Genetic analysis of developmental mechanisms in hydra. V. Cell lineage and development of chimera hydra

1978 ◽  
Vol 32 (1) ◽  
pp. 215-232
Author(s):  
T. Sugiyama ◽  
T. Fujisawa
Keyword(s):  
Epithelial Cell ◽  
Epithelial Cells ◽  
Interstitial Cell ◽  
Cell Lineage ◽  
Interstitial Cells ◽  
Nerve Cells ◽  
Polyp Size ◽  
Primary Determinant ◽  
One Year ◽  
Almost All

Chimeric hydra were produced by making use of a strain (nf-1) which lacks interstitial cells, nerve cells and nematocytes. This strain arises by spontaneous loss of interstitial cells from its parental strain (sf-1) (Sugiyama & Fujisawa, 1978). Reintroduction of interstitial cells from other strains into nf-1 leads to the creation of chimeric strains that consisted of epithelial cells derived from strain sf-1 and interstitial cells and their derivatives (nerves and nematocytes) from other strains. In chimeras, interstitial or epithelial cells apparently maintain very stable cell lineages; no indication was obtained that suggested interstitial cell differentiation into epithelial cells or dedifferentiation in the opposite direction during the long courses of chimera cultures (up to one year). Developmental characters of chimeras were examined and compared to those of the epithelial cell (sf-1) and the interstitial cell donors. Almost all of the chimera's characters examined (growth rate, budding rate, tentacle numbers, polyp size, regenerative capacity, etc.) closely resembled those of the epithelial cell donor, but not of the interstitial cell donors. This suggests that epithelial cells, rather than interstitial or nerve cells, are the primary determinant of most, if not all, of hydra developmental characters.

Developmental roles of epithelial and interstitial cell lineages in hydra: analysis of chimeras

1978 ◽  
Vol 32 (1) ◽  
pp. 233-247
Author(s):  
B.A. Marcum ◽  
R.D. Campbell
Keyword(s):  
Epithelial Cell ◽  
Epithelial Cells ◽  
Interstitial Cell ◽  
Interstitial Cells ◽  
Considerable Influence ◽  
Cell Lineages

Chimeric hydra were prepared by recombining epithelial and interstitial cells between 3 strains of hydra of different sizes (maxi, normal, and mini strains). The resulting chimeras generally resembled the epithelial cell parent more than the interstitial cell parent in size, budding rate, tentacle number, and form. This suggests that epithelial cells normally exert considerable influence over hydra morphogenesis. However, the chimeras show some differences ascribable to interstitial cell origin. Furthermore, the 3 original strains, when deprived of interstitial cells, lose their distinguishing size differences. Thus both epithelial and interstitial cells (or interstitial cell derivatives) mutually participate in hydra's development.

Genetic analysis of developmental mechanisms in hydra

Development ◽  
1984 ◽  
Vol 80 (1) ◽  
pp. 155-173
Author(s):  
Jun Takano ◽  
Tsutomu Sugiyama
Keyword(s):  
Epithelial Cell ◽  
Interstitial Cell ◽  
Cell Lineage ◽  
Normal Strain ◽  
Polyp Size ◽  
Bud Formation ◽  
Cell Lineages ◽  
Large Polyp ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
High Head

Chimaeric hydra strains were produced from a normal strain (105) and a naturally-occurring mutant strain (L4) which has a large polyp size, a low budding rate and a high head-inhibition potential. Various properties of the chimaeras were then examined and compared to those of the two parental strains. Hydra tissue consists of three cell lineages: the ectodermal epithelial, the endodermal epithelial and the interstitial cell lineages. Using the methods recently developed by Marcum & Campbell (1978b) and by Wanek & Campbell (1982), six chimaeric strains were produced which contained six different combinations of the three cell lineages from 105 and L4. Evidence obtained from the comparison of the chimaeras and their parental strains indicates that the ectodermal epithelial cell lineage in L4 is primarily responsible for the large polyp size and the low budding rate of this strain, whereas the endodermal epithelial cell lineage is largely, and the interstitial cell lineage is also partially, responsible for the high head-inhibition potential in L4. This suggests that the mechanisms determining the occurrence and location of bud formation and the mechanisms determining the inhibition potential levels are not related to each other (cf. Takano & Sugiyama, 1983; Bode & Bode, 1983). Evidence was also obtained which suggests that the levels of the head-activation and head-inhibition potentials in the chimaeras are determined independent of each other, apparently without the cross-catalytic relationship between them assumed in the Gierer-Meinhardt model (Gierer & Meinhardt, 1972; Meinhardt & Gierer, 1974).

Development of Hydra lacking nerve and interstitial cells

1978 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
pp. 17-33 ◽  
Author(s):  
B.A. Marcum ◽  
R.D. Campbell
Keyword(s):  
Epithelial Cells ◽  
Interstitial Cell ◽  
Normal Development ◽  
Colchicine Treatment ◽  
Interstitial Cells ◽  
Normal Numbers ◽  
Active Growth ◽  
Essentially Normal ◽  
Prolonged Culture ◽  
I Cells

Hydra attenuata were rendered free of interstitial cells (I cells) and interstitial cell derivatives by colchicine treatment. These hydra were then cloned and cultivated for 18 months and their developmental capacities were studied. Some experimental hydra possessed a few (about 1% of the normal numbers) interstitial cells and retained this low level during prolonged culture and active growth without the differentiation of I-cells into specialized cells. Other hydra were completely freed of interstitial cells by the colchicine treatment. Maceration and histological analyses showed that once a hydra is freed of all interstitial cells it does not recover them, nor do its buds contain interstitial cells. I cell-free hydra also lack nerve cells, nematocytes, gametes and endodermal gland cells, and the tissue consists only of ectodermal and endodermal epithelial cells. Hydra completely lacking interstitial cells grow, bud, exhibit tissue renewal patterns, regenerate and preserve polarity generally typical of normal hydra. I cell-free hypostomal tissue has inductive capacity, as does normal hypostomal tissue, when implanted in I cell-free or normal gastric tissue. Regenerating I cell-free tissue undergoes precocious determination as does normal tissue. Only in some quantitative aspects do I cell-free hydra develop abnormally. We conclude that hydra consisting only of epithelial cells are capable of essentially normal development.

scholarly journals Genetic analysis of developmental mechanisms in Hydra. II. Isolation and characterization of an interstitial cell-deficient strain

1978 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
pp. 35-52 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Sugiyama ◽  
T. Fujisawa
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Analysis ◽  
Mutant Strain ◽  
Interstitial Cell ◽  
Interstitial Cells ◽  
Nerve Cells ◽  
Isolation And Characterization ◽  
Developmental Mechanisms ◽  
Hydra Magnipapillata

A mutant strain (nf-I) of Hydra magnipapillata was isolated that contained no interstitial cells, nerve cells or nematocytes. This strain appeared spontaneously in a sexually inbred clone of hydra, and it was recognized by its inability to eat. When force-fed, however, it grew, multiplied by budding and regenerated. In this and in many other respects, nf-I was very similar to the interstitial cell-deficient strain produced by Campbell (1976) by means of colchicine. A chimera strain was produced by the reintroduction of interstitial cells from another strain into nf-I. The properties of nf-I, the chimera and other related strains were examined, and the possible roles that the interstitial cells and the nerve cells play in growth and morphogenesis of hydra are discussed.

scholarly journals Single-cell transcriptomics reveal the heterogeneity and dynamic of cancer stem-like cells during breast tumor progression

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (11) ◽  
Author(s):  
Guojuan Jiang ◽  
Juchuanli Tu ◽  
Lei Zhou ◽  
Mengxue Dong ◽  
Jue Fan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Breast Cancer ◽  
Epithelial Cell ◽  
Epithelial Cells ◽  
Tumor Progression ◽  
Single Cell ◽  
Immune Cells ◽  
Breast Tumor ◽  
Immune Cell ◽  
Cell Lineage ◽  
Breast Tumor Progression

AbstractBreast cancer stem-like cells (BCSCs) play vital roles in tumorigenesis and progression. However, the origin and dynamic changes of BCSCs are still to be elucidated. Using the breast cancer mouse model MMTV-PyMT, we constructed a single-cell atlas of 31,778 cells from four distinct stages of tumor progression (hyperplasia, adenoma/MIN, early carcinoma and late carcinoma), during which malignant transition occurs. We identified that the precise cell type of ERlow epithelial cell lineage gave rise to the tumors, and the differentiation of ERhigh epithelial cell lineage was blocked. Furthermore, we discovered a specific signature with a continuum of gene expression profiles along the tumor progression and significantly correlated with clinical outcomes, and we also found a stem-like cell cluster existed among ERlow epithelial cells. Further clustering on this stem-like cluster showed several sub-clusters indicating heterogeneity of stem-like epithelial cells. Moreover, we distinguished normal and cancer stem-like cells in this stem-like epithelial cell cluster and profiled the molecular portraits from normal stem-like cell to cancer stem-like cells during the malignant transition. Finally, we found the diverse immune cell infiltration displayed immunosuppressive characteristics along tumor progression. We also found the specific expression pattern of cytokines and their corresponding cytokine receptors in BCSCs and immune cells, suggesting the possible cross-talk between BCSCs and the immune cells. These data provide a useful resource for illuminating BCSC heterogeneity and the immune cell remodeling during breast tumor progression, and shed new light on transcriptomic dynamics during the progression at the single-cell level.

scholarly journals Synthetic bottom-up approach reveals the complex interplay ofShigellaeffectors in regulation of epithelial cell death

2018 ◽  
Vol 115 (25) ◽  
pp. 6452-6457 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiangyu Mou ◽  
Skye Souter ◽  
Juan Du ◽  
Analise Z. Reeves ◽  
Cammie F. Lesser
Keyword(s):  
Cell Death ◽  
Epithelial Cell ◽  
Epithelial Cells ◽  
Host Cells ◽  
Bottom Up ◽  
Type Iii Effectors ◽  
Type Iii ◽  
Bacterial Replication ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Epithelial Cell Death

Over the course of an infection, many Gram-negative bacterial pathogens use complex nanomachines to directly inject tens to hundreds of proteins (effectors) into the cytosol of infected host cells. These effectors rewire processes to promote bacterial replication and spread. The roles of effectors in pathogenesis have traditionally been investigated by screening for phenotypes associated with their absence, a top-down approach that can be limited, as effectors often act in a functionally redundant or additive manner. Here we describe a syntheticEscherichia coli-based bottom-up platform to conduct gain-of-function screens for roles of individualShigellaeffectors in pathogenesis. As proof of concept, we screened forShigellaeffectors that limit cell death induced on cytosolic entry of bacteria into epithelial cells. Using this platform, in addition to OspC3, an effector known to inhibit cell death via pyroptosis, we have identified OspD2 and IpaH1.4 as cell death inhibitors. In contrast to almost all type III effectors, OspD2 does not target a host cell process, but rather regulates the activity of theShigellatype III secretion apparatus limiting the cytosolic delivery (translocation) of effectors during an infection. Remarkably, by limiting the translocation of a single effector, VirA, OspD2 controls the timing of epithelial cell death via calpain-mediated necrosis. Together, these studies provide insight into the intricate manner by whichShigellaeffectors interact to establish a productive intracytoplasmic replication niche before the death of infected epithelial cells.

Genetic analysis of developmental mechanisms in hydra

Development ◽  
1977 ◽  
Vol 42 (1) ◽  
pp. 65-77
Author(s):  
Tsutomu Sugiyama ◽  
Toshitaka Fujisawa
Keyword(s):  
Epithelial Cells ◽  
Genetic Analysis ◽  
Mutant Strain ◽  
Interstitial Cells ◽  
Nerve Cells ◽  
Abnormal Development ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Developmental Mechanisms ◽  
Head Formation

Mutant hydra strains showing abnormal development can be isolated through sexual inbreeding of wild hydra. One such mutant strain, called reg-16, regenerates tentacles very poorly following amputation of the head and foot. Tentacle regeneration, however, is significantly enhanced by subdividing the regenerating fragment longitudinally. Lateral tissue implants that induce head formation in wild-type hydra either regress or induce foot formation in reg-16 polyps. These results suggest that regeneration deficiency in reg-16 is due to a defective polarity gradient. A chimaeric strain of hydra was produced by combining interstitial cells (and thus their differentiation products, nerve cells and nematocytes) of reg-16 hydra with epithelial cells of another strain which is capable of normal regeneration. The chimaeras regenerate normally, suggesting that the defect of reg-16 is not located in the interstitial or nerve cells.

Genetic analysis of developmental mechanisms in hydra. VI. Cellular composition of chimera hydra

1979 ◽  
Vol 35 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-15
Author(s):  
T. Sugiyama ◽  
T. Fujisawa
Keyword(s):  
Epithelial Cell ◽  
Genetic Analysis ◽  
Interstitial Cell ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Interstitial Cells ◽  
Cellular Composition ◽  
Feedback Mechanisms ◽  
Cell Lineages ◽  
Developmental Mechanisms ◽  
Homeostatic Mechanisms

The homeostatic mechanisms that maintain constant cellular ratios in hydra tissue were studied using mutant and chimeric hydra strains. Mutants having abnormal cellular compositions are isolated through sexual inbreeding of wild hydra, as described in previous papers of this series. Chimeric hydra are produced by making use of a strain (nf-I) which lacks interstitial cells, nerve cells and nematocytes in its tissue. Reintroduction of interstitial cells from other strains (both normal and mutant) into nf-I leads to creation of chimeric strains having epithelial cell lineages from one strain (nf-I) and interstitial cell lineages from others. Analyses and comparisons of the cellular compositions of all these strains revealed that the numbers of nerve or interstitial cells in the chimeras were very similar to (statistically significantly correlated with) those in their interstitial cell donors. Since chimeras and their interstitial cell donors share the same interstitial cell lineages, this suggests that interstitial cells or their derivatives (nerves and nematocytes) play major roles in determining the nerve and interstitial cell levels in the hydra tissue. It is suggested that some form of homeostatic feedback mechanisms are probably involved in regulating the levels of these cell types.

Inhibition of stenotele differentiation by head tissue in Hydra

1987 ◽  
Vol 87 (2) ◽  
pp. 315-322
Author(s):  
TOSHITAKA FUJISAWA
Keyword(s):  
Epithelial Cells ◽  
Interstitial Cell ◽  
Position Effect ◽  
Cell Lineage ◽  
The Body ◽  
Regional Pattern ◽  
Inhibitory Signal ◽  
Body Column ◽  
Head Regeneration

Stenotele nematocytes in Hydra are differentiated predominantly in the proximal regions and in gradually decreasing numbers in the more distal regions of the body column. To test whether this position effect is directed by an inhibitory signal from head tissue or by a stimulatory signal from foot tissue, head or foot tissue was laterally grafted from one animal to different positions on another animal. Heads grafted to proximal positions strongly inhibited stenotele differentiation, while the foot exhibited no stimulatory effect. In addition, tissue from gastric regions showed intermediate levels of inhibition. Thus, the inhibitory signal appears to be distributed in a gradient along the body column from head to foot. During head regeneration, the inhibitory signal disappeared abruptly from the distal tip and reappeared rapidly. These results suggest that the inhibitory signal is involved in generating the regional pattern of stenotele differentiation. Head tissue from epithelial hydra, which lacks the interstitial cell lineage, also inhibited stenotele differentiation, suggesting that the inhibitory signal is localized in epithelial cells.

scholarly journals Elimination by Hydra interstitial and nerve cells by means of colchicine

1976 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-13 ◽  
Author(s):  
R.D. Campbell
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cell ◽  
Epithelial Cells ◽  
Effective Treatment ◽  
Interstitial Cells ◽  
Nerve Cells ◽  
Digestive Cells ◽  
Hydra Attenuata ◽  
Derivatives Of

Hydra treated with colchicine or Colcemid become depleted of 95–99% of their interstitial cells and derivatives of this stem cell: nematoblasts, nematocytes and nerve cells. A second treatment removes most or all remaining interstitial cells. The most effective treatment is an 8-h immersion of whole Hydra attenuata in 0.04% Colcemid or 0.4% colchicine. Interstitial cells are eliminated through phagocytosis by both ectodermal and endodermal epithelial cells. The endodermal digestive cells send processes through the mesoglea which engulf interstitial cells and retract them into the endoderm. The resultant hydra, though devoid of nematocysts, can be artificially fed: these animals grow and bud and can be used to study the behaviour and development of tissue lacking nerve and interstitial cells.

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