The olfactory memory of the honeybee Apis mellifera. II. Blocking between odorants in binary mixtures.

1994 ◽  
Vol 195 (1) ◽  
pp. 91-108 ◽  
Author(s):  
B H Smith ◽  
S Cobey
Keyword(s):  
Binary Mixtures ◽  
Aliphatic Aldehyde ◽  
Neural Processing ◽  
Response Patterns ◽  
Perceptual Effect ◽  
Olfactory Systems ◽  
Proboscis Extension ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Behavioral Mechanisms ◽  
Proboscis Extension Conditioning

Proboscis extension conditioning of honeybee workers was used to study the processing of odorants when bees were conditioned to binary mixtures. Responses to a set of pure floral odors and pheromones after conditioning have already been described. When bees are conditioned to certain mixtures of odorants, the response to both components is equal to that when they are tested alone. However, mixtures of an aliphatic aldehyde and an alcohol elicit asymmetric response patterns; that is, the response to the aldehyde is much stronger than that to the alcohol. A bee's response to the alcohol after it had been trained in an aldehyde background is significantly lower than when the bee is trained to respond to the same alcohol in the background of another odorant. Such response patterns are not necessarily caused by a behavioral decrement resulting from a compound-unique perceptual effect produced by the mixture. Furthermore, studies of blocking show that behavioral acquisition in response to one component can be hindered or blocked by pretraining with the other component. These results suggest that honeybees can perceive the individual components of some binary mixtures. The similarities in neural processing in olfactory systems of vertebrates and invertebrates mean that such studies could elucidate behavioral mechanisms of olfaction in a wide phylogenetic spectrum of animals.

Mitral Cell Temporal Response Patterns Evoked by Odor Mixtures in the Rat Olfactory Bulb

2002 ◽  
Vol 88 (2) ◽  
pp. 829-838 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pascale Giraudet ◽  
Frédéric Berthommier ◽  
Michel Chaput
Keyword(s):  
Olfactory Bulb ◽  
Binary Mixtures ◽  
Temporal Distribution ◽  
Mitral Cell ◽  
Individual Response ◽  
Mitral Cells ◽  
Response Patterns ◽  
Odor Mixtures ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Molecular Components

Mammals generally have the ability to extract odor information contained in complex mixtures of molecular components. However, odor mixture processing has been studied electrophysiologically only in insects, crustaceans, and fish. As a first step toward a better understanding of this processing in high vertebrates, we studied the representation of odor mixtures in the rat olfactory bulb, i.e., the second-order level of the olfactory pathways. We compared the single-unit responses of mitral cells, the main cells of the olfactory bulb, to pure odors and to their binary mixtures. Eighty-six mitral cells were recorded in anesthetized freely breathing rats stimulated with five odorants and their 10 binary mixtures. The spontaneous activity and the odor-evoked responses were characterized by their temporal distribution of activity along the respiratory cycle, i.e., by cycle-triggered histograms. Ninety percent of the mixtures were found to evoke a response when at least one of their two components evoked a response. Mixture-evoked patterns were analyzed to describe the modalities of the combination of patterns evoked by the two components. In most of the cases, the mixture pattern was closely similar to one of the component patterns. This dominance of a component over the other one was related to the responsiveness of the cell to the individual components of the mixture, to the molecular nature of the stimulus, and to the coarse shape of individual response patterns. This suggests that the components of binary mixtures may be encoded simultaneously by different odor-specific temporal distributions of activity.

scholarly journals Powder properties of binary mixtures of chloroquine phosphate with lactose and dicalcium phosphate

2010 ◽  
Vol 46 (3) ◽  
pp. 531-537
Author(s):  
Michael Ayodele Odeniyi ◽  
Collins Chidi Onyenaka ◽  
Oludele Adelanwa Itiola
Keyword(s):  
Binary Mixtures ◽  
Internal Flow ◽  
Optical Microscope ◽  
Volume Reduction ◽  
Dicalcium Phosphate ◽  
Flow Properties ◽  
Maximum Volume ◽  
Cohesive Properties ◽  
Particle Size And Shape ◽  
The Individual

A study was conducted on the packing and cohesive properties of chloroquine phosphate in binary mixtures with lactose and dicalcium phosphate powders. The maximum volume reduction due to packing as expressed by the Kawakita constant, a, and the angle of internal flow, θ, were the assessment parameters. The individual powders were characterized for their particle size and shape using an optical microscope. Binary mixtures of various proportions of chloroquine phosphate with lactose and dicalcium phosphate powders were prepared. The bulk and tapped densities, angles of repose and internal flow, as well as compressibility index of the materials were determined using appropriate parameters. The calculated and determined values of maximum volume reduction for the binary mixtures were found to differ significantly (P< 0.05), with the Kawakita plot being more reliable in determining the packing properties. Diluent type was found to influence the flow properties of the mixtures, with dicalcium phosphate giving predictable results while mixtures containing lactose were anomalous with respect to flow. The characterization of the packing and cohesive properties of the binary mixtures of chloroquine with lactose and dicalcium phosphate would be useful in the production of powders, tablets, capsules and other drug delivery systems containing these powders with desirable and predictable flow properties.

scholarly journals Ολοκληρωμένη συστοιχία αισθητήρων βασισμένη σε πολυμερή για την αναγνώριση πτητικών αερίων

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Πέτρος Οικονόμου
Keyword(s):  
Binary Mixtures ◽  
Sensor Array ◽  
Gas Sensing ◽  
Limit Of Detection ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Polymeric Materials ◽  
Integrated Sensor ◽  
Electromagnetic Model ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Electronic Elements

In this research the sensor type of planar InterDigitated Capacitors (IDCs), also known as chemcapacitors, is demonstrated and its application in the detection of Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) and humidity is explored. The IDC layout configuration is studied by using a dedicated electromagnetic model and the behavior of different planar IDE structures/geometries coated with different polymeric materials of different dielectric permittivity values (εp) is determined. This study leads to the optimum design geometry of the planar IDCs that will be used for the detection of analytes. In order to identify the more suitable sensing materials for the targeted application, a methodology based on swelling measurements of the polymeric material upon exposure to analytes of interest was developed and applied in the prediction of the response of a chemcapacitor upon exposure to different VOCs. The integrated sensor array is characterized by the responses of each sensor to exposure to several pure analytes, binary mixtures of analytes and complex environments. Several parameters were examined such as sensitivity, selectivity, limit of detection, aging. Also the total response of the sensor array is analyzed by conjunction of the individual responses of each sensor and the use of suitable Principal Component Analysis, PCA, models that have been developed. Fabrication of a hybrid low-power gas sensing module is presented. This module is realized with integration on the same device of the sensor array with the appropriate electronic elements. The latter provide the power, control and read-out electronics of the output signal. The proposed hybrid micro-device is characterized in terms of the response of each sensor of the sensor array upon exposure to different pure analytes and their binary mixtures. Evaluation of the results obtained by the characterization of the hybrid gas sensing module demonstrate the ability of use such a device in analytical methods under conditions of constant or alterable concentration of VOCs/humidity or their mixtures in applications either at constant temperature or at temperature changing over time simulating that way real time applications.

scholarly journals An MEG Study of Picture Naming

1998 ◽  
Vol 10 (5) ◽  
pp. 553-567 ◽  
Author(s):  
Willem J. M. Levelt ◽  
Peter Praamstra ◽  
Antje S. Meyer ◽  
Päivi Helenius ◽  
Riitta Salmelin
Keyword(s):  
Picture Naming ◽  
Time Windows ◽  
Naming Latency ◽  
Cortical Activation ◽  
Response Patterns ◽  
Phonological Encoding ◽  
A Chain ◽  
Wernicke’S Area ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Right

The purpose of this study was to relate a psycholinguistic processing model of picture naming to the dynamics of cortical activation during picture naming. The activation was recorded from eight Dutch subjects with a whole-head neuromagnetometer. The processing model, based on extensive naming latency studies, is a stage model. In preparing a picture's name, the speaker performs a chain of specific operations. They are, in this order, computing the visual percept, activating an appropriate lexical concept, selecting the target word from the mental lexicon, phonological encoding, phonetic encoding, and initiation of articulation. The time windows for each of these operations are reasonably well known and could be related to the peak activity of dipole sources in the individual magnetic response patterns. The analyses showed a clear progression over these time windows from early occipital activation, via parietal and temporal to frontal activation. The major specific findings were that (1) a region in the left posterior temporal lobe, agreeing with the location of Wernicke's area, showed prominent activation starting about 200 msec after picture onset and peaking at about 350 msec, (i.e., within the stage of phonological encoding), and (2) a consistent activation was found in the right parietal cortex, peaking at about 230 msec after picture onset, thus preceding and partly overlapping with the left temporal response. An interpretation in terms of the management of visual attention is proposed.

Variability in rainfall information derived from collocated microwave links

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna Špačková ◽  
Vojtěch Bareš ◽  
Martin Fencl
Keyword(s):  
Electromagnetic Waves ◽  
Rainfall Intensity ◽  
Weather Condition ◽  
Estimation Accuracy ◽  
Response Patterns ◽  
Spatial Coverage ◽  
Telecommunications Network ◽  
Path Lengths ◽  
Point To Point ◽  
The Individual

&lt;p&gt;In the field of hydrology, there is a significant demand for high spatial-temporal resolution of rainfall information that can be met by commercial microwave links (CMLs). CMLs are commonly used as a backhaul of telecommunications network with favourable spatial coverage especially in urbanized areas. CMLs are point-to-point radio connections operating at frequencies where attenuation of electromagnetic waves can be related to the rainfall intensity.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;The ability of CMLs to assess rainfall intensity is determined by hardware parameters and path lengths of CMLs. The CML operates at various frequencies with horizontal or vertical polarization, moreover, link paths have lengths ranging from hundreds of meters up to kilometres. The characteristics of the rainfall needs to be reflected as they have impact on the errors (de Vos et al., 2019). Even collocated CMLs can detect considerably dissimilar rainfall information. To increase effectivity of rainfall information retrieval it is crucial to understand uncertainties arising from diversity of CML characteristics.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;This study evaluates collocated CMLs that are assumed to be affected by the same weather condition. Having identical CML characteristics (as well as the propagations of the signals), it is expected to observe the same response patterns in the attenuated signals. Any disagreement could be caused by random error, sensitivity to the rainfall intensities, and/or hardware reaction to the condition (e.g. sensitivity of the antenna radome to the rainfall splash). Therefore, the role of arrangement of the direction of rainfall field advection and position of the collocated link paths is considered. The magnitude of disagreement between different groups of collocated links could be specified based on their characteristics. Oppositely, for collocated links under the same conditions but with different characteristics, the attributes of the individual CMLs are suspected for the disagreement.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;References&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;de Vos, L. W., Overeem, A., Leijnse, H., and Uijlenhoet, R. (2019). Rainfall Estimation Accuracy of a Nationwide Instantaneously Sampling Commercial Microwave Link Network: Error Dependency on Known Characteristics. Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology 36, 7, 1267-1283. https://doi.org/10.1175/JTECH-D-18-0197.1&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;This study was supported by the project SpraiLINK 20-14151J of the Czech Science Foundation.&lt;/p&gt;

Effects of high-intensity cycle exercise on sympathoadrenal-medullary response patterns

1991 ◽  
Vol 70 (1) ◽  
pp. 8-14 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. J. Kraemer ◽  
J. F. Patton ◽  
H. G. Knuttgen ◽  
C. J. Hannan ◽  
T. Kettler ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Intensity ◽  
Maximal Exercise ◽  
Cycle Ergometer ◽  
Plasma Norepinephrine ◽  
Response Patterns ◽  
O2 Uptake ◽  
Cycle Exercise ◽  
Before And After ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Individual

Plasma proenkephalin peptide F immunoreactivity and catecholamines were examined on separate days in nine healthy males before and after maximal exercise to exhaustion at four intensities [36, 55, 73, and 100% of maximal leg power (MLP)] by use of a computerized cycle ergometer. The mean duration of 36, 55, 73, and 100% MLP was 3.31, 0.781, 0.270, and 0.1 min, respectively. All intensities were greater than those eliciting peak O2 uptake for the individual subjects. Blood samples were obtained before, immediately after exercise, and 5 and 15 min after exercise. Significant (P less than 0.05) increases in plasma peptide F immunoreactivity (i.e., from mean resting value of 0.18 to 0.43 pmol/ml) were observed immediately after exercise at 36% MLP. Significant increases in plasma epinephrine were observed immediately after exercise at 36% MLP (i.e., from mean resting value of 2.22 to 3.11 pmol/ml) and 55% MLP (i.e., from mean resting value of 1.67 to 2.98 pmol/ml) and 15 min after exercise at 100% MLP (i.e., from mean resting value of 1.92 to 3.88 pmol/ml). Significant increases for plasma norepinephrine were observed immediately after exercise (36, 55, 73, and 100% MLP), 5 min after exercise (36, 55, and 73% MLP), and 15 min after exercise (36% MLP). Increases in whole blood lactate were observed at all points after exercise for 36, 55, and 73% MLP and 5 min after exercise for 100% MLP. These data show that brief high-intensity exercise results in differential response patterns of catecholamines and proenkephalin peptide F immunoreactivity.

Task Specialization and Odor Effects on Proboscis Extension Conditioning in Bumblebees (Bombus huntii)

2013 ◽  
Vol 26 (6) ◽  
pp. 762-779
Author(s):  
Susannah Hannaford ◽  
Amelia Sattler ◽  
Jessica Siegel ◽  
Robin L. Foster
Keyword(s):  
Task Specialization ◽  
Proboscis Extension ◽  
Proboscis Extension Conditioning

scholarly journals Impact of Interference Competition on Exploration and Food Exploitation in the AntLasius niger

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vincent Fourcassié ◽  
Tristan Schmitt ◽  
Claire Detrain
Keyword(s):  
Interference Competition ◽  
Lasius Niger ◽  
Ant Colonies ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Temporal Predictability ◽  
Food Exploitation ◽  
Local Recruitment ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Behavioral Mechanisms ◽  
Physical Access

Competition acts as a major force in shaping spatially and/or temporally the foraging activity of ant colonies. Interference competition between colonies in particular is widespread in ants where it can prevent the physical access of competitors to a resource, either directly by fighting or indirectly, by segregating the colony foraging areas. Although the consequences of interference competition on ant distribution have been well studied in the literature, the behavioral mechanisms underlying interference competition have been less explored. Little is known on how ants modify their exploration patterns or the choice of a feeding place after experiencing aggressive encounters. In this paper, we show that, at the individual level, the aphid-tending antLasius nigerreacts to the presence of an alien conspecific through direct aggressive behavior and local recruitment in the vicinity of fights. At the colony level, however, no defensive recruitment is triggered and the “risky” area where aggressive encounters occur is not specifically avoided during further exploration or food exploitation. We discuss how between-species differences in sensitivity to interference competition could be related to the spatial and temporal predictability of food resources at stake.

scholarly journals Challenging a bioinformatic tool’s ability to detect microbial contaminants usingin silicowhole genome sequencing data

PeerJ ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
pp. e3729 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nathan D. Olson ◽  
Justin M. Zook ◽  
Jayne B. Morrow ◽  
Nancy J. Lin
Keyword(s):  
Binary Mixtures ◽  
Genome Sequencing ◽  
Pathogen Detection ◽  
A Priori ◽  
High Sensitivity ◽  
False Positives ◽  
Sequencing Data ◽  
Materials Used ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Genome Assemblies

High sensitivity methods such as next generation sequencing and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) are adversely impacted by organismal and DNA contaminants. Current methods for detecting contaminants in microbial materials (genomic DNA and cultures) are not sensitive enough and require either a known or culturable contaminant. Whole genome sequencing (WGS) is a promising approach for detecting contaminants due to its sensitivity and lack of need fora prioriassumptions about the contaminant. Prior to applying WGS, we must first understand its limitations for detecting contaminants and potential for false positives. Herein we demonstrate and characterize a WGS-based approach to detect organismal contaminants using an existing metagenomic taxonomic classification algorithm. Simulated WGS datasets from ten genera as individuals and binary mixtures of eight organisms at varying ratios were analyzed to evaluate the role of contaminant concentration and taxonomy on detection. For the individual genomes the false positive contaminants reported depended on the genus, withStaphylococcus,Escherichia, andShigellahaving the highest proportion of false positives. For nearly all binary mixtures the contaminant was detected in thein-silicodatasets at the equivalent of 1 in 1,000 cells, thoughF. tularensiswas not detected in any of the simulated contaminant mixtures andY. pestiswas only detected at the equivalent of one in 10 cells. Once a WGS method for detecting contaminants is characterized, it can be applied to evaluate microbial material purity, in efforts to ensure that contaminants are characterized in microbial materials used to validate pathogen detection assays, generate genome assemblies for database submission, and benchmark sequencing methods.

scholarly journals Honey bee as an alternative model invertebrate organism

2025 ◽  
Vol 74 (10) ◽  
pp. 6140-2025
Author(s):  
ALEKSANDRA ŁOŚ ◽  
MAŁGORZATA BIEŃKOWSKA ◽  
ANETA STRACHECKA
Keyword(s):  
Collective Intelligence ◽  
Lethal Dose ◽  
Genetic Research ◽  
Model Organism ◽  
Model Organisms ◽  
Cellular Mechanisms ◽  
Bee Colony ◽  
Proboscis Extension ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Explosive Devices

Insects perfectly fit the flagship principle of animal research – 3R: to reduce (the number of animals), to replace (animals with alternative models) and to refine (methods). Bees have the most important advantages of a model organism: they cause minimal ethical controversy, they have a small and fully known genome, and they permit the use of many experimental techniques. Bees have a fully functional DNMT toolkit. Therefore, they are used as models in biomedical/genetic research, e.g. in research on the development of cancer or in the diagnostics of mental and neuroleptic diseases in humans. The reversion of aging processes in bees offers hope for progress in gerontology research. The cellular mechanisms of learning and memory coding, as well as the indicators of biochemical immunity parameters, are similar or analogous to those in humans, so bees may become useful in monitoring changes in behavior and metabolism. Bees are very well suited for studies on the dose of the substance applied to determine the lethal dose or the effect of a formula on life expectancy. Honeybees have proven to be an effective tool for studying the effects of a long-term consumption of stimulants, as well as for observing behavioral changes and developing addictions at the individual and social levels, as well as for investigating the effects of continuously delivering the same dose of a substance. The genomic and physiological flexibility of bees in dividing tasks among workers in a colony makes it possible to create a Single- Cohort Colony (SCC) in which peers compared perform different tasks. Moreover behavioral methods (e.g. Proboscis Extension Reflex – PER, Sting Extension Reflex – SER, free flying target discrimination tasks or the cap pushing response) make it possible to analyse changes occurring in honeybee brains during learning and remembering. Algorithms of actions are created based on the behavior of a colony or individual, e.g. Artificial Bee Colony Algorithm (ABCA). Honeybees are also model organisms for profiling the so-called intelligence of a swarm or collective intelligence. Additionally, they serve as models for guidance systems and aviation technologies. Bees have inspired important projects in robotics, such as B-droid, Robobee and The Green Brain Project. It has also been confirmed that the apian sense of smell can be used to detect explosive devices, such as TNT, or drugs (including heroin, cocaine, amphetamines and cannabis). This inconspicuous little insect can revolutionize the world of science and contribute to the solution of many scientific problems as a versatile model.

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