scholarly journals Heat increment of feeding in Brunnich's guillemot

1997 ◽  
Vol 200 (12) ◽  
pp. 1757-1763 ◽  
Author(s):  
P Hawkins ◽  
P Butler ◽  
A Woakes ◽  
G Gabrielsen
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Energetic Cost ◽  
Uria Lomvia ◽  
Deep Body Temperature ◽  
Common Murre ◽  
Heat Increment Of Feeding ◽  
Heat Increment ◽  
Rate Of Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Free Ranging ◽  
Persistent Elevation

The rate of oxygen consumption (O2), respiratory quotient (RQ) and deep body temperature (TB) were recorded during a single, voluntary ingestion of Arctic cod Boreogadus saida (mean mass 18.9+/-1.1 g, s.e.m., N=13) by five postabsorptive Brunnich's guillemots (thick-billed murre, Uria lomvia). The birds were resting in air within their thermoneutral zone, and the fish were refrigerated to 0-2 degreesC. The rate of oxygen consumption increased by a factor of 1.4 during the first few minutes after ingestion, but there was no significant change in TB. Mean rate of oxygen consumption returned to preingestive levels 85 min after the birds ate the fish. The telemetered temperature of one fish reached TB within 20 min. This suggests that the persistent elevation in O2 over the next hour corresponded to the obligatory component of the heat increment of feeding (HIF) and was not related to heating the fish. Abdominal temperature increases after diving bouts in free-ranging common guillemots (common murre, Uria aalge) are possibly achieved through the HIF, since meals are processed at sea. Of the increase in O2 measured in the laboratory, it is calculated that 30 % is required to heat the fish, while 70 % is due to the HIF. In free-ranging birds, the excess heat provided by the HIF could contribute 6 % of the daily energy expenditure. This suggests that the HIF augments heat production in Uria spp. and thus reduces the energetic cost of thermoregulation.

The heat increment of feeding and its thermoregulatory implications in the short-tailed shrew (Blarina brevicauda)

2003 ◽  
Vol 81 (8) ◽  
pp. 1445-1453 ◽  
Author(s):  
Allyson G Hindle ◽  
Ian W McIntyre ◽  
Kevin L Campbell ◽  
Robert A MacArthur
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Body Temperature ◽  
Nutritional Status ◽  
Blarina Brevicauda ◽  
Open Flow ◽  
Metabolic Chamber ◽  
Heat Increment Of Feeding ◽  
Heat Increment ◽  
Rate Of Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Excretion Rates

The nature and potential thermoregulatory benefits of the heat increment of feeding (HIF) were investigated in short-tailed shrews (Blarina brevicauda). At thermoneutrality, the postprandial rate of oxygen consumption ([Formula: see text]O2) of shrews increased by an average of 18% beyond fasting levels for ca. 2 h following the consumption of 3.5 g of earthworms. Over the same period, body temperature increased by an average of 0.6 °C. The digesta-retention time calculated from nickel alloy tracer excretion rates (168.1 ± 11.4 min (mean ± SE); n = 7) exceeded the duration of HIF (117.5 ± 10.4 min; n = 6) by 43%. This finding suggests that the mechanical costs of feeding may be a relatively mi nor component of HIF in this species. Regression of resting [Formula: see text]O2 on ambient temperature (Ta) below thermo neutrality yielded similar slopes (P = 0.71) and intercepts (P = 0.33) for fed and fasted animals, suggesting that HIF substitutes, at least partially, for facultative thermogenesis at low Ta. We found no evidence that HIF enhanced microclimate warming of an insulated, open-flow metabolic chamber occupied by recently fed shrews. Occupancy of this chamber by shrews increased microclimate Ta from 5 to 9.0–9.5 °C regardless of their nutritional status.

Compensatory effect of the heat increment of feeding on thermoregulation costs of white-tailed deer fawns in winter

1999 ◽  
Vol 77 (9) ◽  
pp. 1474-1485 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul G Jensen ◽  
Peter J Pekins ◽  
James B Holter
Keyword(s):  
Metabolic Rate ◽  
Heat Production ◽  
Resting Metabolic Rate ◽  
Energetic Cost ◽  
Critical Temperatures ◽  
Metabolic Chamber ◽  
Heat Increment Of Feeding ◽  
Heat Increment ◽  
Minor Portion ◽  
A Minor

For northern white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) fawns, the energetic cost of thermoregulation (HcE) during severe winters can result in substantial catabolism of body-tissue reserves. The heat increment of feeding (HiE) has the potential to offset thermoregulatory energy expenditure that would otherwise require the catabolism of these reserves. During winters 1996 and 1997, we conducted 18 fasting and 18 on-feed heat-production trials using indirect respiration calorimetry in a metabolic chamber. Nonlinear regression analysis was used to estimate the lower critical temperatures (Tlc) and determine the fasting metabolic rate (FMR) and resting metabolic rate (RMR). Resulting models were used to calculate HiE, HcE, and percent substitution of HiE for HcE. For fawns fed a natural browse diet, estimated FMR and RMR were 352 and 490 kJ·kg body mass (BM)-0.75·d-1, respectively; this 40% increase in thermoneutral heat production reduced Tlc from -0.8 to -11.2°C between the fasted and fed states, respectively, and reduced HcE by 59% for fed fawns. For fawns fed a concentrate diet, estimated FMR and RMR were 377 and 573 kJ·kg BM-0.75·d-1, respectively. Level of browse intake had a significant effect on RMR andTlc. RMR was 12% higher for fawns on a high versus a low level of intake, and estimated Tlc was -15.6 and -5.8°C, respectively. Our data indicate that the energetic cost of thermoregulation is probably a minor portion of the energy budget of a healthy fawn consuming natural forage.

The heart rate/oxygen consumption relationship during cold exposure of the king penguin: a comparison with that during exercise

2002 ◽  
Vol 205 (16) ◽  
pp. 2511-2517 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Froget ◽  
Y. Handrich ◽  
Y. Le Maho ◽  
J.-L. Rouanet ◽  
A. J. Woakes ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Critical Temperature ◽  
Body Condition ◽  
Heart Beat ◽  
Lower Critical Temperature ◽  
Rate Of Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Free Ranging ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Environmental Temperatures

SUMMARY This study investigated whether exposure to low ambient temperature could be used as an alternative to exercise for calibrating heart rate (fH)against rate of oxygen consumption(V̇O2) for subsequent use of fH to estimate V̇O2 in free-ranging animals. Using the relationship between the oxygen pulse (OP, the amount of oxygen used per heart beat) and an index of body condition (or nutritional index, NI), a relationship between fH and V̇O2 was established for resting king penguins exposed to a variety of environmental temperatures. Although there was a small but significant increase in the OP above and below the lower critical temperature (-4.9°C), there was no difference in the relationship obtained between the OP and body condition (NI)obtained above or below the lower critical temperature. These results were then compared with those obtained in a previous study in which the relationship between fH and V̇O2 had been established for king penguins during steady-state exercise. The relationship between OP and NI in the present study was not significantly different from the relationship between resting OP and NI in the previous study. However, the relationship was different from that between active OP and NI. We conclude that, at least for king penguins, although thermoregulation does not affect the relationship between resting OP and NI, temperature cannot be used as an alternative to exercise for calibrating fH against V̇O2 for subsequent use of fH to estimate V̇O2 in free-ranging animals.

IS WALKING COSTLY FOR ANURANS? THE ENERGETIC COST OF WALKING IN THE NORTHERN TOAD BUFO BOREAS HALOPHILUS

1994 ◽  
Vol 197 (1) ◽  
pp. 165-178
Author(s):  
B Walton ◽  
C Peterson ◽  
A Bennett
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Minimum Cost ◽  
Aerobic Metabolism ◽  
Energetic Cost ◽  
Cost Of Transport ◽  
Bufo Boreas ◽  
Steady State Rate ◽  
Rate Of Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Locomotor Energetics

Locomotor mode and the maximal capacity for aerobic metabolism are thought to be co-adapted in anuran amphibians. Species that rely heavily on walking often have high capacities for aerobic metabolism relative to species that rely primarily on saltation. We tested the hypothesis of co-adaptation of gait and aerobic metabolism by investigating the locomotor energetics of Bufo boreas halophilus, a toad that walks, but does not hop. Rates of oxygen consumption during locomotion were measured in an enclosed variable-speed treadmill. The steady-state rate of oxygen consumption (V(dot)O2ss) increased linearly within a range of sustainable speeds [V(dot)O2ss (ml O2 g-1 h-1) = 0.93 x speed (km h-1) + 0.28]. The minimum cost of transport, Cmin (the slope of this relationship), varied significantly among individual toads. When expressed in units of oxygen consumed per distance travelled (ml O2 km-1), Cmin scaled isometrically with body mass: Cmin = 0.69mass1.07. Consequently, mass-specific Cmin (ml O2 g-1 km-1) was uncorrelated with body mass. Variation in Cmin was also unrelated to experimental temperature. Mass-specific Cmin estimates were similar to previous allometric predictions for terrestrial animals of similar size, which contrasts with previous findings for another toad species. Maximum rates of oxygen consumption measured in closed, rotating respirometers were significantly higher than the maximum rates achieved on the treadmill, but lower than those measured previously in other Bufo species. Our results indicate that walking is not necessarily a costly gait for toads and that high maximum rates of oxygen consumption are not associated with reliance on walking within the genus Bufo.

Cardiac output as a predictor of metabolic rate in cod gadus morhua

1998 ◽  
Vol 201 (19) ◽  
pp. 2779-2789 ◽  
Author(s):  
DM Webber ◽  
RG Boutilier ◽  
SR Kerr
Keyword(s):  
Cardiac Output ◽  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Metabolic Rate ◽  
Swimming Speed ◽  
Gadus Morhua ◽  
Atlantic Cod ◽  
Rate Of Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Free Ranging ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Fisheries Biology

Adult Atlantic cod (2 kg Gadus morhua) were fitted with Doppler ultrasonic flow-probes to measure ventral aortic outflow (i.e. cardiac output). The probes remained patent for upwards of 3 months, during which time detailed relationships between cardiac output (), heart rate (fh) and rate of oxygen consumption (O2) were determined as a function of swimming speed and temperature (5 degreesC and 10 degreesC). The rate of oxygen consumption increased linearly with and exponentially with swimming speed. A very good correlation was observed between O2 and (r2=0.86) compared with the correlation between O2 and fh (r2=0.50 for all 10 degreesC data and r2=0.86 for all 5 degreesC data). However, the O2 versus fh correlation gradually improved over approximately 1 week after surgery (r2=0.86). The relationship between O2 and was independent of temperature, while the relationship between O2 and fh changed with temperature. Hence, calculating O2 from is simpler and does not require that temperature be recorded simultaneously. Variations in cardiac output were determined more by changes in stroke volume (Vs) than by fh; therefore, fh was a less reliable predictor of metabolic rate than was . Given that can be used to estimate O2 so faithfully, the advent of a cardiac output telemeter would enable robust estimates to be made of the activity metabolism of free-ranging fish in nature, thereby strengthening one of the weakest links in the bioenergetic models of fisheries biology.

Metabolic expenditure of waleye (Stizostedion vitreum vitreum) as determined by rate of oxgen consumption

1981 ◽  
Vol 59 (6) ◽  
pp. 882-889 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin J. Tarby
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Unit Weight ◽  
Stizostedion Vitreum ◽  
Regression Equations ◽  
Feeding Experiments ◽  
Standard Metabolism ◽  
Heat Increment ◽  
Rate Of Oxygen Consumption ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Metabolic Expenditure

Energy expended by walleye (Stizostedion vitreum vitreum) for metabolism was assessed by measuring oxygen consumption of different size fish in respirometers under various conditions of temperature, activity, and ration. Standard metabolism was estimated as rate of oxygen consumption of unfed resting fish, and relationships to weight and temperature were expressed by simple and multiple regression equations. Although slopes for simple regressions did not differ significantly from slopes for analogous equations determined previously for walleye in maintenance feeding trials, the intercept or level of metabolism for a fish of unit weight at 20 °C computed from feeding experiments was over three times greater than that computed by respirometry. Heat increment, which was quantified from the difference in oxygen consumption of resting walleye fed and deprived of food at 20 °C, ranged from about 9 to 11% of the energy ingested and appeared independent of ration and fish size. Metabolism for swimming determined as the difference between rate of oxygen consumption of unfed fish resting and swimming one body length per second was calculated to be approximately equal to the energy expended by walleye for standard metabolism.

The energetic cost of copulation in a polygynandrous millipede

1998 ◽  
Vol 201 (11) ◽  
pp. 1847-1849
Author(s):  
SR Telford ◽  
PI Webb
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Physical Restraint ◽  
Cost Of Reproduction ◽  
Energetic Cost ◽  
Significant Cost ◽  
Mating Patterns ◽  
Invertebrate Species ◽  
Rate Of Oxygen Consumption ◽  
In The Wild

We determined the energetic cost of copulation in both sexes of Alloporus uncinatus, a polygynandrous millipede in which copulation can last for several hours and involves physical restraint of the female by the male. We found an elevation in the rate of oxygen consumption by males and a depression in the rate of oxygen consumption by females during copulation. The rate of oxygen consumption of females, but not of males, was elevated immediately after copulation, indicating that females had built up and were repaying an oxygen debt. On this basis, we estimated energy expenditure during copulation to be 30 % above resting levels in males and 14 % above resting levels in females. As matings are frequent in this species in the wild throughout the 4 month breeding season, we suggest that the energetic demands of copulation are a previously overlooked potentially significant cost of reproduction in this species and in other invertebrate species with similar mating patterns.

Polar bear locomotion: body temperature and energetic cost

1982 ◽  
Vol 60 (1) ◽  
pp. 40-44 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. J. Hurst ◽  
M. L. Leonard ◽  
P. D. Watts ◽  
P. Beckerton ◽  
N. A. Øritsland
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Body Temperature ◽  
Polar Bear ◽  
Metabolic Response ◽  
Energetic Cost ◽  
Deep Body Temperature ◽  
Hunting Strategies ◽  
Relative Inability ◽  
Walking Speeds ◽  
Deep Body

The metabolic response of a 190-kg polar bear was tested at four different walking speeds within a respiration chamber mounted on a treadmill. Regressions of deep body temperature and oxygen consumption as a function of walking speed were determined. Equilibrium deep body temperature increased exponentially with speed of locomotion and indicated a relative inability to dissipate metabolic heat at high walking speeds. Metabolic rate, as measured by weight-specific oxygen consumption, was also best fit by a curvilinear equation and was twice that predicted by a general equation for quadruped locomotion. The apparent inefficiency of locomotion in polar bears suggests a compromise between thermoregulation, hunting strategies, and economy of transport.

Estimating the rate of oxygen consumption during submersion from the heart rate of diving animals

2007 ◽  
Vol 292 (5) ◽  
pp. R2028-R2038 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. A. Green ◽  
L. G Halsey ◽  
P. J. Butler ◽  
R. L. Holder
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Recovery Period ◽  
Breath Hold ◽  
Interval Duration ◽  
Subsequent Recovery ◽  
Oxygen Stores ◽  
Eudyptes Chrysolophus ◽  
Rate Of Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Free Ranging

How animals manage their oxygen stores during diving and other breath-hold activities has been a topic of debate among physiologists for decades. Specifically, while the behavior of free-ranging diving animals suggests that metabolism during submersion must be primarily aerobic in nature, no studies have been able to determine their rate of oxygen consumption during submersion (V̇o2d) and hence prove that this is the case. In the present study, we combine two previously used techniques and develop a new model to estimate V̇o2d accurately and plausibly in a free-ranging animal and apply it to data for macaroni penguins ( Eudyptes chrysolophus) as an example. For macaroni penguins at least, V̇o2d can be predicted by measuring heart rate during the dive cycle and the subsequent surface interval duration. Including maximum depth of the dive improves the accuracy of these predictions. This suggests that energetically demanding locomotion events within the dive combine with the differing buoyancy and locomotion costs associated with traveling to depth to influence its cost in terms of oxygen use. This will in turn effect the duration of the dive and the duration of the subsequent recovery period. In the present study, V̇o2d ranged from 4 to 28 ml·min−1·kg−1, indicating that, at least as far as aerobic metabolism was concerned, macaroni penguins were often hypometabolic, with rates of oxygen consumption usually below that for this species resting in water (25.6 ml·min−1·kg−1) and occasionally lower than that while resting in air (10.3 ml·min−1·kg−1).

Heart rate and rate of oxygen consumption of exercising macaroni penguins

2001 ◽  
Vol 204 (4) ◽  
pp. 673-684 ◽  
Author(s):  
J.A. Green ◽  
P.J. Butler ◽  
A.J. Woakes ◽  
I.L. Boyd ◽  
R.L. Holder
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Average Error ◽  
Specific Rate ◽  
Variable Speed ◽  
Treadmill Speed ◽  
Eudyptes Chrysolophus ◽  
Rate Of Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Free Ranging ◽  
The Relationship

Twenty-four macaroni penguins (Eudyptes chrysolophus) from three groups, breeding males (N=9), breeding females (N=9) and moulting females (N=6), were exercised on a variable-speed treadmill. Heart rate (fH) and mass-specific rate of oxygen consumption (sVO2) were recorded from the animals, and both fh and sVO2 were found to increase linearly with increasing treadmill speed. A linear regression equation described the relationship between fh and sVO2 for each individual. There were no significant differences in these regressions between breeding and moulting females. There were significant differences in these relationships between all females and breeding males. fH and s VO2 were recorded from five of these animals for a total of 24 h. When fh was used to predict sVO2 for the 24 h period using the derived regressions, the estimate was not significantly different from the measured values, with an average error of −2.1 %. When fh was used to predict sVO2 for the 5 min intervals used for the calibration in all 24 birds, the estimate was not significantly different from the observed values, and the average error was only +0.47 %. Since the fH/sVO2 relationship was the same during periods of the annual cycle when the animals were inactive/fasting and active/foraging, it seems reasonable that, as long as sex differences are taken into account, fh can be used to predict the metabolic rates of free-ranging macaroni penguins all year round.

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