A correlation between the capacity of cavity formation and the subsequent differentiation of teratocarcinoma embryoid body lines

Development ◽  
1982 ◽  
Vol 69 (1) ◽  
pp. 127-140
Author(s):  
Kazuko Uno
Keyword(s):  
Cardiac Muscle ◽  
Embryoid Body ◽  
High Capacity ◽  
Primitive Streak ◽  
Muscle Differentiation ◽  
Cavity Formation ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Mouse Teratocarcinoma

Seven different embryoid body (EB) lines of mouse teratocarcinoma were isolated from a single EB. With regard to each of the lines, a comparison was made of the following developmental properties, including potentiality: (1) cavity formation in a short term intraperitoneal passage, (2) growth in vivo, (3) cardiac muscle differentiation in vitro following intraperitoneal passage and (4) differentiation of solid tumours in vivo. These lines could be divided into three distinct groups withrespect to their capacity for cardiac muscle differentiation. It has been shown that a high capacity for celldifferentiation in vitro correlates well with the capacity for cavity formation of an EB during the in vivo period. This cavity formation was followed by the appearance of primitive-streak-like structures, from which mesodermal cells were subsequently formed.

Case study in 21 st century ecotoxicology: using in vitro aromatase inhibition data to predict short term in vivo responses in adult female fish

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel L. Villeneuve ◽  
Brett R. Blackwell ◽  
Jenna E. Cavallin ◽  
Wan‐Yun Cheng ◽  
David J. Feifarek ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Adult Female ◽  
Female Fish ◽  
Aromatase Inhibition ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Inhibition Data

A NEW NON-PROTEIN NITROGEN SOURCE FOR RUMINANTS

1969 ◽  
Vol 49 (2) ◽  
pp. 135-141 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. P. Milligan ◽  
A. R. Robblee ◽  
J. C. Wood ◽  
W. C. Kay ◽  
S. K. Chakrabartty
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Source ◽  
Dietary Supplement ◽  
Nitrogen Retention ◽  
Feeding Trial ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Protein Nitrogen ◽  
Rumen Microorganisms ◽  
Production Of Ammonia

The preparation of a polymer of urea and furfural containing 23.2% nitrogen is described. This product was converted by rumen microorganisms in vitro to ammonia at a rate approximately one-seventh that of conversion of urea to ammonia. Use of the polymer as a dietary supplement in a feeding trial with lambs improved nitrogen retention over that of unsupplemented controls by 3.45 g of nitrogen retained per day, while an isonitrogenous quantity of supplemental urea improved nitrogen retention by 0.51 g of nitrogen retained per day. The blood urea pattern, throughout the day, of lambs adapted to control, urea-supplemented and urea–furfural polymer-supplemented rations indicated a slow, prolonged production of ammonia from the latter supplement and very rapid, short-term degradation of urea in vivo.

Brachyury - a gene affecting mouse gastrulation and early organogenesis

Development ◽  
1992 ◽  
Vol 116 (Supplement) ◽  
pp. 157-165 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. S. P. Beddington ◽  
P. Rashbass ◽  
V. Wilson
Keyword(s):  
Es Cells ◽  
Embryonic Stem ◽  
Primitive Streak ◽  
Coat Colour ◽  
Es Cell ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Mesoderm Cell ◽  
Rostrocaudal Axis

Mouse embryos that are homozygous for the Brachyury (T) deletion die at mid-gestation. They have prominent defects in the notochord, the allantois and the primitive streak. Expression of the T gene commences at the onset of gastrulation and is restricted to the primitive streak, mesoderm emerging from the streak, the head process and the notochord. Genetic evidence has suggested that there may be an increasing demand for T gene function along the rostrocaudal axis. Experiments reported here indicate that this may not be the case. Instead, the gradient in severity of the T defect may be caused by defective mesoderm cell movements, which result in a progressive accumulation of mesoderm cells near the primitive streak. Embryonic stem (ES) cells which are homozygous for the T deletion have been isolated and their differentiation in vitro and in vivo compared with that of heterozygous and wild-type ES cell lines. In +/+ ↔ T/T ES cell chimeras the Brachyury phenotype is not rescued by the presence of wild-type cells and high level chimeras show most of the features characteristic of intact T/T mutants. A few offspring from blastocysts injected with T/T ES cells have been born, several of which had greatly reduced or abnormal tails. However, little or no ES cell contribution was detectable in these animals, either as coat colour pigmentation or by isozyme analysis. Inspection of potential +/+ ↔ T/T ES cell chimeras on the 11th or 12th day of gestation, stages later than that at which intact T/T mutants die, revealed the presence of chimeras with caudal defects. These chimeras displayed a gradient of ES cell colonisation along the rostrocaudal axis with increased colonisation of caudal regions. In addition, the extent of chimerism in ectodermal tissues (which do not invaginate during gastrulation) tended to be higher than that in mesodermal tissues (which are derived from cells invaginating through the primitive streak). These results suggest that nascent mesoderm cells lacking the T gene are compromised in their ability to move away from the primitive streak. This indicates that one function of the T genemay be to regulate cell adhesion or cell motility properties in mesoderm cells. Wild-type cells in +/+ ↔ T/T chimeras appear to move normally to populate trunk and head mesoderm, suggesting that the reduced motility in T/T cells is a cell autonomous defect

Study of yolk-sac endoderm organogenesis in the chick using a specific enzyme (cysteine lyase) as a marker of cell differentiation

Development ◽  
1973 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
pp. 159-174
Author(s):  
Nelly Bennett
Keyword(s):  
Cell Differentiation ◽  
Blood Cells ◽  
Primitive Streak ◽  
Yolk Sac ◽  
Specific Enzyme ◽  
Cell Proliferation And Differentiation ◽  
Lyase Activity ◽  
Morphological Specialization

The detection of a specific enzyme (cysteine lyase) of the yolk-sac endoderm by a very sensitive method is employed to characterize cell differentiation during the early stages of endoderm organogenesis in the chick. The first cells to contain active cysteine lyase are found in the germ wall at the primitive streak stage. In vivo observations establish a relation between the morphological specialization and organization of endodermal cells, their loss of mitotic activity and the increase in cysteine lyase activity. They suggest an influence of the mesoderm on endoderm differentiation. In vitro experiments confirm the existence in the yolk-sac endoderm of an incompatibility between cell proliferation and differentiation, as well as the action of the mesoderm on both the structural organization of the endoblast and the appearance of cysteine lyase; this last action seems to be due mainly to blood cells; chicken and rabbit blood cells are equally active. The problems of the origin of the endoderm and of the interactions occurring during the organogenesis of the yolk-sac endoderm are discussed.

Studies on the functional activity of organotypically cultured mouse ovary

Development ◽  
1966 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 133-141
Author(s):  
T. N. Chapekar ◽  
G. V. Nayak ◽  
Kamal J. Ranadive
Keyword(s):  
Functional Activity ◽  
Synthetic Medium ◽  
Culture Conditions ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Plasma Clot ◽  
Rat Ovary ◽  
Old Mice ◽  
Term Maintenance

Short-term maintenance of mouse and rat ovary in organotypic culture system is no longer a problem (Martinovitch, 1938; Gaillard, 1953; Trowell, 1959). Gaillard (1953) cultivated ovaries from 7- to 8-day-old and 21-day-old mice for a week on the plasma clot. Trowell (1959) maintained ovaries of 8-day-old mice on a synthetic medium in an O2-CO2 atmosphere for 9 days. He observed no histological differentiation in the tissues of the ovary. What needs confirmation and further investigation is the possibility of maintenance of functional activity of the ovary under culture conditions. A study was therefore undertaken to investigate if an ovary, cultivated in vitro for some time, shows hormonal activity when transplanted in vivo. In the present work cultured ovaries were grafted in the anterior eye-chamber of spayed female mice and the development of secondary sex organs such as mammary glands and uterus was studied.

scholarly journals Control of lettuce bottom rot by isolates of Trichoderma spp

2014 ◽  
Vol 40 (2) ◽  
pp. 141-146 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zayame Vegette Pinto ◽  
Matheus Aparecido Pereira Cipriano ◽  
Amaury da Silva dos Santos ◽  
Ludwig Heinrich Pfenning ◽  
Flávia Rodrigues Alves Patrício
Keyword(s):  
Mycelial Growth ◽  
High Capacity ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Second Step ◽  
Trichoderma Spp ◽  
In Vivo Experiments ◽  
Bottom Rot ◽  
Trichoderma Isolates

Bottom rot, caused by Rhizoctonia solani AG 1-IB, is an important disease affecting lettuce in Brazil, where its biological control with Trichoderma was not developed yet. The present study was carried out with the aim of selecting Trichoderma isolates to be used in the control of lettuce bottom rot. Forty-six Trichoderma isolates, obtained with baits containing mycelia of the pathogen, were evaluated in experiments carried out in vitro and in vivo in a greenhouse in two steps. In the laboratory, the isolates were evaluated for their capabilities of parasitizing and producing toxic metabolic substances that could inhibit the pathogen mycelial growth. In the first step of the in vivo experiments, the number and the dry weight of lettuce seedlings of the cultivar White Boston were evaluated. In the second step, 12 isolates that were efficient in the first step and showed rapid growth and abundant sporulation in the laboratory were tested for their capability of controlling bottom rot in two repeated experiments, and had their species identified. The majority of the isolates of Trichoderma spp. (76%) showed high capacity for parasitism and 50% of them produced toxic metabolites capable of inhibiting 60-100% of R. solani AG1-IB mycelial growth. Twenty-four isolates increased the number and 23 isolates increased the dry weight of lettuce seedlings inoculated with the pathogen in the first step of the in vivo experiments.In both experiments of the second step, two isolates of T. virens, IBLF 04 and IBLF 50, reduced the severity of bottom rot and increased the number and the dry weight of lettuce seedlings inoculated with R. solani AG1-IB. These isolates had shown a high capacity for parasitism and production of toxic metabolic substances, indicating that the in vitro and in vivo steps employed in the present study were efficient in selecting antagonists to be used for the control of lettuce bottom rot.

scholarly journals Evaluation of cytotoxicity and mutagenicity of the benzodiazepine flunitrazepam in vitro and in vivo

2014 ◽  
Vol 50 (2) ◽  
pp. 251-256
Author(s):  
Igor Vivian de Almeida ◽  
Giovana Domingues ◽  
Lilian Capelari Soares ◽  
Elisângela Düsman ◽  
Veronica Elisa Pimenta Vicentini
Keyword(s):  
Rattus Norvegicus ◽  
Bone Marrow Cells ◽  
Micronucleus Test ◽  
Term Treatment ◽  
Genotoxic Effects ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Short Term Treatment ◽  
Chromosomal Aberration Test

Flunitrazepam (FNZ) is a sedative benzodiazepine prescribed for the short-term treatment of insomnia. However, there are concerns regarding possible carcinogenic or genotoxic effects of this medicine. Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate the cytotoxic, clastogenic and aneugenic effects of FNZ in hepatoma cells from Rattus norvegicus (HTC) in vitro and in bone marrow cells of Wistar rats in vivo. These effects were examined in vitro following treatment with 0.2, 1.0, 5.0 or 10 μg/mL FNZ using a micronucleus test with a cytokinesis block or in vivo using a chromosomal aberration test following treatment with 7, 15 or 30 μg/mL/kg body weight. The results showed that the benzodiazepine concentrations tested were not cytotoxic, aneugenic or clastogenic. However, considering the adverse effects of using this benzodiazepine, more studies are required.

Control of glycolysis in vertebrate skeletal muscle during exercise

1996 ◽  
Vol 270 (4) ◽  
pp. R821-R829 ◽  
Author(s):  
U. Krause ◽  
G. Wegener
Keyword(s):  
Gastrocnemius Muscle ◽  
Rana Temporaria ◽  
High Capacity ◽  
Repeated Exercise ◽  
Frog Rana Temporaria ◽  
Time Courses ◽  
Fructose 1,6 Bisphosphate ◽  
Assay Conditions

The gastrocnemius muscle of the frog (Rana temporaria) has a high capacity for anaerobic glycolysis from glycogen. Glycolytic metabolites and effectors of phosphofructokinase, particularly the hexose bisphosphates, were followed in muscle during exercise (swimming between 5 s and 5 min), recovery (rest for up to 2 h after 5 min of swimming), and repeated exercise (swimming for up to 60 s after 2 h of recovery). Glycogen phosphorylase and phosphofructokinase were swiftly activated with exercise. The hexose bisphosphates followed markedly different time courses. Fructose 1,6-bisphosphate was transiently increased in both exercise and repeated exercise. This appears to be an effect rather than a cause of phosphofructokinase activation. Glucose 1,6-biphosphate was accumulated only while phosphofructokinase was active and was unchanged at other times. Fructose 2,6-biphosphate showed a 10-fold transient increase on exercise in rested frogs, almost disappeared from the muscle during recovery, and did not change during repeated exercise. Fructose 2,6-biphosphate is a potent activator of phosphofructokinase in vitro under near physiological assay conditions, and it may serve this function also in vivo during exercise. Glucose 1,6-biphosphate could be an activator of phosphofructokinase in repeated exercise when fructose 2,6-biphosphate is not available.

scholarly journals Safety Evaluation of Multiple Strains ofLactobacillus plantarumandPediococcus pentosaceusin Wistar Rats Based on the Ames Test and a 28-Day Feeding Study

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cheng-Chih Tsai ◽  
Sew-Fen Leu ◽  
Quan-Rong Huang ◽  
Lan-Chun Chou ◽  
Chun-Chih Huang
Keyword(s):  
Wistar Rats ◽  
Clinical Chemistry ◽  
Toxicity Study ◽  
Bacterial Strains ◽  
Oral Toxicity ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Mutagenic Potential ◽  
Multiple Strains

Three lactic acid bacterial strains,Lactobacillus plantarum, HK006, and HK109, andPediococcus pentosaceusPP31 exhibit probiotic potential as antiallergy agents, both in vitro and in vivo. However, the safety of these new strains requires evaluation when isolated from infant faeces or pickled cabbage. Multiple strains (HK006, HK109, and PP31) were subject to a bacterial reverse mutation assay and a short-term oral toxicity study. The powder product exhibited mutagenic potential inSalmonellaTyphimurium strains TA98 and TA1535 (with or without metabolic activation). In the short-term oral toxicity study, rats received a normal dosage of 390 mg/kg/d (approximately9×109 CFU/kg/d) or a high dosage of 1950 mg/kg/d (approximately4.5×1010 CFU/kg/d) for 28 d. No adverse effects were observed regarding the general condition, behaviour, growth, feed and water consumption, haematology, clinical chemistry indices, organ weights, or histopathologic analysis of the rats. These studies have demonstrated that the consumption of multiple bacterial strains is not associated with any signs of mutagenicity ofS.Typhimurium or toxicity in Wistar rats, even after consuming large quantities of bacteria.

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