ADAPTATIONS TO A TERRESTRIAL EXISTENCE BY THE ROBBER CRAB, BIRGUS LATRO L.: III. NITROGENOUS EXCRETION

1989 ◽  
Vol 143 (1) ◽  
pp. 333-346 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. GREENAWAY ◽  
S. MORRIS
Keyword(s):  
Uric Acid ◽  
Xanthine Oxidase ◽  
Gaseous Ammonia ◽  
Midgut Gland ◽  
Food Material ◽  
Excretory Product ◽  
Point Of Entry ◽  
Faecal Nitrogen ◽  
Undigested Food ◽  
Total Excretion

Nitrogenous excretion by the terrestrial anomuran crab Birgus latro L. was examined. The main excretory product was uric acid, representing 79.5 % of total excretory nitrogen. It was eliminated as white faeces separate from undigested food material and made up 82.6% of excretory faecal nitrogen. The faeces were the principal route of nitrogenous excretion, accounting for 96.2% of total excretion. Loss of nitrogen in the urine and as gaseous ammonia was negligible. The midgut gland had substantial activity of xanthine oxidase and was considered to be the site of production of uric acid and its point of entry into the gut

Chain-breaking/Preventive Antioxidant, Urate-lowering, and Anti-inflammatory Effects of Pure Curcumin

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 66-74
Author(s):  
Seghira Bisset ◽  
Widad Sobhi ◽  
Chawki Bensouici ◽  
Abdelhalim Khenchouche
Keyword(s):  
Uric Acid ◽  
Xanthine Oxidase ◽  
Acid Production ◽  
Biological Activities ◽  
Antioxidant Effect ◽  
Metal Chelating ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Chain Breaking ◽  
Pharmaceutical Industries ◽  
Anti Inflammatory

Background: Several researches have shown that therapeutic compounds or phytochemicals from natural sources are important in the food as it is valuable in pharmaceutical industries due to their fewer side effects and potent against various diseases. Curcumin, a major polyphenol derived from turmeric spice, which used in many foods, has a wide range of biological activities, with quite a safety. Objective: The goal of this study was to investigate the antioxidant, urate-lowering, and antiinflammatory effects of pure curcumin. Methods: The antioxidant activity was evaluated for chain-breaking antioxidant effect (radicalscavenging and reducing abilities assays) and for preventive antioxidant effect with metal chelating assay, the urate-lowering was assayed on aspectrophotometer by measuring the inhibition of uric acid production by xanthine oxidase (XO) enzyme, and the anti-inflammatory effect was estimated using in vitro albumin denaturation inhibition. Results: Curcumin showed a significant and good chain-breaking antioxidant effect, both in free radical- scavenging assays (Galvinoxyl radical, ABTS, and hydroxyl radical), and in reducing abilities methods (reducing power, Cupric ion reducing antioxidant capacity and O-phenanthroline assays). In preventive antioxidant effect, assessed with the metal chelating assay, curcumin showed significant effect but with high concentration compared with standard. In the xanthine/xanthine oxidase system, curcumin significantly inhibited uric acid production (IC50=0.71 ± 0.06 mg/mL). Regarding antiinflammatory activity, curcumin showed significant inhibition of albumin denaturation with an IC50 value of 1181.69 ± 1.11μg/mL. Conclusion: These results indicated that curcumin showed promising antioxidant, anti-gout and antiinflammatory properties and might be used as potential, natural drugs against oxidative and inflammation- related diseases.

Allopurinol and Loss of Consciousness in a 78-old Year Man Suffering from Gout

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 253-256 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mahnaz Arian ◽  
Mina AkbariRad ◽  
Ahmad Bagheri Moghaddam ◽  
Abdollah Firoozi ◽  
Mohammad Jami
Keyword(s):  
Uric Acid ◽  
Xanthine Oxidase ◽  
Kidney Stones ◽  
Oxidase Inhibitor ◽  
Loss Of Consciousness ◽  
Drug Induced ◽  
Xanthine Oxidase Inhibitor ◽  
Case Presentation ◽  
Maculopapular Rashes ◽  
Reduced State

: Allopurinol is an FDA -Approved xanthine oxidase inhibitor, which is effective in the treatment of gout, hyperuricemia and uremic kidney stones in patients with an increased level of uric acid excretion. Xanthine oxidase acts by converting hypoxanthine and xanthine into uric acid, and therefore its inhibition results in decreased production of uric acid. The most common side effects of this medication are as follows: maculopapular rashes, hives, itching, headache, dizziness, abnormal hair loss, fever and hypersensitivity reaction. Case Presentation: This report represents a case of drug-induced meningitis of a senile man who ended up in the ICU due to the remarkably reduced state of consciousness.

scholarly journals Uric Acid, Oxidative Stress and Inflammation in Chronic Heart Failure with Reduced Ejection Fraction

2015 ◽  
Vol 23 (4) ◽  
pp. 397-406 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adriana Iliesiu ◽  
Alexandru Campeanu ◽  
Daciana Marta ◽  
Irina Parvu ◽  
Gabriela Gheorghe
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Heart Failure ◽  
Uric Acid ◽  
Chronic Heart Failure ◽  
Ejection Fraction ◽  
Xanthine Oxidase ◽  
Left Ventricular ◽  
Paraoxonase 1 ◽  
Lv Function ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract Background. Oxidative stress (OS) and inflammation are major mechanisms involved in the progression of chronic heart failure (CHF). Serum uric acid (sUA) is related to CHF severity and could represent a marker of xanthine-oxidase activation. The relationship between sUA, oxidative stress (OS) and inflammation markers was assessed in patients with moderate-severe CHF and reduced left ventricular (LV) ejection fraction (EF). Methods. In 57 patients with stable CHF, functional NYHA class III, with EF<40%, the LV function was assessed by N-terminal of the prohormone brain natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) levels and echocardiographically through the EF and E/e’ ratio, a marker of LV filling pressures. The relationship between LV function, sUA, malondialdehyde (MDA), myeloperoxidase (MPO), paraoxonase 1 (PON-1) as OS markers and high sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP) and interleukin 6 (IL-6) as markers of systemic inflammation was evaluated. Results. The mean sUA level was 7.9 ± 2.2 mg/dl, and 61% of the CHF patients had hyperuricemia. CHF patients with elevated LV filling pressures (E/e’ ≥ 13) had higher sUA (8.6 ± 2.3 vs. 7.3 ± 1.4, p=0.08) and NT-proBNP levels (643±430 vs. 2531±709, p=0.003) and lower EF (29.8 ± 3.9 % vs. 36.3 ± 4.4 %, p=0.001). There was a significant correlation between sUA and IL-6 (r = 0.56, p<0.001), MDA (r= 0.49, p= 0.001), MPO (r=0.34, p=0.001) and PON-1 levels (r= −0.39, p= 0.003). Conclusion. In CHF, hyperuricemia is associated with disease severity. High sUA levels in CHF with normal renal function may reflect increased xanthine-oxidase activity linked with chronic inflammatory response.

scholarly journals Bactericidal activity of a superoxide anion-generating system. A model for the polymorphonuclear leukocyte.

1979 ◽  
Vol 149 (1) ◽  
pp. 27-39 ◽  
Author(s):  
H Rosen ◽  
S J Klebanoff
Keyword(s):  
Uric Acid ◽  
Xanthine Oxidase ◽  
Bactericidal Activity ◽  
Parent Strain ◽  
Carotenoid Pigments ◽  
Bacterial Killing ◽  
Oxidase System ◽  
System A ◽  
Presence And Absence ◽  
Generating System

The acetaldehyde-xanthine oxidase system in the presence and absence of myeloperoxidase (MPO) and chloride has been employed as a model of the oxygen-dependent antimicrobial systems of the PMN. The unsupplemented xanthine oxidase system was bactericidal at relatively high acetaldehyde concentrations. The bactericidal activity was inhibited by superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase, the hydroxyl radical (OH.) scavengers, mannitol and benzoate, the singlet oxygen (1O2) quenchers, azide, histidine, and 1,4-diazabicyclo[2,2,2]octane (DABCO) and by the purines, xanthine, hypoxanthine, and uric acid. The latter effect may account for the relatively weak bactericidal activity of the xanthine oxidase system when purines are employed as substrate. A white, carotenoid-negative mutant strain of Sarcina lutea was more susceptible to the acetaldehyde-xanthine oxidase system than was the yellow, carotenoid-positive parent strain. Carotenoid pigments are potent 1O2 quenchers. The xanthine oxidase system catalyzes the conversion of 2,5-diphenylfuran to cis-dibenzoylethylene, a reaction which can occur by a 1O2 mechanism. This conversion is inhibited by SOD, catalase, azide, histidine, DABCO, xanthine, hypoxanthine, and uric acid but is only slightly inhibited by mannitol and benzoate. The addition of MPO and chloride to the acetaldehyde-xanthine oxidase system greatly increases bactericidal activity; the minimal effective acetaldehyde concentration is decreased 100-fold and the rate and extent of bacterial killing is increased. The bactericidal activity of the MPO-supplemented system is inhibited by catalase, benzoate, azide, DABCO, and histidine but not by SOD or mannitol. Thus, the acetaldehyde-xanthine oxidase system which like phagocytosing PMNs generates superoxide (O.2-) and hydrogen peroxide, is bactericidal both in the presence and absence of MPO and chloride. The MPO-supplemented system is considerably more potent; however, when MPO is absent, bactericidal activity is observed which may be mediated by the interaction of H2O2 and O.2- to form OH. and 1O2.

Fluorometric determination of uric acid in bovine milk

2010 ◽  
Vol 77 (4) ◽  
pp. 438-444 ◽  
Author(s):  
Torben Larsen ◽  
Kasey M Moyes
Keyword(s):  
Heat Treatment ◽  
Uric Acid ◽  
Xanthine Oxidase ◽  
Bovine Milk ◽  
Oxidase Inhibitor ◽  
Enzymatic Oxidation ◽  
Fast Method ◽  
Xanthine Oxidase Inhibitor ◽  
Milk Samples

The primary objective of this study is to validate a new fast method for determination of uric acid in milk. The method is based on an enzymatic-fluorometric technique that requires minimal pre-treatment of milk samples. The present determination of uric acid is based on the enzymatic oxidation of uric acid to 5-hydroxyisourate via uricase where the liberated hydrogen peroxide reacts with 10-acetyl-3,7-dihydroxyphenoxazine via peroxidase and the fluorescent product, resorufin, is measured fluorometrically. Fresh composite milk samples (n=1,072) were collected from both Jersey (n=38) and Danish Holstein (n=106) cows from one local herd. The average inter- and intra-assay variations were 7·1% and 3·0%, respectively. Percent recovery averaged 103·4, 107·0 and 107·5% for samples spiked with 20, 40 or 60 μmof standard, respectively, with a correlation (r=0·98;P<0·001) observed between the observed and expected uric acid concentrations. A positive correlation (r=0·96;P<0·001) was observed between uric acid concentrations using the present method and a reference assay. Storage at 4°C for 24 h resulted in lower (P<0·01) uric acid concentrations in milk when compared with no storage or samples stored at −18°C for 24 h. Addition of either allopurinol (a xanthine oxidase inhibitor) or dimethylsulfoxide (a solvent for allopurinol) did not affect milk uric acid concentrations (P=0·96) and may indicate that heat treatment before storage and analysis was sufficient to degrade xanthine oxidase activity in milk. No relationship was observed between milk uric acid and milk yield and milk components. Authors recommend a single heat treatment (82°C for 10 min) followed by either an immediate analysis of fresh milk samples or storage at −18°C until further analysis.

Uric Acid: The Main Nitrogenous Excretory Product of Birds

Science ◽  
1970 ◽  
Vol 170 (3953) ◽  
pp. 98-98 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas L. Poulson ◽  
F. M. Anne McNabb
Keyword(s):  
Uric Acid ◽  
Excretory Product

Hypouricemic Effects of Phenylpropanoid Glycosides Acteoside ofScrophularia ningpoensison Serum Uric Acid Levels in Potassium Oxonate-Pretreated Mice

2008 ◽  
Vol 36 (01) ◽  
pp. 149-157 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cai Guo Huang ◽  
Yan Jun Shang ◽  
Jun Zhang ◽  
Jian Rong Zhang ◽  
Wen Jie Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Uric Acid ◽  
Chinese Medicine ◽  
Traditional Chinese Medicine ◽  
Xanthine Oxidase ◽  
Serum Uric Acid ◽  
Mouse Liver ◽  
Xanthine Dehydrogenase ◽  
Phenylpropanoid Glycoside ◽  
Phenylpropanoid Glycosides ◽  
Potassium Oxonate

Phenylpropanoid glycoside acteoside was extracted from the traditional Chinese medicine Scrophularia ningpoenis Hemsl. In the present study, we investigated the effects of acteoside administration on serum uric acid levels in mice rendered hyperuricemic with the uricase inhibitor potassium oxonate. When administered orally for 3 days at doses of 50, 100 and 150 mg/kg, acteoside reduced serum uric acid levels by 15.2, 23.8 and 33.1%, respectively, relative to vehicle-treated hyperuricemic mice. Importantly, in non-hyperuricemic mice, the serum uric acid levels were not affected by acetoside treatment. Acteoside also inhibited mouse liver xanthine dehydrogenase XDH and xanthine oxidase XO activity at all three doses. These results suggest that the hypouricemic action of acteoside may be attributable to its inhibition of XDH/XO activity.

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