Molecular studies on cells of the trophectodermal lineage of the postimplantation mouse embryo

Development ◽  
1981 ◽  
Vol 61 (1) ◽  
pp. 103-116
Author(s):  
M. H. Johnson ◽  
J. Rossant
Keyword(s):  
Giant Cells ◽  
Mouse Embryos ◽  
Ploidy Levels ◽  
Polypeptide Synthesis ◽  
Diploid Cells ◽  
Embryonic Ectoderm ◽  
Ectoplacental Cone ◽  
Synthetic Profile

Embryonic ectoderm (EmE), extraembryonic ectoderm (EE), ectoplacental cone diploid cells (EPC) and secondary giant cells (GC) were isolated from 7½-day mouse embryos and their polypeptide synthetic profile assessed by fluorography of 2D polyacrylamide gels. Fifty polypeptides showed different distributions amongst the tissues, permitting characterization of each tissue by an array of polypeptide marken; typical for the tissue at that developmental stage. The three tissues on the presumptive trophectoderm lineage did not show identical synthetic patterns. However, culture of EE cells in vitro resulted in conversion of their polypeptide synthetic profile to that of EPC after 2 days and of GC after 6 days, whilst culture of EPC cells converted their polypeptide synthetic profile to that of GC after only 4 days. These changes in polypeptide synthesis correlated well with the ploidy levels of the tissues at different times in culture.

Properties of extra-embryonic ectoderm isolated from postimplantation mouse embryos

Development ◽  
1977 ◽  
Vol 39 (1) ◽  
pp. 183-194
Author(s):  
J. Rossant ◽  
L. Ofer
Keyword(s):  
Mouse Embryo ◽  
Morphological Characteristics ◽  
Giant Cells ◽  
Mouse Embryos ◽  
Common Origin ◽  
Trophoblast Giant Cells ◽  
Embryonic Ectoderm ◽  
Ectoplacental Cone

Extra-embryonic ectoderm isolated from the mouse embryo as late as 8½ days post coitum can form cells with the morphological characteristics of trophoblast giant cells both in ectopic sites and in vitro. This similarity to the properties of ectoplacental cone tissue provides further support for the postulated common origin of both tissues from the trophectoderm of the blastocyst.

scholarly journals B-1 cell: the precursor of a novel mononuclear phagocyte with immuno-regulatory properties

2009 ◽  
Vol 81 (3) ◽  
pp. 489-496 ◽  
Author(s):  
José Daniel Lopes ◽  
Mario Mariano
Keyword(s):  
Mammalian Cells ◽  
Giant Cells ◽  
Mononuclear Phagocyte ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Series Of Experiments ◽  
B1 Cells ◽  
Regulatory Properties

Characterization of the origin, properties, functions and fate of cells is a fundamental task for the understanding of physiological and pathological phenomena. Despite the bulk of knowledge concerning the diverse characteristics of mammalian cells, some of them, such as B-1 cells, are still poorly understood. Here we report the results obtained in our laboratory on these cells in the last 10 years. After showing that B-1 cells could be cultured and amplified in vitro, a series of experiments were performed with these cells. They showed that B1 cells reside mostly in the peritoneal and pleural cavities, migrate to distant inflammatory foci, coalesce to form giant cells and participate in granuloma formation, both in vitro and in vivo. They are also able to present antigens to immunologically responsive cells and are endowed with regulatory properties. Further, we have also shown that these cells facilitate different types of infection as well as tumor growth and spreading. These data are presently reviewed pointing to a pivotal role that these cells may play in innate and acquired immunity.

In vitro development of inner cell masses isolated immunosurgically from mouse blastocysts

Development ◽  
1978 ◽  
Vol 45 (1) ◽  
pp. 93-105
Author(s):  
Brigid Hogan ◽  
Rita Tilly
Keyword(s):  
Inner Cell Mass ◽  
Cell Mass ◽  
Giant Cells ◽  
Epithelial Layer ◽  
Visceral Endoderm ◽  
Limited Region ◽  
In Vitro Development ◽  
Vitro Development ◽  
Embryonic Ectoderm

This paper describes the in vitro development of inner cell masses isolated immunosurgically from mouse blastocysts which had been collected on 3·5 days p.c. and then incubated for 24 h. The inner cell masses continue to grow in culture and develop through a series of stages with increasing complexity of internal organization. By day 1 all of the cultured ICMs have an outer layer of endoderm, and by day 3 some of them have two distinct kinds of inside cells; a columnar epithelial layer and a thin hemisphere of elongated cells. Later, mesodermal cells appear to delaminate from a limited region of the columnar layer, close to where it forms a junction with the thinner cells. By day 5, about 25% of the cultured ICMs have a striking resemblance to normal 7·5-day p.c. C3H embryos, with embryonic ectoderm, extra-embryonic ectoderm and chorion, embryonic and extra-embryonic mesoderm, and visceral endoderm. When mechanically disrupted and grown as attached clumps of cells in a tissue dish, these embryo-like structures give rise to trophoblast-like giant cells. These results suggest that the inner cell mass of 4·5-day p.c. blastocysts contains cells which can give rise to trophoblast derivates in culture.

CHANGES IN CHROMOSOME NUMBER IN MICROSPORE CALLUS OF RICE DURING SUCCESSIVE SUBCULTURES

1980 ◽  
Vol 22 (4) ◽  
pp. 607-614 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chi-Chang Chen ◽  
Chung-Mong Chen
Keyword(s):  
Chromosome Doubling ◽  
Oryza Sativa L ◽  
Callus Cultures ◽  
Microspore Development ◽  
Cell Type ◽  
Ploidy Levels ◽  
Two Cultures ◽  
Selection For ◽  
Diploid Cells

Forty-six callus cultures of rice (Oryza sativa L., 2n = 24), each presumably originating from a single microspore, were established and maintained on a medium containing 2,4-D. At the end of the first transfer 24% of the cultures were nonhaploid consisting of only diploid or polyploid cells, or of cells of two ploidy levels. Nuclear fusion and endomitosis occurring during the initial stages of in vitro microspore development were postulated to account for the formation of nonhaploid callus. Seventeen cultures were studied cytologically through 19 transfers. Only in one tetraploid and one hexaploid callus did the ploidy levels of cells remain unchanged during culture. Chromosome numbers in 13 cultures fell into a geometric series. Since no diplo- and quadruplochromosomes were observed, it was inferred that endomitosis rather than endoreduplication was responsible for the changes. In spite of the tendency for chromosome doubling, the proportions of cells of different ploidy levels were fixed in the 13 cultures at later transfers. Haploid cells were eliminated from all cultures. Diploid cells became predominant in eight cultures and tetraploid cells in five, suggesting a selection for either cell type. Triploids appeared in two cultures which initially did not contain this type of cell. Limited cytological information indicated that triploid cells might have originated from tetraploid cells through reductional grouping of chromosomes accompanied by multipolar formation.

In vivo and in vitro development of mouse embryos homozygous for the embryonic lethal velvet coat (Ve) mutation

Development ◽  
1981 ◽  
Vol 66 (1) ◽  
pp. 43-55
Author(s):  
J. Rossant ◽  
K. M. Vijh
Keyword(s):  
Inner Cell Mass ◽  
Cell Mass ◽  
Giant Cells ◽  
Blastocyst Stage ◽  
Parietal Endoderm ◽  
Trophoblast Giant Cells ◽  
Vitro Development ◽  
Ectoplacental Cone

Embryos homozygous for the velvet coat mutation, Ve/Ve, were recognized at 6·5 days post coitum by the reduced size of the ectodermal portions of the egg cylinder and the loose, columnar nature of the overlying endoderm. Later in development ectoderm tissues were sometimes entirely absent. Abnormalities appeared in the ectoplacental cone at 8·5 days but trophoblast giant cells and parietal endoderm appeared unaffected. Homozygotes could not be unequivocally identified at 5·5 days nor at the blastocyst stage but were recognized in blastocyst outgrowths by poor development of the inner cell mass derivatives, It has previously been suggested that Ve may exert its action at the blastocyst stage by reducing the size of the inner cell mass, but no evidence for such a reduction was found. Most of the observations on Ve/Ve homozygotes are, however, consistent with the hypothesis that Ve exerts its action primarily on later primitive ectoderm development.

Development of cytochalasin B-induced tetraploid and diploid/tetraploid mosaic mouse embryos

Development ◽  
1977 ◽  
Vol 41 (1) ◽  
pp. 47-64 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. K. Tarkowski ◽  
A. Witkowska ◽  
J. Opas
Keyword(s):  
Embryonic Development ◽  
Embryo Development ◽  
Cytochalasin B ◽  
Primitive Streak ◽  
Cell Number ◽  
Mouse Embryos ◽  
Proliferation Rate ◽  
Foetal Membranes ◽  
Diploid Cells

By subjecting F1 (CBA × C57/BL) × A eggs at the time of 2nd cleavage to 10 μg/ml of cytochalasin B (CB), tetraploidy was produced in 52 % of 2-cell eggs and 35 % of 3-cell eggs. 2n/4n mosaic embryos were produced from 2-, 3- and 4-cell eggs and amounted to 20 % of all treated eggs. 80 % of tetraploid embryos developed in vitro into regular blastocysts with half the cell number of control diploids. The effectiveness of CB in producing tetraploid embryos is limited by the asynchrony of 2nd cleavage, both between eggs and between sister blastomeres. Two-cell presumed tetraploids were transplanted to recipients and examined between the 6th and 11th day of pregnancy. Up to 6½ days development is normal and most embryos form egg-cylinders. At 7½ days the embryonic part of the cylinders is underdeveloped and in later development fails to form an embryo. Development of foetal membranes is much less affected and in the most successfully developing egg-cylinders their formation can be fully accomplished. Failure of embryonic development appears to be due to subnormal activity of the primitive streak, resulting in shortage of mesoderm. Postimplantation development of 2n/4n mosaics was normal. While in embryos tetraploid cells were either absent or in very low proportion (below 4 %), their contribution to the foetal membranes amounted in some cases to up to 50 %. Elimination of tetraploid cells from mosaic embryos suggests that they have a lower proliferation rate than diploid cells.

scholarly journals Characterization of secreted proteins of 2-cell mouse embryos cultured in vitro to the blastocyst stage with and without protein supplementation

2014 ◽  
Vol 31 (6) ◽  
pp. 757-765 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tanya Burch ◽  
Liang Yu ◽  
Julius Nyalwidhe ◽  
Jose A. Horcajadas ◽  
Silvina Bocca ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blastocyst Stage ◽  
Protein Supplementation ◽  
Mouse Embryos ◽  
Secreted Proteins

scholarly journals In vivo and in vitro studies on the early embryonic lethal oligosyndactylism (Os) in the mouse

Development ◽  
1979 ◽  
Vol 52 (1) ◽  
pp. 115-125
Author(s):  
Hugh F. Paterson
Keyword(s):  
Mutant Gene ◽  
Giant Cells ◽  
In Utero ◽  
Mouse Embryos ◽  
In Vitro Studies ◽  
Embryonic Lethal ◽  
Large Numbers

The development of mouse embryos homozygous for oligosyndactylism (Os) is arrested during implantation. Histological investigations confirm a previous report that cells become blocked in mitosis, and air-dried spreads of the mutant embryos reveal that large numbers of cells accumulate in metaphase. Trophoblastic giant cells appearunaffected by the action of the mutant gene both in utero and during culture over the lethal phase. It is proposed that the form of endoreduplication undergoneby giant cells renders them refractory to the metaphase block.

Différentiation du trophoblaste au cours du développement in vitro d'embryon de Souris

Development ◽  
1971 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 175-187
Author(s):  
Par D. Hernandez-Verdu ◽  
C. Legrand
Keyword(s):  
Cell Types ◽  
Giant Cells ◽  
In Utero ◽  
Trophoblast Cell ◽  
Mouse Embryos ◽  
Annulate Lamellae ◽  
Placental Barrier ◽  
In Vitro Development ◽  
Vitro Development

Differentiation of the trophoblast during in vitro development of the mouse embryo Mouse embryos obtained at the presomitic stage develop in vitro up to 70 h. During the first 24 h development remains comparable in vitro and in utero. Afterwards, the chronology of embryonic development is modified and in our successful prolonged experiments (70 h culture), foetal organogenesis reaches a stage corresponding only to 1½ days in utero. In some instances a chorioallantoic circulation has been observed in the umbilical cord. The three trophoblast cell types present in egg-cylinders at 8 days post coitum, develop in the same way in utero or in vitro. After 48 h culture electron microscopy shows that numerous annulate lamellae appear in the nuclei and in the cytoplasm of some of the giant cells. The syncytium does not differentiate between the trophoblast and the allantoic mesoderm. The haemo-trichorial placental barrier does not differentiate in vitro, although foetal capillaries form. In vitro, the endoderm cells (from the splanchnopleure or from the omphalopleure) actively proliferate and form an homogeneous substance located between the giant and the polyhedric trophoblast cells.

Development of mouse—bank vole interspecific chimaeric embryos

Development ◽  
1975 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 731-744
Author(s):  
Ewa T. Mystkowska
Keyword(s):  
Bank Vole ◽  
Mouse Embryos ◽  
Clethrionomys Glareolus ◽  
Somite Stage ◽  
Trophoblastic Cells ◽  
Reichert's Membrane ◽  
Ectoplacental Cone ◽  
Heavy Mortality

One bank vole (Clethrionomys glareolus) embryo and two mouse embryos were combined at the 8- to 16-blastomere stage and cultured in vitro for 33–47 h. In 66% of cases single regular blastocysts were formed. The chimaeric composition of blastocysts was confirmed karyologically. Out of the 222 blastocysts transplanted to 49 pseudopregnant mouse recipients, a total of 52 implantations were found in 20 recipients. Among the 52 implantations, 14 contained embryos and the remaining were resorptions. The majority of embryos were abnormal and fell into two categories: (1) groups of cells surrounded by Reichert's membrane and lying freely in a cavity filled with giant trophoblastic cells, (2) small and retarded eggcylinders usually composed of endoderm and ectoderm only, and containing a proamniotic cavity. The ectoplacental cone of these embryos was poorly developed or lacking altogether. Two normal-looking embryos were recovered on the 9th and 10th day (4-somite and ca. 12-somite stage). Chimaerism of the younger embryo was confirmed karyologically. No evidence of chimaerism was available in the case of older embryo which was examined histologically. Thirteen implantations examined between 11th and 17th day contained only resorptions. It is suggested that the main cause of the heavy mortality of chimaeric embryos is the profound difference in the course of embryogenesis of these two species immediately following implantation.

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