ЛЕТНЕЕ ПИТАНИЕ СИВУЧА В ВОДАХ ДАЛЬНЕГО ВОСТОКА РОССИИ В 2004–2008 ГОДАХ

The diet of Steller sea lion Eumetopias jubatus was studied based on undigested food parts found in feces collected in the summer season on 20 rookeries in the Russian Far East. A total of 915 samples were analyzed between 2004 and 2008, in which 65 food items were identified. The frequency of occurrence of 11 diet items was greater than 5%, including Atka mackerel Pleurogrammus monopterygius (64.8%), Pollock Theragra chalcogramma (44.3%), Pacific salmon Salmonidae (20.5%), Irish lord Hemilepidotus sp. (20.4%), Pacific sand lance Ammodytes hexapterus (15.8%), Pacific herring Clupea pallasi (9.5%), Squid and Octopus Cephalopoda (8.4%), Pacific cod Gadus macrocephalus (5, 9%), Pacific sandfish Trichodon trichodon (5.9%), Flatfishes Pleuronectidae (5.8%), Threespine stickleback Gasterosteus aculaeatus (4.9%). Three regions with different diets were identified – the Sea of Okhotsk, the Kuril Islands, and Kamchatka with the Commander Islands. In the Sea of Okhotsk, Pollock and Herring (83.6% by frequency of occurrence) dominated among undigested food remains in feces. The diet at the Kuril Islands rookeries was variable within the region. The general pattern was a low diversity of diet at each Kuril Island sites and predominance of 1-3 food items, probably the most accessible near the sites (Pollock, Squid and Octopus, Atka mackerel, Pacific salmon). The diet pattern in Kamchatka and the Commander Islands in the summer season was characterized by a high diet diversity. In contrast to other regions, the diet includes in high proportion small non-commercial species – Sand lance, Irish lord, Pacific sandfish, Flatfishes, Threespine stickleback and others. The regional patterns of sea lion diets show the spatial distribution and areas of abundant biomass of the main food items. The diet patterns of sea lions from rookeries differed from haulouts in having a higher content of abundant food items. Long-term changes in diet structure were not statistically significant.

Effect of the botulinum toxin injections and endoscopic pneumocardiodilation on symptoms severity and treatment outcomes among patients with primary esophageal sphincter achalasia

Achalasia is a disorder of esophageal motility, which is manifested by symptoms of dysphagia, belching undigested food, respiratory symptoms (night cough, recurrent aspiration and pneumonia), chest pain and weight loss. Aim of the study. To determine the possibilities and clinical effectiveness of combined approaches in the treatment of cardiac achalasia using endoscopic pneumocardiodilation and injections of botulinum toxin type A "Dysport" at various stages of the disease. Materials and methods. Injections of the drug botulinum toxin type A "Dysport" and balloon endoscopic pneumocardiodilation (EPCD) were used. The contents of the vial with botulinum toxin were diluted in 0.9% sodium chloride solution to obtain a solution containing 60 UA in 1 ml. In each of the four quadrants of the LES, 2 injections of 0.5 ml of the drug "Dysport" were made with a concentration of a solution of 30 UA in 0.5 ml at a distance of 1 cm from one another. The total dose was 250 units. The technique of isolated EPCD, was carried out with a Witzel balloon dilator, 40 mm in diameter, it required a thorough preoperative examination of the patient, including an assessment of the general condition, the presence and severity of body weight deficiency, water-electrolyte, protein, achlorhydric manifestations of the disease, as well as the propulsive ability of the esophagus through X-ray examination. Results. The combined endoscopic method significantly improves the results of treatment of esophageal cardiac achalasia, having a direct impact on the pathogenetic mechanisms of its development. Given the effectiveness of treatment of esophageal cardiac achalasia by botulinum toxin injection and pneumocardiodilation, this method can be used in patients with comorbid pathology and high surgical risk as an alternative to laparoscopic Heller procedure (cardiomyotomy), especially in older patients. Unsatisfactory results of the combined endoscopic method of treatment of stage III-IV cardiac achalasia for up to 2 months are an indication for surgical treatment of this pathology. Conclusions. Given the significant increase in knowledge about this nosology in recent years, there is a need for a comprehensive, evidence-based study of new promising treatments for patients, covering all aspects of the disease.

Nutritional management of feline chronic enteropathy

Feline chronic enteropathy covers a heterogeneous range of conditions, including food responsive enteropathies, inflammatory bowel disease and antibiotic-responsive diarrhoea. Dietary management can be extremely helpful, both as a diagnostic and therapeutic tool, when managing many of these patients. A high proportion of cats with chronic enteropathy are thought to be either food-sensitive or food-responsive, and appropriate nutritional support can help to optimise the short- and longer-term management of gastrointestinal disease. Three key dietary options exist: highly digestible gastrointestinal diets, hydrolysed diets and novel protein diets. Highly digestible diets and help to reduce exposure to dietary antigens, minimise complications associated with undigested food and aid nutrient absorption. Novel protein diets, based on a protein source a cat has not previously eaten, or a hydrolysed diet, where protein sources have been reduced in size to below the molecular weight of most food allergens, can help support cats with an underlying food sensitivity (allergy or intolerance), and may also benefit individuals in cases where a true food sensitivity does not underlie the clinical signs. Improvements with appropriate dietary intervention can be dramatic and rapid, with resolution of clinical signs within 2 weeks. This article explores the rationale for each of the three types of diet that can be considered for a diet trial, and the current evidence supporting their use. It also briefly covers recommendations for diet introduction and advice to support clients when considering a diet trial.

Gastroenterological symptoms and diet therapy in children with autism

Целью данного исследования было выявление различий в наличии и тяжести гастроэнтерологических жалоб у пациентов с расстройствами аутистического спектра в зависимости от стиля питания. В исследование включены родители 138 детей с данным диагнозом, 30 из которых привержены к соблюдению безглютеновой диеты более 6 месяцев. Возраст детей составлял от 3 до 15 лет. Дети были разделены на 2 группы в зависимости от стиля питания. Первую группу составили 30 пациентов, придерживающихся безглютеновой диеты, во вторую включены 108 человек, не имеющих ограничений в питании. У каждого второго ребенка с расстройствами аутистического спектра выявлены значимые рецидивирующие гастроэнтерологические жалобы (52,8%, 73 из 138). Дети, соблюдающие безглютеновую диету, имеют меньше гастроэнтерологических жалоб, и они являются более редкими, кратковременными, эпизодическими, не нарушающими состояния ребенка, в то время как у детей, не приверженных к использованию диетотерапии, жалобы чаще носят персистирующий и рецидивирующий характер. Диарея и вздутие живота беспокоят детей на безглютеновой диете чаще. Наиболее распространенной жалобой в обеих группах является наличие тошноты (63,3% vs 62,9%). Дети, не имеющие ограничений в питании, имеют более широкий круг жалоб, среди них: избирательность в еде, запах изо рта, наличие непереваренных частиц пищи в кале. Перед включением безглютеновой диеты в курс терапевтических мероприятий при расстройствах аутистического спектра необходимы консультация гастроэнтеролога и проведение клинического обследования с целью уточнения наличия пищевой непереносимости у ребенка. Objective. To identify differences in the presence and severity of gastroenterological complaints in patients with ASD, depending on the eating style. Methods. The study included parents of 138 children diagnosed with ASD, 30 of whom are committed to HD for more than 6 months. The children ranged in age from 3 to 15 years. The children were divided into 2 groups depending on their eating style. The first group consisted of 30 patients who adhere to HD, the second included 108 people who do not have dietary restrictions.Results. Every second child with ASD had significant recurrent gastroenterological complaints (52,8%, 73 out of 138). Children who adhere to HDG have fewer gastroenterological complaints, and they are more rare, short-term, episodic, not violating the child's condition, while children who are not committed to using diet therapy, complaints are more often persistent and recurrent. Diarrhoea and bloating bother children on HD more often. The most common complaint in both groups is nausea (63,3% vs 62,9%). Children who do not have dietary restrictions have a wider range of complaints, among them: selectivity in food, bad breath. The presence of undigested food particles in the feces. Conclusion. Before including HD in the course of therapeutic measures for ASD, it is necessary to consult a gastroenterologist and conduct a clinical examination to clarify the presence of food intolerance in the child.

Tactics of a general practitioner in identifying a case of acute intestinal infection

Acute intestinal infection refers to a group of acute infectious diseases, mainly of bacterial origin, with an alimentary transmission mechanism, which is based on a combination of fever with intestinal syndrome with the possible development of dehydration and severe course in children and the elderly. Every day in the world, about 12 million people are affected by acute intestinal infections, while about 4 billion cases of these diseases are recorded annually. In the developing countries of Asia, Africa, and Latin America, acute intestinal infections are the main cause of death in young children. The main causative agents of intestinal infections are Shigella, Salmonella, Escherichia coli, and rotavirus infection. This type of intestinal diseases is characterized by an acute onset, a rapid development of a temperature reaction, the appearance of symptoms of intoxication and exicosis, vomiting, diarrhea, pain in the epigastric and umbilical region, pain on palpation of the abdomen (salmonella triangle), hepatosplenomegaly. In this case, the feces are liquid, watery, with undigested food residues, mucus, have the color of "swamp mud", sometimes with an admixture of blood. When a case of acute intestinal infection is detected, the physician's tactics should consist in the timely identification and isolation of patients; conducting final disinfection in the outbreak focus; organization of bacteriological examination of contact persons; conducting sanitary and educational work among the population; as well as dispensary observation of recovered patients.

Pancreaticoduodenectomy for stricturing primary eosinophilic duodenitis

A 59-year-old woman was referred to a specialist gastroenterologist following a year of intermittent abdominal bloating and worsening reflux. In the month prior to referral, the patient developed intermittent large volume vomiting consisting of bile-stained undigested food. This was accompanied by a 10 kg weight loss. Imaging and endoscopic investigations showed a circumferential thickening of the second part of the duodenum. Biopsy showed non-specific inflammatory changes with marked eosinophilic infiltrates. A pancreaticoduodenectomy was performed. Histopathological analysis of the resection sample showed primary eosinophilic duodenitis with no evidence of malignancy. Immunological testing was only positive for coeliac disease and an infectious cause was never identified. The patient’s symptoms resolved following the surgery and she was discharged from surgical follow-up after 8 years of no further symptoms.

A CONCEPTUAL STUDY ON GRAHANI DOSHA WITH ITS AYURVEDIC MANAGEMENT.

In Ayurveda, Grahani Dosha is one among the Mahagadas. In modern science, Grahani Dosha included into digestive disorders. It’s prevalence about 69% in current time because of faulty dietary habits, sedentary lifestyle, stress and side effects of modern drugs. This cause leads too many digestive diseases. The organ Grahani is the seat of Jatharagni (digestive fire) both are interrelated. It’s supported and nourished by the strength of Agni. Normally, it receives the in- gested food, which is retained by restraining the downward movement (Grahanati). After diges- tion it releases the food through sides of lumen to next Ashaya i.e. Pakvashaya. In abnormal conditions due to weakness of Agni, it gets vitiated and releases food in indigested form. When Agni is not proper the food will not be digested properly and this undigested food gets fermenta- tion and acts like poison in the body. It’s called Ama. Ama Utpatti leads to Grahani Dosha. Ag- nimandhya is important factor in the Samprapti of the disease Grahani Dosha. So it should be mainly treated for Agnivardhana by Drugs with Deepana (which enhances digestive power) and Pachana (digestive) qualities.

Retention of Human Body Fluids in Adults ofCalliphora vicina(Diptera: Calliphoridae)

Foraging by Calliphora vicina Robineau-Desvoidy often leads to a period of bubbling behavior, followed by either deposition of the regurgitate onto surfaces or reuptake of the bubble. Eventually, the partially or undigested food is passed in the excreta forming fecal or defecatory stains on surfaces in which deposition occurs. This study examined the digestive artifacts (i.e., regurgitate and defecatory stains) formed following consumption of human blood and semen by adult flies in an attempt to determine the length of time the meal was retained in the crop. The morphological appearance of either type of stain appeared consistent with the color of blood or semen for 10–20 d after feeding. When tested with ABA Hematrace immunochromatographic strip assays, blood was detectable in at least 33% of fly artifacts 25 d after the initial consumption of blood. Similarly, semen was detected in nearly 34% of digestive artifacts 30 d after feeding on human semen when using ABA p30 cards. Human body fluids were also detected in fly artifacts when using RSID lateral flow assays, but a much lower percentage of artifacts tested positive for blood (4.9%) and semen (4.6%) 25-d postfeeding in comparison to ABA strip assays. The difference between the types of lateral flow assays appeared to be due to extraction efficiencies of the buffers used for isolation of blood or semen from the fly artifacts. The implications of these observations in reference to seasonal adaptations and to bloodstain pattern analysis at crime scenes are discussed.

Careful Attention To The History Of Chronic Urticaria Is One Of The Important Factors Of Productive Therapy

Urticaria is an allergic disease characterized by the appearance of blisters on the skin and mucous membranes. The disease can be caused by external factors (temperature, mechanical, chemical) or internal (diseases of internal organs, disorders of the nervous system). [1, 2]. Allergies can be caused by toxins, bacteria, and undigested food. In the diagnosis of the disease, anamnestic data, dermography and various skin allergological tests are used. There are acute (up to 6 weeks) and chronic (more than 6 weeks) urticaria. The latter is characterized by daily or frequent symptoms (blistering, itching, angioedema for 6 weeks or more [3, 4]. During life, 0.5-1% of the entire population of people suffers from chronic urticaria. At the same time, if acute urticaria is usually associated with the action of exogenous factors and allergens (food, medicines, insect bites, etc).

Achalasia Cardia: A Comprehensive Review

Achalasia cardia is the best characterised oesophageal motility disorder. It is characterised by progressive ganglion cell degeneration in the oesophageal myenteric plexus, which results in impaired lower oesophageal sphincter (LES) relaxation upon swallowing and aperistalsis in the distal smooth muscle segment of the oesophagus. The usual presenting features are dysphagia to both liquids and solids from onset, regurgitation of undigested food, retrosternal pain, heartburn, and weight loss. Initial investigations include upper gastrointestinal (GI) endoscopy and timed barium oesophagogram, whereas high resolution manometry is diagnostic. Therapy in achalasia cardia is directed towards biochemical or mechanical reduction in LES pressures. If candidates are fit for surgery, pneumatic dilatation, peroral endoscopic myotomy, and laparoscopic Heller’s myotomy are the mainstays of therapy that act by mechanical disruption of LES. On the other hand, botulinum toxin and pharmacotherapy (nitrates and calcium channel blockers) act by biochemical reduction of LES and are reserved for surgically unfit patients with limited life expectancy because of their short-lived efficacy. Oesophagectomy is reserved for treating refractory longstanding cases, who have previously failed multiple therapies.