Experimental Investigation of Effects of Extrusion Pressure on Cell Growth of Bioprinted Algae Cells in Green Bioprinting

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura Jerpseth ◽  
Ketan Thakare ◽  
Zhijian Pei ◽  
Hongmin Qin
Keyword(s):  
Cell Growth ◽  
Cell Count ◽  
Plant Cells ◽  
Extrusion Pressure ◽  
Layer By Layer ◽  
Animal Cells ◽  
Physical Damage ◽  
The Third ◽  
Cell Counts ◽  
The Difference

Abstract In bioprinting, biomaterials are deposited layer-by-layer to fabricate structures. Bioprinting has many potential applications in drug screening, tissue engineering, and regenerative medicine. Both animal cells and plant cells can be used to synthesize bioinks. Green bioprinting uses bioinks that have been synthesized using plant cells. Constructs fabricated via green bioprinting contain immobilized plant cells, with these cells arranged at desired locations. The constructs provide scaffolds for cell growth. Printing parameters affecting the growth of cells in green bioprinted constructs include print speed, needle diameter, extrusion temperature, and extrusion pressure. This paper reports a study to examine effects of extrusion pressure on cell growth (measured by cell count) in bioprinted constructs, using bioink containing Chlamydomonas reinhardtii algae cells. Three levels of extrusion pressure were used: 3, 5, and 7 bar. Cell counts in the bioprinted constructs were measured on the third and sixth days after bioprinting. It was found that, as extrusion pressure increased, cell count decreased on both the third and sixth days after bioprinting. Furthermore, the difference in cell counts between the third and the sixth days decreased as extrusion pressure increased. These trends suggest that increasing extrusion pressure during green bioprinting negatively affects cell growth. A possible reason for these trends is physical damage to or death of cells in the bioprinted constructs when extrusion pressure became higher.

Experimental Investigation of Effects of Needle Diameter on Algae Cell Growth in Green Bioprinting

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ketan Thakare ◽  
Laura Jerpseth ◽  
Hongmin Qin ◽  
Zhijian Pei
Keyword(s):  
Cell Growth ◽  
Chlamydomonas Reinhardtii ◽  
Cell Count ◽  
Plant Cells ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Great Promise ◽  
Layer By Layer ◽  
Animal Cells ◽  
Plant Matter ◽  
Needle Diameter

Abstract Bioprinting can fabricate structures based on layer-by-layer deposition of biomaterials. Bioprinting of animal cells shows great promise for tissue regeneration and tissue research. Plant cells can also be used when synthesizing bioink. Bioprinting with bioink that has been synthesized with plant cells instead of animal cells is called green bioprinting. Green bioprinting offers greater spatial control over the growth of plant matter by immobilizing cells. It is known that certain variables affect the growth and propagation (cellular reproduction) of cells in green bioprinted constructs post bioprinting. These variables include accessibility to components required for photosynthesis, such as nutrients, moisture and light. However, multiple parameters can also vary during the extrusion of bioink in the bioprinting process, including extrusion pressure, extrusion temperature, needle diameter, and printing speed. This paper reports a study to examine the effects of needle diameter during bioprinting on the growth of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii algae cells in green bioprinted constructs. Growth of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii algae cells was quantified by measuring cell count. The constructs were bioprinted with needle diameters of 22 gauge, 25 gauge, and 27 gauge. It was found that decreasing needle diameter was correlated with decreased cell count on the second and fifth days post bioprinting. Furthermore, the magnitude of cell count increase between the second and the fifth days post bioprinting decreased with decreasing needle diameter. Future research is needed to examine the effects of other printing parameters on cell growth.

Bioprinting Using Algae: Effects of Extrusion Pressure and Needle Diameter on Cell Quantity in Printed Samples

2020 ◽  
Vol 143 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ketan Thakare ◽  
Laura Jerpseth ◽  
Hongmin Qin ◽  
Zhijian Pei
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Investigation ◽  
Cell Viability ◽  
Chlamydomonas Reinhardtii ◽  
Extrusion Pressure ◽  
Layer By Layer ◽  
Animal Cells ◽  
Food Industries ◽  
The Third ◽  
Layer Deposition ◽  
Needle Diameter

Abstract Bioprinting is the fabrication of structures based on layer-by-layer deposition of biomaterials. Applications of bioprinting using plant or algae cells include the production of metabolites for use in pharmaceutical, cosmetic, and food industries. Reported studies regarding effects of extrusion pressure and needle diameter on cell viability in bioprinting have used animal cells. There are no reports regarding effects of extrusion pressure and needle diameter on cell viability using plant or algae cells. This paper fills this knowledge gap by reporting an experimental investigation on effects of extrusion pressure and needle diameter on cell quantity (an indicator of cell viability) in extrusion-based bioprinting of hydrogel-based bioink containing Chlamydomonas reinhardtii algae cells. Extrusion pressure levels used in this study were 3, 5, and 7 bar, and needle diameter levels were 200, 250, and 400 µm. Algae cell quantity in printed samples was measured on the third day and sixth day post bioprinting. Results show that, when extrusion pressure increases or needle diameter decreases, algae cell quantity in printed samples decreases.

A quantitative evaluation of some factors affecting the non-fatty solids of cow's milk

1960 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 19-32 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. H. Alexander ◽  
F. B. Leech
Keyword(s):  
Cell Count ◽  
Residual Effect ◽  
Clinical Mastitis ◽  
High Cell ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Stage Of Lactation ◽  
Cell Counts ◽  
Satisfactory Analysis ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Image Position

SummaryTen farms in the county of Durham took part in a field study of the effects of feeding and of udder disease on the level of non-fatty solids (s.n.f.) in milk. Statistical analysis of the resulting data showed that age, pregnancy, season of the year, and total cell count affected the percentage of s.n.f. and that these effects were additive and independent of each other. No effect associated with nutritional changes could be demonstrated.The principal effects of the factors, each one freed from effects of other factors, were as follows:Herds in which s.n.f. had been consistently low over a period of years were compared with herds in which s.n.f. had been satisfactory. Analysis of the data showed that about 70% of the difference in s.n.f. between these groups could be accounted for by differences in age of cow, stage of lactation, cell count and breed.There was some evidence of a residual effect following clinical mastitis that could not be accounted for by residual high cell counts.The within-cow regression of s.n.f. on log cell count calculated from the Durham data and from van Rensburg's data was on both occasions negative.The implications of these findings are discussed, particularly in relation to advisory work.

Automated flagging influences the inconsistency and bias of band cell and atypical lymphocyte morphological differentials

2004 ◽  
Vol 42 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Wim van der Meer ◽  
Colin Stephen Scott ◽  
MarinusH. de Keijzer
Keyword(s):  
Blood Cell ◽  
Cell Count ◽  
Atypical Lymphocyte ◽  
Blood Cell Count ◽  
Observer Bias ◽  
Reporting Practices ◽  
The Third ◽  
Cell Counts ◽  
Left Shift

AbstractThis study evaluated inter- and intra-observer variabilities of band cell and atypical lymphocyte differentials and the influence of instrument flagging information on resulting microscopic differentials. Five stained slides with a range of band cell counts and five with variable numbers of atypical lymphocytes were sent for morphological review by 30 technicians. No supplementary full blood cell count information was provided. Two months later, the same slides were sent, together with their corresponding analyzer reports comprising the full blood cell count, automated differentials and flags, to the same technicians. The first and second appraisals of band cells and variant lymphocytes both showed poor levels of inter-observer consistency. Observed values for all slides were very wide and suggested a high inherent predisposition to erroneous reporting practices. Analysis of category trends showed that analyzer left shift or immature granulocytes flags had no influence on observer band cell assessments as downward vs. upward category revisions were evenly balanced. The findings for atypical lymphocytes were, however, somewhat different. Two slides with no flags both showed balanced category revisions, whereas two of the three slides with atypical lymphocyte flags showed clear evidence of upward category revision. The third slide with an atypical lymphocyte flag did not show any overall category trend, but six of the seven observers who in the first examination recorded atypical lymphocyte estimates of ≤30% revised their estimates upward when the slides were examined the second time. These results suggest that morphologist access to an analyzer report and flagging information is unlikely to affect the “randomness” of band cell determinations but it may induce observer bias in variant lymphocyte estimates.

Variation in milk cell counts during lactation of British Friesian cattle

1983 ◽  
Vol 36 (3) ◽  
pp. 335-339 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. D. P. Wood ◽  
J. M. Booth
Keyword(s):  
Cell Count ◽  
Clinical Mastitis ◽  
High Cell ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
The Third ◽  
Cell Counts ◽  
Lactation Curve ◽  
Lactose Concentration ◽  
Highly Correlated ◽  
Friesian Cattle

ABSTRACTA survey was carried out of 1 640 British Friesian heifers calving predominantly in the autumn of 1979. The monthly samples of 1 055 animals showing no reported evidence of udder infection were used to evaluate the parameters of a lactation curve in milk cell count. The model wasC = 190 n−0.4880exp(0·178n)where C is the monthly cell count in millions per 1 during the nth month of lactation. The cell count varied from 230 × 106 in week 1 and 190 × 106 in week 11 to 400 × 106 in week 44 of lactation.On applying the model to the whole sample, milk sampled within a month before or after antibiotic treatment for clinical mastitis contained more than 200 × 106 cells per 1 above the level suggested by the lactation curve. Lactation mean cell counts of treated cows were 400 × 106 cells per 1 higher than those of untreated cows. It was not possible to identify periods in which cows required treatment, or those with high cell counts, by reference to the lactose concentration in the milk samples. Among the untreated cows, the cell count at the third monthly test-day was lower than at any other time, and was more highly correlated with the lactation mean cell count.

Estimation of genetic parameters for milk cell count and correlations with production traits in friesian holstein heifers

1991 ◽  
Vol 1991 ◽  
pp. 168-168 ◽  
Author(s):  
G.J.T. Swanson ◽  
A. Gnanasakthy
Keyword(s):  
Cell Count ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Dairy Herd ◽  
Economic Loss ◽  
Production Traits ◽  
The Third ◽  
Cell Counts ◽  
Control Programmes ◽  
Herd Milk ◽  
Mastitis Control

Mastitis is a major source of culling and economic loss in the dairy herd. To date in England and Wales the main monitor of mastitis both within a herd and nationally is provided by monthly herd milk cell counts. The main thrust of mastitis control programmes has been to improve management practices such as dry cow treatment and milk machine testing. Interest has also been shown in the use of milk cell count as an indirect means of selecting for resistance to mastitis infection. Wood and Booth (1983) indicated that the cell count at the third monthly recording had the highest correlation with lactation mean cell count. The objective of this study was to estimate the herilability of somatic cell count, taken at the third recording after calving in the heifer lactation and to examine the association between cell count and production traits.

scholarly journals A plant plasma-membrane H+-ATPase promotes yeast TORC1 activation via its carboxy-terminal tail

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Elie Saliba ◽  
Cecilia Primo ◽  
Nadia Guarini ◽  
Bruno André
Keyword(s):  
Plasma Membrane ◽  
Cell Growth ◽  
Nutrient Uptake ◽  
Nutrient Transport ◽  
Plant Cells ◽  
Nicotiana Plumbaginifolia ◽  
Target Of Rapamycin ◽  
Animal Cells ◽  
Carboxy Terminal ◽  
Plant Plasma Membrane

AbstractThe Target of Rapamycin Complex 1 (TORC1) involved in coordination of cell growth and metabolism is highly conserved among eukaryotes. Yet the signals and mechanisms controlling its activity differ among taxa, according to their biological specificities. A common feature of fungal and plant cells, distinguishing them from animal cells, is that their plasma membrane contains a highly abundant H+-ATPase which establishes an electrochemical H+ gradient driving active nutrient transport. We have previously reported that in yeast, nutrient-uptake-coupled H+ influx elicits transient TORC1 activation and that the plasma-membrane H+-ATPase Pma1 plays an important role in this activation, involving more than just establishment of the H+ gradient. We show here that the PMA2 H+-ATPase from the plant Nicotiana plumbaginifolia can substitute for Pma1 in yeast, to promote H+-elicited TORC1 activation. This H+-ATPase is highly similar to Pma1 but has a longer carboxy-terminal tail binding 14–3–3 proteins. We report that a C-terminally truncated PMA2, which remains fully active, fails to promote H+-elicited TORC1 activation. Activation is also impaired when binding of PMA2 to 14–3–3 s is hindered. Our results show that at least some plant plasma-membrane H+-ATPases share with yeast Pma1 the ability to promote TORC1 activation in yeast upon H+-coupled nutrient uptake.

scholarly journals COMPARISON OF CELL GROWTH IN POLYPROPYLENE CULTURE BAGS VERSUS SHAKER FLASKS

HortScience ◽  
1990 ◽  
Vol 25 (9) ◽  
pp. 1121e-1121
Author(s):  
Daniel C. Wright ◽  
Linda Franzen
Keyword(s):  
Cell Growth ◽  
Cell Cultures ◽  
Plant Cells ◽  
Similar Rate ◽  
Suspension Cultures ◽  
Common Source ◽  
Tobacco Cell ◽  
Cell Counts ◽  
Potential Alternative ◽  
Number Of Cells

Gyratory shakers are commonly employed to maintain oxygen levels in plant suspension cultures. Growth of plant cells in semi-permeable polypropylene bags is a potential alternative to this technique. Carrot and tobacco cell cultures were grown in stationary autoclavable polypropylene bags (AgriStar, Inc.) and 125 ml Erlenmeyer flasks on a shaker for up to 56 days. Experimental cultures were inoculated from a common source of exponentially growing cells. Measurements of cell growth were determined by measuring absorbance at 550nm and correlated with actual cell counts. The number of cells grown in polypropylene bags increased at a similar rate to cells grown in flasks during the first 35 days. After 35 days, polypropylene bag cell cultures out-performed flask grown cultures. Flask grown cultures were highly pigmented, an indication of culture senescence.

Ragam Bangunan Perundang-Undangan Hukum Keluarga di Negera-Negara Muslim Modern: Kajian Tipologis

2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 49-60
Author(s):  
Miftahul Huda
Keyword(s):  
Saudi Arabia ◽  
United Arab Emirates ◽  
Islamic Law ◽  
Family Law ◽  
Marriage Law ◽  
The Third ◽  
Muslim Countries ◽  
Fourth Type ◽  
Modern Family ◽  
The Difference

The reality of the difference in applying Islamic law in the context of marriage law legislation in modern Muslim countries is undeniable. Tunisia and Turkey, for example, have practiced Islamic law of liberal nuance. Unlike the case with Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates that still use the application of Islamic law as it is in their fiqh books. In between these two currents many countries are trying to apply the law in their own countries by trying to bridge the urgent new needs and local wisdom. This is widely embraced by modern Muslim countries in general. This paper reviews typologically the heterogeneousness of family law legislation of modern Muslim countries while responding to modernization issues. Typical buildings seen from modern family law reforms can be classified into four types. The first type is progressive, pluralistic and extradoctrinal reform, such as in Turkey and Tunisia. The second type is adaptive, unified and intradoctrinal reform, as in Indonesia, Malaysia, Morocco, Algeria and Pakistan. The third type is adaptive, unified and intradoctrinal reform, represented by Iraq. While the fourth type is progressive, unifiied and extradoctrinal reform, which can be represented by Somalia and Algeria.

Ragam Qiraat Al-Qur'an

SUHUF ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 53-72
Author(s):  
Ahmad Fathoni
Keyword(s):  
The Third ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Way

The object of the study of the knowledge of the variety of the Quranic reading  is the  Qur'an itself. The focus is on the difference of the reading and its articulation. The method is based on the riwayat or narration which is originated from the Prophet (Rasulullah saw) and its use is to be one of the instruments to keep the originality of the Qur’an. The validity of the reading the Qur’an is to be judged based on the valid chain  (sanad ¡a¥ī¥)  in accord with the Rasm U£mānÄ« as well as with the  Arabic grammar. Whereas the qualification of its originality is divided into six stages as follow: the first is mutawātir, the second is masyhÅ«r, the third is āhād, the fourth is syaz, the fifth is maudū‘, and the six is mudraj. Of this six catagories, the readings which can be included in the catagory of mutawātir are Qiraat Sab‘ah (the seven readings) and Qiraat ‘Asyrah  (the ten readings). To study this knowledge of reading the Qur’an (ilmu qiraat), one is advised to know about special terms being used such as  qiraat  (readings), riwayat (narration), tarÄ«q (the way), wajh (aspect), mÄ«m jama‘, sukÅ«n mÄ«m jama‘ and many others.

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