The morphology and development of Drosophila eye

Development ◽  
1967 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 491-499
Author(s):  
E. W. Hanly ◽  
C. William Fuller ◽  
M. S. Millam Stanley
Keyword(s):  
Drosophila Melanogaster ◽  
Metabolic Pathways ◽  
Biosynthetic Pathways ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Specific Enzyme ◽  
Type D ◽  
Red Color ◽  
Drosophila Eye ◽  
The Subject

The development of pigment in the eye of Drosophila melanogaster and other insects has been the subject of many studies and much controversy. It has been established that the red color of eyes of wild-type D. melanogaster is due to the presence of two classes of pigments, ommochromes and pteridines (Ziegler, 1961). The relationships among the various members of each class are still obscure; the biosynthetic pathways are yet to be elucidated. No specific enzyme involved in the synthesis of any member of either group has been isolated or characterized. It has been suggested, however (Hadorn, 1955), that these metabolic pathways may involve several organs, including the eye, but that the final deposition and conversion occur only in the eye. The recent development of a satisfactory technique for the culture of Drosophila organs (Schneider, 1964) has made possible the study of pigment development in the isolated eye and in eyes associated with selected organs.

scholarly journals Downregulation of the tyrosine degradation pathway extends Drosophila lifespan

eLife ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrey A Parkhitko ◽  
Divya Ramesh ◽  
Lin Wang ◽  
Dmitry Leshchiner ◽  
Elizabeth Filine ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drosophila Melanogaster ◽  
Metabolic Pathways ◽  
Complex I ◽  
Degradation Pathway ◽  
Metabolic Reprogramming ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Mitochondrial Translation ◽  
Age Dependent

Aging is characterized by extensive metabolic reprogramming. To identify metabolic pathways associated with aging, we analyzed age-dependent changes in the metabolomes of long-lived Drosophila melanogaster. Among the metabolites that changed, levels of tyrosine were increased with age in long-lived flies. We demonstrate that the levels of enzymes in the tyrosine degradation pathway increase with age in wild-type flies. Whole-body and neuronal-specific downregulation of enzymes in the tyrosine degradation pathway significantly extends Drosophila lifespan, causes alterations of metabolites associated with increased lifespan, and upregulates the levels of tyrosine-derived neuromediators. Moreover, feeding wild-type flies with tyrosine increased their lifespan. Mechanistically, we show that suppression of ETC complex I drives the upregulation of enzymes in the tyrosine degradation pathway, an effect that can be rescued by tigecycline, an FDA-approved drug that specifically suppresses mitochondrial translation. In addition, tyrosine supplementation partially rescued lifespan of flies with ETC complex I suppression. Altogether, our study highlights the tyrosine degradation pathway as a regulator of longevity.

Wuchsstoffaktivität der Augenpterine von Drosophila melanogaster bei Crithidia fasciculata

1961 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. 260-261 ◽  
Author(s):  
Irmgard Ziegler ◽  
Helene A. Nathan
Keyword(s):  
Drosophila Melanogaster ◽  
Growth Factors ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Active Growth ◽  
Crithidia Fasciculata ◽  
Type D ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
In The Wild ◽  
Growth Experiments

A tetrahydrobiopterin-derivative and a yellow pteridine, accumulated in the eyes of the sepia mutant of Drosophila melanogaster, are very active growth factors for Crithidia fasciculata. Of the three additional pteridines found in the wild-type D. melanogaster, a dark red pteridine, neodrosopterin, is very active whereas a brick-red pteridine, drosopterin, is moderately active and isodrosopterin, probably the isomer of drosopterin is inactive. The relationships of the results of the growth experiments to the naturally-occurring eye pteridines and to the basic biopterin structure are discussed.

Chromatography of Drosophila tRNA on BD-cellolose

1973 ◽  
Vol 51 (6) ◽  
pp. 896-902 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bradley N. White ◽  
G. M. Tener
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Drosophila Melanogaster ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Nucleotide Composition ◽  
Two Dimensional ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Type D ◽  
Acceptor Activity ◽  
Layer Chromatography ◽  
Amino Acid Acceptor

Conditions for the amino acylation of Drosophila melanogaster tRNA with the 20 14C-labelled amino acids were established. Crude tRNA prepared from adult flies of wild-type D. melanogaster was chromatographed on BD-cellulose columns, and the fractions were assayed for amino acid acceptor activity. The elution profiles of the tRNAs are presented. The crude tRNA was chromatographed on a Sephadex G-100 column to isolate the 5 S RNA, which constituted 9% of this material. The 5 S RNA was further chromatographed on BD-cellulose and was resolved into one major and two minor peaks. The nucleotide composition of these peaks was determined by RNase T2 digestion and two-dimensional thin-layer chromatography.

scholarly journals The number and location of genes for 5S ribonucleic acid within the genome of Drosophila melanogaster

1971 ◽  
Vol 123 (2) ◽  
pp. 227-233 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. V. Quincey
Keyword(s):  
Drosophila Melanogaster ◽  
Ribonucleic Acid ◽  
Organizer Region ◽  
Nucleolar Organizer Region ◽  
Nucleolar Organizer ◽  
Haploid Genome ◽  
28S Rrna ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
5S Rna ◽  
Type D

DNA was prepared from wild-type and two mutant stocks of Drosophila melanogaster that differed in their dosage of the nucleolar organizer region. The relative amounts of DNA from the nucleolar organizer region in these preparations of DNA were determined by hybridization with 3H-labelled 28S rRNA. As expected, the amount of 3H-labelled 28S rRNA that hybridized was directly related to the dosage of nucleolar organizer region. No positive correlation was observed between the amount of 3H-labelled 5S RNA that hybridized and the dosage of nucleolar organizer region. Thus genes for 5S RNA are located primarily, if not exclusively, outside the nucleolar organizer region. The haploid genome of the wild-type D. melanogaster used in this work has 106 genes for 28S rRNA and 96–105 genes for 5S RNA.

scholarly journals Hedgehog pathway members Patched and Costal-2 exhibit differences in overgrowth autonomy in Drosophila melanogaster

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shannon L Moore ◽  
Frank C Adamini ◽  
Erik S Coopes ◽  
Dustin Godoy ◽  
Shyra J Northingon ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drosophila Melanogaster ◽  
Hedgehog Signaling ◽  
Genetic Screens ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Apoptotic Pathway ◽  
Downstream Effector ◽  
Evolutionarily Conserved ◽  
Drosophila Eye ◽  
Organismal Development ◽  
Mutant Cells

Genetic screens are used in Drosophila melanogaster to identify genes key in the regulation of organismal development and growth. These screens have defined signaling pathways necessary for tissue and organismal development which are evolutionarily conserved across species, including Drosophila. Here we have used a Flp/FRT mosaic system to screen for conditional regulators of cell growth and cell division in the Drosophila eye. The conditional nature of this screen utilizes a block in the apoptotic pathway to prohibit the mosaic mutant cells from dying via apoptosis. From this screen, we identified two different mutants that mapped to the Hedgehog signaling pathway. Previously, we described a novel Ptc mutation and here we add to the understanding of disrupting the Hh pathway with a novel allele of Cos2. Both of these Hh components are negative regulators of the pathway, yet they depict mutant differences in the type of overgrowth. Ptc mutations lead to overgrowth consisting of almost entirely wild type issue (non-autonomous overgrowth), while the Cos2 mutation results in tissue that is overgrown in both the mutant and wild type clones (both autonomous and non-autonomous). These differences in tissue overgrowth are consistent in the Drosophila eye and wing. The observed difference is correlated with a different pattern of deregulation of Mad, the downstream effector of DPP signaling. This finding provides insight into pathway specific differences that may help to better understand intricacies of developmental processes and human disease.

scholarly journals The hobo Transposable Element Excises and Has Related Elements in Tephritid Species

Genetics ◽  
1996 ◽  
Vol 143 (3) ◽  
pp. 1339-1347
Author(s):  
Alfred M Handler ◽  
Sheilachu P Gomez
Keyword(s):  
Drosophila Melanogaster ◽  
Ceratitis Capitata ◽  
Bactrocera Dorsalis ◽  
Parsimony Analysis ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Anastrepha Suspensa ◽  
Tephritid Species ◽  
Mutant Strains ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Horizontal Transfers

Abstract Function of the Drosophila melanogaster hobo transposon in tephritid species was tested in transient embryonic excision assays. Wild-type and mutant strains of Anastrepha suspensa, Bactrocera dorsalis, B. cucurbitae, Ceratitis capitata, and Toxotrypana curvicauda all supported hobo excision or deletion both in the presence and absence of co-injected hobo transposase, indicating a permissive state for hobo mobility and the existence of endogenous systems capable of mobilizing hobo. In several strains hobo helper reduced excision. Excision depended on hobo sequences in the indicator plasmid, though almost all excisions were imprecise and the mobilizing systems appear mechanistically different from hobo. hobe-related sequences were identified in all species except T. curvicauda. Parsimony analysis yielded a subgroup including the B. cucurbitae and C. capitata sequences along with hobo and Hermes, and a separate, more divergent subgroup including the A. suspensa and B. dorsalis sequences. All of the sequences exist as multiple genomic elements, and a deleted form of the B. cucurbitae element exists in B. dorsalis. The hobo-related sequences are probably members of the hAT transposon family with some evolving from distant ancestor elements, while others may have originated from more recent horizontal transfers.

scholarly journals Production and scavenging of reactive oxygen species both affect reproductive success in male and female Drosophila melanogaster

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Biz R. Turnell ◽  
Luisa Kumpitsch ◽  
Klaus Reinhardt
Keyword(s):  
Reactive Oxygen Species ◽  
Drosophila Melanogaster ◽  
Reactive Oxygen ◽  
Cellular Aging ◽  
Ros Production ◽  
Oxygen Species ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Ros Scavenging ◽  
Respiratory Pathway ◽  
Male And Female

AbstractSperm aging is accelerated by the buildup of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which cause oxidative damage to various cellular components. Aging can be slowed by limiting the production of mitochondrial ROS and by increasing the production of antioxidants, both of which can be generated in the sperm cell itself or in the surrounding somatic tissues of the male and female reproductive tracts. However, few studies have compared the separate contributions of ROS production and ROS scavenging to sperm aging, or to cellular aging in general. We measured reproductive fitness in two lines of Drosophila melanogaster genetically engineered to (1) produce fewer ROS via expression of alternative oxidase (AOX), an alternative respiratory pathway; or (2) scavenge fewer ROS due to a loss-of-function mutation in the antioxidant gene dj-1β. Wild-type females mated to AOX males had increased fecundity and longer fertility durations, consistent with slower aging in AOX sperm. Contrary to expectations, fitness was not reduced in wild-type females mated to dj-1β males. Fecundity and fertility duration were increased in AOX and decreased in dj-1β females, indicating that female ROS levels may affect aging rates in stored sperm and/or eggs. Finally, we found evidence that accelerated aging in dj-1β sperm may have selected for more frequent mating. Our results help to clarify the relative roles of ROS production and ROS scavenging in the male and female reproductive systems.

scholarly journals INTRACISTRONIC MAPPING OF ELECTROPHORETIC SITES IN DROSOPHILA MELANOGASTER: FIDELITY OF INFORMATION TRANSFER BY GENE CONVERSION

Genetics ◽  
1974 ◽  
Vol 76 (2) ◽  
pp. 289-299
Author(s):  
Margaret McCarron ◽  
William Gelbart ◽  
Arthur Chovnick
Keyword(s):  
Drosophila Melanogaster ◽  
Information Transfer ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Genetic Basis ◽  
Xanthine Dehydrogenase ◽  
Specific Protein ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Electrophoretic Variation ◽  
The Stability ◽  
Recombination Experiments

ABSTRACT A convenient method is described for the intracistronic mapping of genetic sites responsible for electrophoretic variation of a specific protein in Drosophila melanogaster. A number of wild-type isoalleles of the rosy locus have been isolated which are associated with the production of electrophoretically distinguishable xanthine dehydrogenases. Large-scale recombination experiments were carried out involving null enzyme mutants induced on electrophoretically distinct wild-type isoalleles, the genetic basis for which is followed as a nonselective marker in the cross. Additionally, a large-scale recombination experiment was carried out involving null enzyme rosy mutants induced on the same wild-type isoallele. Examination of the electrophoretic character of crossover and convertant products recovered from the latter experiment revealed that all exhibited the same parental electrophoretic character. In addition to documenting the stability of the xanthine dehydrogenase electrophoretic character, this observation argues against a special mutagenesis hypothesis to explain conversions resulting from allele recombination studies.

scholarly journals Somatic production of reactive oxygen species does not predict its production in sperm cells across Drosophila melanogaster lines

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Biz R. Turnell ◽  
Luisa Kumpitsch ◽  
Anne-Cécile Ribou ◽  
Klaus Reinhardt
Keyword(s):  
Reactive Oxygen Species ◽  
Drosophila Melanogaster ◽  
Reactive Oxygen ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Ros Production ◽  
Oxygen Species ◽  
Loss Of Function ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Ros Scavenging ◽  
Transport Chain

Abstract Objective Sperm ageing has major evolutionary implications but has received comparatively little attention. Ageing in sperm and other cells is driven largely by oxidative damage from reactive oxygen species (ROS) generated by the mitochondria. Rates of organismal ageing differ across species and are theorized to be linked to somatic ROS levels. However, it is unknown whether sperm ageing rates are correlated with organismal ageing rates. Here, we investigate this question by comparing sperm ROS production in four lines of Drosophila melanogaster that have previously been shown to differ in somatic mitochondrial ROS production, including two commonly used wild-type lines and two lines with genetic modifications standardly used in ageing research. Results Somatic ROS production was previously shown to be lower in wild-type Oregon-R than in wild-type Dahomey flies; decreased by the expression of alternative oxidase (AOX), a protein that shortens the electron transport chain; and increased by a loss-of-function mutation in dj-1β, a gene involved in ROS scavenging. Contrary to predictions, we found no differences among these four lines in the rate of sperm ROS production. We discuss the implications of our results, the limitations of our study, and possible directions for future research.

scholarly journals DIFFERENTIATION OF DROSOPHILA CELLS LACKING RIBOSOMAL DNA, IN VITRO

Genetics ◽  
1973 ◽  
Vol 73 (3) ◽  
pp. 429-434
Author(s):  
J James Donady ◽  
R L Seecof ◽  
M A Fox
Keyword(s):  
Drosophila Melanogaster ◽  
Ribosomal Rna ◽  
Ribosomal Dna ◽  
Rna Synthesis ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Drosophila Cells

ABSTRACT Drosophila melanogaster embryos that lacked ribosomal DNA were obtained from appropriate crosses. Cells were taken from such embryos before overt differentiation took place and were cultured in vitro. These cells differentiated into neurons and myocytes with the same success as did wild-type controls. Therefore, ribosomal RNA synthesis is not necessary for the differentiation of neurons and myocytes in vitro.

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