Ukraine on Geodesy, Cartography and Cadastre for 2017 - 2019. A comparative analysis of the normative monetary valuation of agricultural land by regions of Ukraine was carried out, which became the information base for their structuring by the method of cluster analysis. It was substantiated that one of the powerful methods of multivariate analysis is the cluster analysis, which is based on a set of selected economic indicators and objects of assessment. Estimates are based on the monetary valuation of agricultural land such as: arable land, perennial plantations, hayfields and pastures. On the basis of mathematical standardization of values of indicators the matrix of imaginary Euclidian distances is calculated, became a basis for formation of 7 clusters, each of which includes a final number of objects-regions distributed on homogeneous signs and approximation on estimations of cost of land areas. The formation of clusters on such characteristics will identify the most similar groups of objects-regions to develop a system of monitoring changes in the cost of land resources with subsequent analysis of fluctuations relative to average levels within specific clusters, and in Ukraine as a whole.

On the Assignment of Customers to Parallel Queues

1992 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 495-511 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arie Hordijk ◽  
Ger Koole
Keyword(s):  
Dynamic Programming ◽  
Cost Function ◽  
Optimal Policy ◽  
The State ◽  
Arrival Process ◽  
Single Server ◽  
Finite Buffers ◽  
Parallel Queues ◽  
Routing Policy ◽  
The Cost

This paper considers routing to parallel queues in which each queue has its own single server and service times are exponential with nonidentical parameters. We give conditions on the cost function such that the optimal policy assigns customers to a faster queue when that server has a shorter queue. The queues may have finite buffers, and the arrival process can be controlled and can depend on the state and routing policy. Hence our results on the structure of the optimal policy are also true when the assigning control is in the “last” node of a network of service centers. Using dynamic programming we show that our optimality results are true in distribution.

On Some Properties of Semi-rings

2018 ◽  
pp. 35-50
Author(s):  
A. I. Belousov
Keyword(s):  
Linear Equations ◽  
Oriented Graph ◽  
Theoretical Computer Science ◽  
Alternative Methods ◽  
Main Role ◽  
Cost Matrix ◽  
Sequential Elimination ◽  
The Matrix ◽  
Systems Of Linear Equations ◽  
The Cost

The main objective of this paper is to prove a theorem according to which a method of successive elimination of unknowns in the solution of systems of linear equations in the semi-rings with iteration gives the really smallest solution of the system. The proof is based on the graph interpretation of the system and establishes a relationship between the method of sequential elimination of unknowns and the method for calculating a cost matrix of a labeled oriented graph using the method of sequential calculation of cost matrices following the paths of increasing ranks. Along with that, and in terms of preparing for the proof of the main theorem, we consider the following important properties of the closed semi-rings and semi-rings with iteration.We prove the properties of an infinite sum (a supremum of the sequence in natural ordering of an idempotent semi-ring). In particular, the proof of the continuity of the addition operation is much simpler than in the known issues, which is the basis for the well-known algorithm for solving a linear equation in a semi-ring with iteration.Next, we prove a theorem on the closeness of semi-rings with iteration with respect to solutions of the systems of linear equations. We also give a detailed proof of the theorem of the cost matrix of an oriented graph labeled above a semi-ring as an iteration of the matrix of arc labels.The concept of an automaton over a semi-ring is introduced, which, unlike the usual labeled oriented graph, has a distinguished "final" vertex with a zero out-degree.All of the foregoing provides a basis for the proof of the main theorem, in which the concept of an automaton over a semi-ring plays the main role.The article's results are scientifically and methodologically valuable. The proposed proof of the main theorem allows us to relate two alternative methods for calculating the cost matrix of a labeled oriented graph, and the proposed proofs of already known statements can be useful in presenting the elements of the theory of semi-rings that plays an important role in mathematical studies of students majoring in software technologies and theoretical computer science.

PREREQUISITES FOR THE FORMATION OF A MECHANISM FOR STATE REGULATION OF SOCIAL GUARANTEES IN THE REGION

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vitaly Lobas ◽  
◽  
Elena Petryaeva ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Social Protection ◽  
Well Being ◽  
State Regulation ◽  
The State ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Periodic Review ◽  
Cost Of Living ◽  
Economic Relations ◽  
State Management ◽  
The Cost

The article deals with modern mechanisms for managing social protection of the population by the state and the private sector. From the point of view of forms of state regulation of the sphere of social protection, system indicators usually include the state and dynamics of growth in the standard of living of the population, material goods, services and social guarantees for the poorly provided segments of the population. The main indicator among the above is the state of the consumer market, as one of the main factors in the development of the state. Priority areas of public administration with the use of various forms of social security have been identified. It should be emphasized that, despite the legislative conflicts that exist today in Ukraine, mandatory indexation of the cost of living is established, which is associated with inflation. Various scientists note that although the definition of the cost of living index has a well-established methodology, there are quite a lot of regional features in the structure of consumption. All this is due to restrictions that are included in the consumer basket of goods and different levels of socio-economic development of regions. The analysis of the establishment and periodic review of the minimum consumer budgets of the subsistence minimum and wages of the working population and the need to form state insurance funds for unforeseen circumstances is carried out. Considering in this context the levers of state management of social guarantees of the population, we drew attention to the crisis periods that are associated with the market transformation of the regional economy. In these conditions, there is a need to develop and implement new mechanisms and clusters in the system of socio-economic relations. The components of the mechanisms ofstate regulation ofsocial guarantees of the population are proposed. The deepening of market relations in the process of reforming the system of social protection of the population should be aimed at social well-being.

The Self-Undermining State

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arjun Chowdhury
Keyword(s):  
State Formation ◽  
Final Section ◽  
The State ◽  
The Self ◽  
Central Authority ◽  
Interstate War ◽  
External Threats ◽  
Willingness To Sacrifice ◽  
The Cost

This chapter provides an informal rationalist model of state formation as an exchange between a central authority and a population. In the model, the central authority protects the population against external threats and the population disarms and pays taxes. The model specifies the conditions under which the exchange is self-enforcing, meaning that the parties prefer the exchange to alternative courses of action. These conditions—costly but winnable interstate war—are historically rare, and the cost of such wars can rise beyond the population’s willingness to sacrifice. At this point, the population prefers to avoid war rather than fight it and may prefer an alternative institution to the state if that institution can prevent war and reduce the level of extraction. Thus the modern centralized state is self-undermining rather than self-enforcing. A final section addresses alternative explanations for state formation.

Constructing Images of Deviance: A Look at State Intervention into the Problem of Wife-Battery

1983 ◽  
Vol 31 (1_suppl) ◽  
pp. 60-76
Author(s):  
Patricia A. Morgan
Keyword(s):  
Social Problem ◽  
State Intervention ◽  
The United States ◽  
The State ◽  
Structural Position ◽  
Wife Battering ◽  
The Social ◽  
Class Context ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Cost

Patricia Morgan's paper describes what happens when the state intervenes in the social problem of wife-battering. Her analysis refers to the United States, but there are clear implications for other countries, including Britain. The author argues that the state, through its social problem apparatus, manages the image of the problem by a process of bureaucratization, professionalization and individualization. This serves to narrow the definition of the problem, and to depoliticize it by removing it from its class context and viewing it in terms of individual pathology rather than structure. Thus refuges were initially run by small feminist collectives which had a dual objective of providing a service and promoting among the women an understanding of their structural position in society. The need for funds forced the groups to turn to the state for financial aid. This was given, but at the cost to the refuges of losing their political aims. Many refuges became larger, much more service-orientated and more diversified in providing therapy for the batterers and dealing with other problems such as alcoholism and drug abuse. This transformed not only the refuges but also the image of the problem of wife-battering.

The impact of labor freedom on geographic cost of living differentials

2017 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 385-395
Author(s):  
Richard Cebula ◽  
James E. Payne ◽  
Donnie Horner ◽  
Robert Boylan
Keyword(s):  
Labor Market ◽  
State Level ◽  
The State ◽  
Annual Data ◽  
Significant Finding ◽  
Cost Of Living ◽  
Content Type ◽  
The Usa ◽  
The Cost ◽  
The Impact

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to examine the impact of labor market freedom on state-level cost of living differentials in the USA using cross-sectional data for 2016 after allowing for the impacts of economic and quality of life factors. Design/methodology/approach The study uses two-stage least squares estimation controlling for factors contributing to cost of living differences across states. Findings The results reveal that an increase in labor market freedom reduces the overall cost of living. Research limitations/implications The study can be extended using panel data and alternative measures of labor market freedom. Practical implications In general, the finding that less intrusive government and greater labor freedom are associated with a reduced cost of living should not be surprising. This is because less government intrusion and greater labor freedom both inherently allow markets to be more efficient in the rationalization of and interplay with forces of supply and demand. Social implications The findings of this and future related studies could prove very useful to policy makers and entrepreneurs, as well as small business owners and public corporations of all sizes – particularly those considering either location in, relocation to, or expansion into other markets within the USA. Furthermore, the potential benefits of the National Right-to-Work Law currently under consideration in Congress could add cost of living reductions to the debate. Originality/value The authors extend the literature on cost of living differentials by investigating whether higher amounts of state-level labor market freedom act to reduce the states’ cost of living using the most recent annual data available (2016). That labor freedom has a systemic efficiency impact on the state-level cost of living is a significant finding. In our opinion, it is likely that labor market freedom is increasing the efficiency of labor market transactions in the production and distribution of goods and services, and acts to reduce the cost of living in states. In addition, unlike previous related studies, the authors investigate the impact of not only overall labor market freedom on the state-level cost of living, but also how the three sub-indices of labor market freedom, as identified and measured by Stansel et al. (2014, 2015), impact the cost of living state by state.

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