The Uptake and Localization of Catecholamines in Chick Embryo Sympathetic Neurons in Tissue Culture

1969 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 677-691
Author(s):  
J. M. ENGLAND ◽  
M. N. GOLDSTEIN
Keyword(s):  
Tissue Culture ◽  
Chick Embryo ◽  
Ganglion Cells ◽  
Sympathetic Neurons ◽  
Neuronal Cell ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Axon Terminals ◽  
Dense Core Granules ◽  
Insoluble Compounds ◽  
Dorsal Root Ganglion Cells

The uptake of exogenous [3H]dopamine, [3H]norepinephrine,[3H]epinephrine by dissociated chick embryo sympathetic neurons growing in tissue culture was studied by autoradiography. The neurons, growing in a medium containing nerve growth factor, rapidly and specifically took up all three catecholamines for at least 60 days, while no uptake was observed in several other cell types, including satellite cells and chick dorsal-root ganglion cells. The uptake was dependent on the concentration of the catecholamine and the duration of the pulse and was inhibited by cocaine and several sympathomimetic amines. Labelling was visualized only with fixatives which react with catecholamines to form water-insoluble compounds. Autoradiographs showed that the label was much denser over the axons than the cell bodies. The label was distributed uniformly along the axons and did not seem to be preferentially localized at the axon terminals or varicosities which contain aggregates of dense core granules. These observations indicate that a large portion of the exogenous 3[H]catecholamine is localized in an extragranular compartment and suggest that the differentiated function of the sympathetic neuronal cell membrane, which plays an important role in uptake, is retained after prolonged tissue culture.

Retinal input influences pace of neurogenesis but not cell-type configuration of the visual forebrain

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shachar Sherman ◽  
Koichi Kawakami ◽  
Herwig Baier
Keyword(s):  
Visual Information ◽  
Visual Stimulation ◽  
Ganglion Cells ◽  
Neuronal Cell ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Vertebrate Brain ◽  
Relative Contribution ◽  
Retinal Input ◽  
And Migration ◽  
The Brain

The brain is assembled during development by both innate and experience-dependent mechanisms1-7, but the relative contribution of these factors is poorly understood. Axons of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) connect the eye to the brain, forming a bottleneck for the transmission of visual information to central visual areas. RGCs secrete molecules from their axons that control proliferation, differentiation and migration of downstream components7-9. Spontaneously generated waves of retinal activity, but also intense visual stimulation, can entrain responses of RGCs10 and central neurons11-16. Here we asked how the cellular composition of central targets is altered in a vertebrate brain that is depleted of retinal input throughout development. For this, we first established a molecular catalog17 and gene expression atlas18 of neuronal subpopulations in the retinorecipient areas of larval zebrafish. We then searched for changes in lakritz (atoh7-) mutants, in which RGCs do not form19. Although individual forebrain-expressed genes are dysregulated in lakritz mutants, the complete set of 77 putative neuronal cell types in thalamus, pretectum and tectum are present. While neurogenesis and differentiation trajectories are overall unaltered, a greater proportion of cells remain in an uncommitted progenitor stage in the mutant. Optogenetic stimulation of a pretectal area20,21 evokes a visual behavior in blind mutants indistinguishable from wildtype. Our analysis shows that, in this vertebrate visual system, neurons are produced more slowly, but specified and wired up in a proper configuration in the absence of any retinal signals.

scholarly journals Effect of nerve growth factor on the release of inflammatory mediators by mature human basophils

Blood ◽  
1992 ◽  
Vol 79 (10) ◽  
pp. 2662-2669 ◽  
Author(s):  
SC Bischoff ◽  
CA Dahinden
Keyword(s):  
Nerve Growth Factor ◽  
Growth Factor ◽  
Inflammatory Mediators ◽  
Ganglion Cells ◽  
Neuronal Cell ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Cell Fractionation ◽  
Hematopoietic Growth Factors ◽  
Nerve Growth ◽  
Human Basophils

Abstract Nerve growth factor (NGF) is a neurotrophic cytokine known to regulate the survival and function of peripheral and central neuronal cells. Recently, the spectrum of action could be extended to non-neuronal cell types such as rat mast cells and human B lymphocytes. The present study shows that NGF affects the function of mature human basophils isolated from the peripheral blood of healthy donors. Both murine NGF 7S and recombinant human NGF beta enhance histamine release and strongly modulate the formation of lipid mediators by basophils in response to various stimuli. This priming effect of NGF on basophils occurs rapidly within 10 to 15 minutes of preincubation, is dose-dependent, and requires similarly low concentrations (1 to 40 pmol/L) of human NGF beta as the induction of neurite outgrowth in ganglion cells. Cell fractionation studies indicate that NGF acts directly on human basophils without an involvement of other cell types, suggesting the presence of high-affinity NGF receptors on basophils. NGF by itself (up to 4 nmol/L of human NGF beta) does not induce the release of inflammatory mediators directly. The effect of human NGF on basophil mediator release is similar to that of the hematopoietic growth factors interleukin-3, interleukin-5, and granulocyte-macrophage colony- stimulating factor. The present study further demonstrates that NGF acts as a pleiotropic cytokine at the interface between the nervous and the immune system, and that NGF may be involved in inflammatory processes and hypersensitivity reactions.

Cell adhesion and proteoglycans. I. The effect of exogenous proteoglycans on the attachment of chick embryo fibroblasts to tissue culture plastic and collagen

1979 ◽  
Vol 40 (1) ◽  
pp. 77-88
Author(s):  
P. Knox ◽  
P. Wells
Keyword(s):  
Tissue Culture ◽  
Hyaluronic Acid ◽  
Cell Adhesion ◽  
Chick Embryo ◽  
Structural Integrity ◽  
Chondroitin Sulphate ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Tissue Culture Plastic ◽  
Keratan Sulphate ◽  
Covalently Linked

Proteoglycan was isolated from cartilage and freed from contaminating glycoproteins and hyaluronic acid. The macromolecule consists of a protein core covalently linked to a number of glycosaminoglycan side chains, namely chondroitin sulphate and keratan sulphate. This proteoglycan retards the attachment of a variety of cell types to tissue culture plastic and to collagen. Glycosaminoglycans alone, have no significant effect on rates of attachment. Similarly, trypsinized proteoglycan is without effect. It is concluded that the structural integrity of the proteoglycan macromolecule is essential for its effect on cell adhesion.

scholarly journals Thiamine monophosphatase: a genuine marker for transganglionic regulation of primary sensory neurons.

1986 ◽  
Vol 34 (3) ◽  
pp. 363-371 ◽  
Author(s):  
E Knyihár-Csillik ◽  
A Bezzegh ◽  
S Böti ◽  
B Csillik
Keyword(s):  
Acid Phosphatase ◽  
Dorsal Root Ganglion ◽  
Dorsal Root ◽  
Ganglion Cells ◽  
Sensory Nerve ◽  
Substantia Gelatinosa ◽  
Axon Terminals ◽  
C Fibers ◽  
Dorsal Root Ganglion Cells ◽  
Thiamine Monophosphatase

Thiamine monophosphatase (TMPase) has been selectively localized in small dorsal root ganglion cells and in their central and peripheral terminals. Light microscopic localization of TMPase, and its alterations due to transganglionic effects, are identical with those of fluoride-resistant acid phosphatase (FRAP), but are not contaminated by the ubiquitous lysosomal reaction inevitable in trivial acid phosphatase-stained sections. TMPase is inhibited by 0.1 mM NaF, which is slightly less than the concentration needed to inhibit FRAP (0.2-0.4 mM). It is assumed that TMPase and FRAP are identical enzymes. In the perikaryon of small dorsal root ganglion cells, TMPase is located in the cisterns of the endoplasmic reticulum and in the Golgi apparatus. The central terminals of these cells are scalloped (sinusoid) axon terminals, surrounded by membrane-bound TMPase activity. Central terminals outline substantia gelatinosa Rolandi throughout the spinal cord, as well as the analogous nucleus spinalis trigemini in the medulla. TMPase-active central terminals outline "faisceau de la corne postérieure" in the sacral cord, as well as Lissauer's tract in the thoracic, upper lumbar, and sacral segments, and the paratrigeminal nucleus and the terminal (sensory) nucleus of the ala cinerea in the brainstem. Peripheral terminals displaying TMPase activity are fine nerve plexuses of C fibers. The TMPase activity of the central terminals disappears after dorsal rhizotomy in the course of Wallerian degeneration, and is depleted in the course of transganglionic degenerative atrophy (after transection of the related peripheral sensory nerve). TMPase is an outstanding genuine marker for the study of transganglionic regulation in Muridae.

Bipolar input to melanopsin containing ganglion cells in primate retina

2010 ◽  
Vol 28 (1) ◽  
pp. 39-50 ◽  
Author(s):  
ULRIKE GRÜNERT ◽  
PATRICIA R. JUSUF ◽  
SAMMY C.S. LEE ◽  
DUNG THAN NGUYEN
Keyword(s):  
Ganglion Cells ◽  
Close Contact ◽  
Dimensional Space ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Bipolar Cells ◽  
Light Responses ◽  
Axon Terminals ◽  
Ribbon Synapses ◽  
Bipolar Type ◽  
Rod Bipolar Cells

AbstractTwo morphological types of melanopsin-expressing ganglion cells have been described in primate retina. Both types show intrinsic light responses as well as rod- and cone-driven ON-type responses. Outer stratifying cells have their dendrites close to the inner nuclear layer (OFF sublamina); inner stratifying cells have their dendrites close to the ganglion cell layer (ON sublamina). Both inner and outer stratifying cells receive synaptic input via ribbon synapses, but the bipolar cell types providing this input have not been identified. Here, we addressed the question whether the diffuse (ON) cone bipolar type DB6 and/or rod bipolar cells contact melanopsin-expressing ganglion cells. Melanopsin containing ganglion cells in marmoset (Callithrix jacchus) and macaque (Macaca fascicularis) retinas were identified immunohistochemically; DB6 cells were labeled with antibodies against the carbohydrate epitope CD15, rod bipolar cells were labeled with antibodies against protein kinase C, and putative synapses between the two cells types were identified with antibodies against piccolo. For one inner cell, nearly all of the DB6 axon terminals that overlap with its dendrites in the two-dimensional space show areas of close contact. In vertical sections, the large majority of the areas of close contact also contain a synaptic punctum, suggesting that DB6 cells contact inner melanopsin cells. The output from DB6 cells accounts for about 30% of synapses onto inner melanopsin cells. Synaptic contacts between rod bipolar axons and inner dendrites were not observed. In the OFF sublamina, about 10% of the DB6 axons are closely associated with dendrites of outer cells, and in about a third of these areas, axonal en passant synapses are detected. This result suggests that DB6 cells may also provide input to outer melanopsin cells.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document