scholarly journals Suppression of ERK signalling abolishes primitive endoderm formation but does not promote pluripotency in rabbit embryo

Development ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 144 (20) ◽  
pp. 3719-3730 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna Piliszek ◽  
Zofia E. Madeja ◽  
Berenika Plusa
Keyword(s):  
Primitive Endoderm ◽  
Rabbit Embryo

The in vitro metabolism of (U-14C) glucose by the preimplantation rabbit embryo

Reproduction ◽  
1971 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 126-127 ◽  
Author(s):  
P Quinn ◽  
R. Wales
Keyword(s):  
In Vitro Metabolism ◽  
Rabbit Embryo

scholarly journals Expression patterns of signalling molecules and transcription factors in the early rabbit embryo and their significance for modelling amniote axis formation

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ruben Plöger ◽  
Christoph Viebahn
Keyword(s):  
Transcription Factors ◽  
Expression Patterns ◽  
In Situ Hybridisation ◽  
Body Plan ◽  
The Body ◽  
Anchor Point ◽  
Axis Formation ◽  
Point Model ◽  
Signalling Molecules ◽  
Rabbit Embryo

AbstractThe anterior-posterior axis is a central element of the body plan and, during amniote gastrulation, forms through several transient domains with specific morphogenetic activities. In the chick, experimentally proven activity of signalling molecules and transcription factors lead to the concept of a ‘global positioning system’ for initial axis formation whereas in the (mammotypical) rabbit embryo, a series of morphological or molecular domains are part of a putative ‘three-anchor-point model’. Because circular expression patterns of genes involved in axis formation exist in both amniote groups prior to, and during, gastrulation and may thus be suited to reconcile these models, the expression patterns of selected genes known in the chick, namely the ones coding for the transcription factors eomes and tbx6, the signalling molecule wnt3 and the wnt inhibitor pkdcc, were analysed in the rabbit embryonic disc using in situ hybridisation and placing emphasis on their germ layer location. Peripheral wnt3 and eomes expression in all layers is found initially to be complementary to central pkdcc expression in the hypoblast during early axis formation. Pkdcc then appears — together with a posterior-anterior gradient in wnt3 and eomes domains — in the epiblast posteriorly before the emerging primitive streak is marked by pkdcc and tbx6 at its anterior and posterior extremities, respectively. Conserved circular expression patterns deduced from some of this data may point to shared mechanisms in amniote axis formation while the reshaping of localised gene expression patterns is discussed as part of the ‘three-anchor-point model’ for establishing the mammalian body plan.

scholarly journals Totipotency of mouse zygotes extends to single blastomeres of embryos at the four-cell stage

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Marino Maemura ◽  
Hiroaki Taketsuru ◽  
Yuki Nakajima ◽  
Ruiqi Shao ◽  
Ayaka Kakihara ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Inner Cell Mass ◽  
Cell Mass ◽  
Mouse Embryos ◽  
Primitive Endoderm ◽  
Cell Stage ◽  
Supportive Environment ◽  
Mouse Zygotes ◽  
Single Blastomeres ◽  
Multicellular Organisms

AbstractIn multicellular organisms, oocytes and sperm undergo fusion during fertilization and the resulting zygote gives rise to a new individual. The ability of zygotes to produce a fully formed individual from a single cell when placed in a supportive environment is known as totipotency. Given that totipotent cells are the source of all multicellular organisms, a better understanding of totipotency may have a wide-ranging impact on biology. The precise delineation of totipotent cells in mammals has remained elusive, however, although zygotes and single blastomeres of embryos at the two-cell stage have been thought to be the only totipotent cells in mice. We now show that a single blastomere of two- or four-cell mouse embryos can give rise to a fertile adult when placed in a uterus, even though blastomere isolation disturbs the transcriptome of derived embryos. Single blastomeres isolated from embryos at the eight-cell or morula stages and cultured in vitro manifested pronounced defects in the formation of epiblast and primitive endoderm by the inner cell mass and in the development of blastocysts, respectively. Our results thus indicate that totipotency of mouse zygotes extends to single blastomeres of embryos at the four-cell stage.

scholarly journals Interleukin-6 promotes primitive endoderm development in bovine blastocysts

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Lydia K. Wooldridge ◽  
Alan D. Ealy
Keyword(s):  
Interleukin 6 ◽  
Inner Cell Mass ◽  
Cell Mass ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Janus Kinase ◽  
Primitive Endoderm ◽  
Cell Numbers ◽  
Downstream Target ◽  
Dependent Signal ◽  
Endoderm Development

Abstract Background Interleukin-6 (IL6) was recently identified as an embryotrophic factor in bovine embryos, where it acts primarily to mediate inner cell mass (ICM) size. This work explored whether IL6 affects epiblast (EPI) and primitive endoderm (PE) development, the two embryonic lineages generated from the ICM after its formation. Nuclear markers for EPI (NANOG) and PE (GATA6) were used to differentiate the two cell types. Results Increases (P < 0.05) in total ICM cell numbers and PE cell numbers were detected in bovine blastocysts at day 8 and 9 post-fertilization after exposure to 100 ng/ml recombinant bovine IL6. Also, IL6 increased (P < 0.05) the number of undifferentiated ICM cells (cells containing both PE and EPI markers). The effects of IL6 on EPI cell numbers were inconsistent. Studies were also completed to explore the importance of Janus kinase 2 (JAK2)-dependent signaling in bovine PE cells. Definitive activation of STAT3, a downstream target for JAK2, was observed in PE cells. Also, pharmacological inhibition of JAK2 decreased (P < 0.05) PE cell numbers. Conclusions To conclude, IL6 manipulates ICM development after EPI/PE cell fates are established. The PE cells are the target for IL6, where a JAK-dependent signal is used to regulate PE numbers.

Lactate dehydrogenase isozymes in the preimplantation rabbit embryo

1973 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 229-234 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. L. Brinster
Keyword(s):  
Lactate Dehydrogenase ◽  
Lactate Dehydrogenase Isozymes ◽  
Rabbit Embryo

scholarly journals Culture of Mouse Amniotic Fluid-Derived Cells on Irradiated STO Feeders Results in the Generation of Primitive Endoderm Cell Lines Capable of Self-Renewal in vitro

2013 ◽  
Vol 198 (2) ◽  
pp. 111-126 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aleksandar M. Babic ◽  
Sunyoung Jang ◽  
Eugenia Nicolov ◽  
Horatiu Voicu ◽  
Chance J. Luckey
Keyword(s):  
Amniotic Fluid ◽  
Cell Lines ◽  
Primitive Endoderm ◽  
Self Renewal ◽  
Endoderm Cell

An in situ cell marker for clonal analysis of development of the extraembryonic endoderm in the mouse*

Development ◽  
1984 ◽  
Vol 80 (1) ◽  
pp. 251-288
Author(s):  
R. L. Gardner
Keyword(s):  
Enzyme Activity ◽  
Malic Enzyme ◽  
Cell Mass ◽  
Differential Staining ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Primitive Endoderm ◽  
Extraembryonic Endoderm ◽  
Blue Tetrazolium ◽  
Malic Enzyme Activity ◽  
Parietal Endoderm

Conditions were found for staining whole mid-gestation capsular parietal endoderms and visceral yolk sacs for malic enzyme activity that gave excellent discrimination between wildtype (Mod-1+/Mod-1+) cells and mutant (Mod-ln/Mod-1n) cells that lack the cytoplasmic form of the enzyme. Reciprocal blastocyst injection experiments were undertaken in which single primitive endoderm cells of one genotype were transplanted into embryos of the other genotype. In addition, Mod-1+/Mod-1+ early inner cell mass (ICM) cells were injected into Mod-1n/Mod-1n blastocysts, either in groups of two or three singletons or as daughter cell pairs. A substantial proportion of the resulting conceptuses showed mosaic histochemical staining in the parietal endoderm, visceral yolk sac, or in both these membranes. Stained cells were invariably intimately intermixed with unstained cells in the mosaic parietal endoderms. In contrast, one or both of two distinct patterns of staining could be discerned in mosaic visceral yolk sacs. The first, a conspicuously ‘coherent’ pattern, was found to be due to endodermal chimaerism; the second, a more diffuse pattern, was attributable to chimaerism in the mesodermal layer of this membrane. The overall distribution of cells with donor staining characteristics resulting from primitive endoderm versus early ICM cell injections was consistent with findings in earlier experiments in which allozymes of glucosephosphate isomerase were used as markers. The conspicuous lack of phenotypically intermediate cells in predominantly stained areas of mosaic membranes suggested that the histochemical difference between Mod-1+/Mod-1+ and Mod-1n/Mod-ln genotypes was cell-autonomous. This conclusion was strengthened by the results of staining mixed in vitro cultures of parietal endoderm in which presence or absence of phagocytosed melanin granules was used as an independent means of distinguishing wild type from null cells. By substituting tetranitro blue tetrazolium for nitro blue tetrazolium in the incubation medium, satisfactory differential staining was obtained for both the extraembryonic endoderm and other tissues of earlier postimplantation wild type versus null embryos. Finally, absence of cytoplasmic malic enzyme activity does not appear to have a significant effect on the viability or behaviour of mutant cells.

scholarly journals Klf5maintains the balance of primitive endoderm versus epiblast specification during mouse embryonic development by suppression ofFgf4

Development ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 144 (20) ◽  
pp. 3706-3718 ◽  
Author(s):  
Takuya Azami ◽  
Tsuyoshi Waku ◽  
Ken Matsumoto ◽  
Hyojung Jeon ◽  
Masafumi Muratani ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Embryonic Development ◽  
Primitive Endoderm

scholarly journals Reversible programming of pluripotent cell differentiation

2000 ◽  
Vol 113 (3) ◽  
pp. 555-566 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Lake ◽  
J. Rathjen ◽  
J. Remiszewski ◽  
P.D. Rathjen
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Embryoid Bodies ◽  
Visceral Endoderm ◽  
Es Cell ◽  
Primitive Endoderm ◽  
Pluripotent Cell ◽  
Pluripotent Cells ◽  
Differentiation Potential

We have undertaken an in vitro differentiation analysis of two related, interconvertible, pluripotent cell populations, ES and early primitive ectoderm-like (EPL) cells, which are most similar in morphology, gene expression, cytokine responsiveness and differentiation potential in vivo to ICM and early primitive ectoderm, respectively. Pluripotent cells were differentiated in vitro as aggregates (embryoid bodies) and the appearance and abundance of cell lineages were assessed by morphology and gene expression. Differentiation in EPL cell embryoid bodies recapitulated normal developmental progression in vivo, but was advanced in comparison to ES cell embryoid bodies, with the rapid establishment of late primitive ectoderm specific gene expression, and subsequent loss of pluripotent cell markers. Nascent mesoderm was formed earlier and more extensively in EPL cell embryoid bodies, and resulted in the appearance of terminally differentiated mesodermal cell types prior to and at higher levels than in ES cell embryoid bodies. Nascent mesoderm in EPL cell embryoid bodies was not specified but could be programmed to alternative fates by the addition of exogenous factors. EPL cells remained competent to form primitive endoderm even though this is not the normal fate of primitive ectoderm in vivo. The establishment of primitive ectoderm-like gene expression and inability to participate in embryogenesis following blastocyst injection is therefore not directly associated with restriction in the ability to form extra-embryonic lineages. However, the EPL cell embryoid body environment did not support differentiation of primitive endoderm to visceral endoderm, indicating the lack of an inductive signal for visceral endoderm formation deduced to originate from the pluripotent cells. Similarly, the inability of EPL cells to form neurons when differentiated as embryoid bodies was attributable to perturbation of the differentiation environment and loss of inductive signals rather than a restricted differentiation potential. Reversion of EPL cells to ES cells was accompanied by restoration of ES cell-like differentiation potential. These results demonstrate the ability of pluripotent cells to adopt developmentally distinct, stable cell states with altered differentiation potentials.

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