RNA and protein localisations of TGF beta 2 in the early mouse embryo suggest an involvement in cardiac development

Development ◽  
1993 ◽  
Vol 117 (2) ◽  
pp. 625-639 ◽  
Author(s):  
M.C. Dickson ◽  
H.G. Slager ◽  
E. Duffie ◽  
C.L. Mummery ◽  
R.J. Akhurst
Keyword(s):  
Cardiac Development ◽  
In Situ Hybridisation ◽  
Outflow Tract ◽  
Tgf Beta ◽  
Atrioventricular Canal ◽  
Whole Mount ◽  
Beta 2 ◽  
Low Levels ◽  
Early Mouse

We have performed a detailed analysis of the localisations of RNAs for TGF beta 2 and beta 3, and of TGF beta 2 protein in mouse embryos from 6.5 to 9.5 days post coitum, using in situ hybridisation and immunohistochemistry on serial sections, and whole-mount in situ hybridisation to complete embryos. TGF beta 3 RNA was not seen in any of the tissue sections, but very low levels of the RNA were seen by whole-mount in situ hybridisation around the outflow tract of the heart at 8.5 days post coitum. TGF beta 2 RNA is expressed at high levels in all cells with the potential to differentiate into cardiomyocytes. Additionally, the foregut endoderm, juxtaposed to the heart, and the neuroepithelium at the rostral extremity of the foregut, express very high levels of TGF beta 2 RNA, between 8.5 and 9.5 days post coitum. As cardiomyogenesis proceeds, TGF beta 2 RNA levels diminishes within the myocytes, with a concomitant increase in staining for TGF beta 2 protein. TGF beta 2 protein staining of cardiomyocytes persists throughout development and in the adult, in the absence of detectable levels of the corresponding RNA. Superimposed upon this myocardial pattern of expression, there is an upregulation of TGF beta 2 RNA in the myocardium of the outflow tract and atrioventricular canal between 8.5 and 9.5 days post coitum, which returns to low levels by 11.5 days post coitum. The results are discussed in terms of a potential role of TGF beta 2 in controlling cardiomyogenesis and in inductive interactions leading to cardiac cushion tissue formation.

Differential expression of TGF beta 1, beta 2 and beta 3 genes during mouse embryogenesis

Development ◽  
1991 ◽  
Vol 111 (1) ◽  
pp. 117-130 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Schmid ◽  
D. Cox ◽  
G. Bilbe ◽  
R. Maier ◽  
G.K. McMaster
Keyword(s):  
Fetal Liver ◽  
In Situ Hybridisation ◽  
Regulatory Elements ◽  
Northern Analysis ◽  
Tgf Beta ◽  
Mouse Embryogenesis ◽  
Root Sheath ◽  
Cell Layers ◽  
Beta 2

We have examined by Northern analysis and in situ hybridisation the expression of TGF beta 1, beta 2 and beta 3 during mouse embryogenesis. TGF beta 1 is expressed predominantly in the mesodermal components of the embryo e.g. the hematopoietic cells of both fetal liver and the hemopoietic islands of the yolk sac, the mesenchymal tissues of several internal organs and in ossifying bone tissues. The strongest TGF beta 2 signals were found in early facial mesenchyme and in some endodermal and ectodermal epithelial cell layers e.g., lung and cochlea epithelia. TGF beta 3 was strongest in prevertebral tissue, in some mesothelia and in lung epithelia. All three isoforms were expressed in bone tissues but showed distinct patterns of expression both spatially and temporally. In the root sheath of the whisker follicle, TGF beta 1, beta 2 and beta 3 were expressed simultaneously. We discuss the implication of these results in regard to known regulatory elements of the TGF beta genes and their receptors.

scholarly journals Thyroid hormone receptors in chick retinal development: differential expression of mRNAs for alpha and N-terminal variant beta receptors

Development ◽  
1992 ◽  
Vol 114 (1) ◽  
pp. 39-47 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Sjoberg ◽  
B. Vennstrom ◽  
D. Forrest
Keyword(s):  
Thyroid Hormone ◽  
Hormone Receptors ◽  
Retinal Development ◽  
Outer Nuclear Layer ◽  
In Situ Hybridisation ◽  
Thyroid Hormone Receptors ◽  
Rat Pituitary ◽  
Beta 2 ◽  
Low Levels

Thyroid-hormone-dependent development of the neuroretina has principally been described in amphibia. Here, we show by in situ hybridisation that mRNAs coding for three distinct thyroid hormone receptors (TRs), TR alpha and two TR beta variants, are differentially expressed during chick retinal development. We isolated a cDNA for a novel N-terminal variant of chick TR beta (cTR beta 2) that is predominantly expressed in retinal development. Interestingly, in its N-terminal A/B domain cTR beta 2 is 70% homologous to the rat pituitary-specific TR beta 2. Expression of cTR beta 2 mRNA was high at embryonic day 6 (E6) in the retinal outer nuclear layer (ONL) and decreased to low levels at hatching. mRNA for the previously described chick beta receptor, cTR beta 0, was expressed at low levels in both the ONL and the inner nuclear layer (INL) after E10. In contrast, cTR alpha expression occurred in the ONL, INL and ganglion cell layer at intermediate and later stages. Finally, cTR beta 2 confers a stronger trans-activation of reporter gene transcription than cTR beta 0. The distinctive kinetics and localisation of TR alpha and beta gene expression suggest cell- and stage-specific functions for TRs, both individually and in combinations, in chick neuroretinal development.

Embryonic gene expression patterns of TGF beta 1, beta 2 and beta 3 suggest different developmental functions in vivo

Development ◽  
1991 ◽  
Vol 111 (1) ◽  
pp. 131-143 ◽  
Author(s):  
F.A. Millan ◽  
F. Denhez ◽  
P. Kondaiah ◽  
R.J. Akhurst
Keyword(s):  
Growth Factors ◽  
Developmental Process ◽  
Expression Patterns ◽  
In Situ Hybridisation ◽  
Tgf Beta ◽  
Genes Encoding ◽  
Beta 2 ◽  
Valve Formation

We have compared the expression of the genes encoding transforming growth factors beta 1, beta 2 and beta 3 during mouse embryogenesis from 9.5 to 16.5 days p.c. using in situ hybridisation to cellular RNAs. Each gene has a different expression pattern, which gives some indication of possible biological function in vivo. All three genes appear to be involved in chondroossification, though each is expressed in a different cell type. Transcripts of each gene are also present in embryonic epithelia. Epithelial expression of TGF beta 1, beta 2 and beta 3 RNA is associated with regions of active morphogenesis involving epithelial-mesenchymal interactions. In addition, widespread epithelial expression of TGF beta 2 RNA can be correlated with epithelial differentiation per se. The localisation of TGF beta 2 RNA in neuronal tissue might also be correlated with differentiation. Finally both TGF beta 1 and beta 2 transcripts are seen in regions actively undergoing cardiac septation and valve formation, suggesting some interaction of these growth factors in this developmental process.

Development of the spatial pattern of retinoic acid receptor-beta transcripts in embryonic chick facial primordia

Development ◽  
1992 ◽  
Vol 114 (3) ◽  
pp. 805-813
Author(s):  
A. Rowe ◽  
J.M. Richman ◽  
P.M. Brickell
Keyword(s):  
Retinoic Acid ◽  
Neural Crest ◽  
Retinoic Acid Receptor ◽  
In Situ Hybridisation ◽  
Acid Receptor ◽  
Retinoic Acid Receptor Beta ◽  
Low Levels ◽  
Cranial Neural Crest Cells ◽  
Receptor Beta

Retinoic acid causes a range of embryonic defects, including craniofacial abnormalities, in both birds and mammals and is believed to have a number of roles in normal development. We have previously shown that the distribution of retinoic acid receptor-beta (RAR-beta) transcripts is spatially restricted within the neural-crest-derived upper beak primordia of the chick embryo. We have now used in situ hybridisation to trace the distribution of RAR-beta transcripts during the migration of cranial neural crest cells and during formation of these primordia. RAR-beta transcripts were present in a subset of migrating neural-crest-derived cells in the head of the stage 10 embryo. These cells were situated in pathways followed by cells that migrate from the neural crest overlying the posterior prosencephalic/anterior mesencephalic region of the developing brain. Cells containing RAR-beta transcripts accumulated around the developing eyes and in the regions of the ventral head from which the upper beak primordia later develop. We mapped the distribution of RAR-beta transcripts as the facial primordia were forming, with particular reference to the development of the maxillary primordia. We found that these form in a region of the ventral head that includes the boundary between regions of high and low levels of RAR-beta transcripts. The boundary between these two groups of cells persisted as the maxillary primordia developed.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Differential expression of TGF beta isoforms in murine palatogenesis

Development ◽  
1990 ◽  
Vol 109 (3) ◽  
pp. 585-595 ◽  
Author(s):  
D.R. Fitzpatrick ◽  
F. Denhez ◽  
P. Kondaiah ◽  
R.J. Akhurst
Keyword(s):  
Developmental Process ◽  
Biological Activities ◽  
In Situ Hybridisation ◽  
Tgf Beta ◽  
Temporal And Spatial Distribution ◽  
Palatal Shelf ◽  
Genes Encoding ◽  
Beta 2 ◽  
Medial Edge

We have studied the expression of genes encoding transforming growth factors (TGFs) beta 1, beta 2 and beta 3 during development of the secondary palate in the mouse from 11.5 to 15.5 days postcoitum using in situ hybridisation. The RNA detected at the earliest developmental stage is TGF beta 3, which is localised in the epithelial component of the vertical palatal shelf. This expression continues in the horizontal palatal shelf, predominantly in the medial edge epithelium, and is lost as the epithelial seam disrupts, soon after palatal shelf fusion. TGF beta 1 RNA is expressed with the same epithelial pattern as TGF beta 3, but is not detectable until the horizontal palatal shelf stage. TGF beta 2 RNA is localised to the palatal mesenchyme underlying the medial edge epithelia in the horizontal shelves and in the early postfusion palate. The temporal and spatial distribution of TGF beta 1, beta 2 and beta 3 RNAs in the developing palate, together with a knowledge of in vitro TGF beta biological activities, suggests an important role for TGF beta isoforms in this developmental process.

In situ hybridization analysis of TGF beta 3 RNA expression during mouse development: comparative studies with TGF beta 1 and beta 2

Development ◽  
1990 ◽  
Vol 110 (2) ◽  
pp. 609-620 ◽  
Author(s):  
R.W. Pelton ◽  
M.E. Dickinson ◽  
H.L. Moses ◽  
B.L. Hogan
Keyword(s):  
Intervertebral Discs ◽  
The Other ◽  
Rna Expression ◽  
Tgf Beta ◽  
Mouse Development ◽  
Olfactory Bulbs ◽  
Embryonic Tissues ◽  
Organ Systems ◽  
Beta 2

To date, three closely-related TGF beta genes have been found in the mouse; TGF beta 1, TGF beta 2 and TGF beta 3. Previous experiments have indicated that TGF beta 1 and TGF beta 2 may play important roles during mouse embryogenesis. The present study now reports the distribution of transcripts of TGF beta 3 in comparison to the other two genes and reveals overlapping but distinct patterns of RNA expression. TGF beta 3 RNA is expressed in a diverse array of tissues including perichondrium, bone, intervertebral discs, mesenteries, pleura, heart, lung, palate, and amnion, as well as in central nervous system (CNS) structures such as the meninges, choroid plexus and the olfactory bulbs. Furthermore, in several organ systems, TGF beta 3 transcripts are expressed during periods of active morphogenesis suggesting that the protein may be an important factor for the growth and differentiation of many embryonic tissues.

Regulated expression and growth inhibitory effects of transforming growth factor-beta isoforms in mouse mammary gland development

Development ◽  
1991 ◽  
Vol 113 (3) ◽  
pp. 867-878 ◽  
Author(s):  
S.D. Robinson ◽  
G.B. Silberstein ◽  
A.B. Roberts ◽  
K.C. Flanders ◽  
C.W. Daniel
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Mammary Gland ◽  
Transforming Growth Factor Beta ◽  
Transforming Growth Factor ◽  
Slow Release ◽  
Mouse Mammary Gland ◽  
Tgf Beta ◽  
Growth Factor Beta ◽  
Beta 2

Transforming Growth Factor-beta 1 (TGF-beta 1) was previously shown to inhibit reversibly the growth of mouse mammary ducts when administered in vivo by miniature slow-release plastic implants. We now report a comparative analysis of three TGF-beta isoforms with respect to gene expression and localization of protein products within the mouse mammary gland. Our studies revealed overlapping expression patterns of TGF-beta 1, TGF-beta 2 and TGF-beta 3 within the epithelium of the actively-growing mammary end buds during branching morphogenesis, as well as within the epithelium of growth-quiescent ducts. However, TGF-beta 3 was the only isoform detected in myoepithelial progenitor cells (cap cells) of the growing end buds and myoepithelial cells of the mature ducts. During pregnancy, TGF-beta 2 and TGF-beta 3 transcripts increased to high levels, in contrast to TGF-beta 1 transcripts which were moderately abundant; TGF-beta 2 was significantly transcribed only during pregnancy. Molecular hybridization in situ revealed overlapping patterns of expression for the three TGF-beta isoforms during alveolar morphogenesis, but showed that, in contrast to the patterns of TGF-beta 1 and TGF-beta 2 expression, TGF-beta 3 is expressed more heavily in ducts than in alveoli during pregnancy. Developing alveolar tissue and its associated ducts displayed striking TGF-beta 3 immunoreactivity which was greatly reduced during lactation. All three isoforms showed dramatically reduced expression in lactating tissue. The biological effects of active, exogenous TGF-beta 2 and TGF-beta 3 were tested with slow-release plastic implants. These isoforms, like TGF-beta 1, inhibited mammary ductal elongation in situ by causing the disappearance of the proliferating stem cell layer (cap cells) and rapid involution of ductal end buds. None of the isoforms were active in inhibiting alveolar morphogenesis. We conclude that under the limited conditions of these tests, the three mammalian isoforms are functionally equivalent. However, striking differences in patterns of gene expression and in the distribution of immunoreactive peptides suggest that TGF-beta isoforms may have distinct roles in mammary growth regulation, morphogenesis and functional differentiation.

218. Expression of Wsb2 in the mouse testis

2005 ◽  
Vol 17 (9) ◽  
pp. 84
Author(s):  
M. Sarraj ◽  
P. J. McClive ◽  
K. L. Loveland ◽  
A. H. Sinclair
Keyword(s):  
Sertoli Cells ◽  
Leydig Cells ◽  
Adult Mouse ◽  
In Situ Hybridisation ◽  
Mouse Testis ◽  
Male Gonad ◽  
Whole Mount ◽  
Mantle Layer ◽  
Pachytene Spermatocytes

We present a detailed study on the expression pattern of Wsb2 in the mouse foetal and adult gonad. Wsb2 expression was analysed during mouse embryogenesis by whole-mount, section in situ hybridisation and immunohistochemistry. Wsb2 was found to be expressed in the developing mouse gonads from 11.5 dpc to 16.5 dpc. Expression is initially equal in both sexes from 10.5 dpc until 12.0 dpc, then it persists in the male gonad. Wsb2 expression was confined to the cords in both Sertoli cell and germ cells. Other sites of Wsb2 embryonic expression were the somites, dorsal root ganglia and the lateral mantle layer of the neural tube. mRNA encoding Wsb2 and Wsb2 protein has been detected in the newborn testis in both gonocytes and Sertoli cells. Wsb2 mRNA in the adult mouse testis was observed in Sertoli cells, spermatogonia, spermatocytes and the corresponding Wsb2 protein expression was in pachytene spermatocytes, round and elongated spermatids, Sertoli cells and Leydig cells. The differential expression of Wsb2 in male versus female embryonic gonads suggests it may play a role in mammalian sex determination during embryonic development and its expression in the first wave of spermatogenesis and in the adult suggests a later role in spermatogenesis.

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