Compensatory effect of the heat increment of feeding on thermoregulation costs of white-tailed deer fawns in winter

1999 ◽  
Vol 77 (9) ◽  
pp. 1474-1485 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul G Jensen ◽  
Peter J Pekins ◽  
James B Holter
Keyword(s):  
Metabolic Rate ◽  
Heat Production ◽  
Resting Metabolic Rate ◽  
Energetic Cost ◽  
Critical Temperatures ◽  
Metabolic Chamber ◽  
Heat Increment Of Feeding ◽  
Heat Increment ◽  
Minor Portion ◽  
A Minor

For northern white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) fawns, the energetic cost of thermoregulation (HcE) during severe winters can result in substantial catabolism of body-tissue reserves. The heat increment of feeding (HiE) has the potential to offset thermoregulatory energy expenditure that would otherwise require the catabolism of these reserves. During winters 1996 and 1997, we conducted 18 fasting and 18 on-feed heat-production trials using indirect respiration calorimetry in a metabolic chamber. Nonlinear regression analysis was used to estimate the lower critical temperatures (Tlc) and determine the fasting metabolic rate (FMR) and resting metabolic rate (RMR). Resulting models were used to calculate HiE, HcE, and percent substitution of HiE for HcE. For fawns fed a natural browse diet, estimated FMR and RMR were 352 and 490 kJ·kg body mass (BM)-0.75·d-1, respectively; this 40% increase in thermoneutral heat production reduced Tlc from -0.8 to -11.2°C between the fasted and fed states, respectively, and reduced HcE by 59% for fed fawns. For fawns fed a concentrate diet, estimated FMR and RMR were 377 and 573 kJ·kg BM-0.75·d-1, respectively. Level of browse intake had a significant effect on RMR andTlc. RMR was 12% higher for fawns on a high versus a low level of intake, and estimated Tlc was -15.6 and -5.8°C, respectively. Our data indicate that the energetic cost of thermoregulation is probably a minor portion of the energy budget of a healthy fawn consuming natural forage.

Hormonal factors in reduced postprandial heat production of exercise-trained subjects

1984 ◽  
Vol 56 (3) ◽  
pp. 772-776 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. LeBlanc ◽  
P. Diamond ◽  
J. Cote ◽  
A. Labrie
Keyword(s):  
Exercise Training ◽  
Heat Production ◽  
Human Subjects ◽  
Resting Metabolic Rate ◽  
Glucose Disposal ◽  
Plasma Norepinephrine ◽  
Trained Subjects ◽  
Enhanced Sensitivity ◽  
Heat Increment Of Feeding ◽  
Heat Increment

The influence of exercise training on postprandial heat production was investigated in human subjects. Whereas resting metabolic rate was comparable for trained and nontrained subjects, the heat increment of feeding (HIF) after subjects consumed a meal containing 755 kcal was approximately 50% smaller in the trained subjects. Measurements of respiratory quotient also indicated a reduction of about 50% in glucose oxidation associated with exercise training. The levels of plasma norepinephrine increased significantly (P less than 0.01) from 200 to 300 pg/ml in the sedentary subjects, but the changes observed in trained subjects were not significant. During the early phase of the meal, plasma levels of insulin were increased, even before nutrients appeared in the blood. Throughout the study the enhanced sensitivity to insulin of the trained subjects was confirmed. the postprandial heat production was diminished in exercise-trained subjects, and it is suggested that this could be related to a reduced activity of the sympathetic nervous system. Another possibility is that this reduction in HIF is related to a facilitation of glucose disposal in the form of glycogen rather than in the form of lipids.

scholarly journals Heat increment of feeding in Brunnich's guillemot

1997 ◽  
Vol 200 (12) ◽  
pp. 1757-1763 ◽  
Author(s):  
P Hawkins ◽  
P Butler ◽  
A Woakes ◽  
G Gabrielsen
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Energetic Cost ◽  
Uria Lomvia ◽  
Deep Body Temperature ◽  
Common Murre ◽  
Heat Increment Of Feeding ◽  
Heat Increment ◽  
Rate Of Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Free Ranging ◽  
Persistent Elevation

The rate of oxygen consumption (O2), respiratory quotient (RQ) and deep body temperature (TB) were recorded during a single, voluntary ingestion of Arctic cod Boreogadus saida (mean mass 18.9+/-1.1 g, s.e.m., N=13) by five postabsorptive Brunnich's guillemots (thick-billed murre, Uria lomvia). The birds were resting in air within their thermoneutral zone, and the fish were refrigerated to 0-2 degreesC. The rate of oxygen consumption increased by a factor of 1.4 during the first few minutes after ingestion, but there was no significant change in TB. Mean rate of oxygen consumption returned to preingestive levels 85 min after the birds ate the fish. The telemetered temperature of one fish reached TB within 20 min. This suggests that the persistent elevation in O2 over the next hour corresponded to the obligatory component of the heat increment of feeding (HIF) and was not related to heating the fish. Abdominal temperature increases after diving bouts in free-ranging common guillemots (common murre, Uria aalge) are possibly achieved through the HIF, since meals are processed at sea. Of the increase in O2 measured in the laboratory, it is calculated that 30 % is required to heat the fish, while 70 % is due to the HIF. In free-ranging birds, the excess heat provided by the HIF could contribute 6 % of the daily energy expenditure. This suggests that the HIF augments heat production in Uria spp. and thus reduces the energetic cost of thermoregulation.

The heat increment of feeding and its thermoregulatory implications in the short-tailed shrew (Blarina brevicauda)

2003 ◽  
Vol 81 (8) ◽  
pp. 1445-1453 ◽  
Author(s):  
Allyson G Hindle ◽  
Ian W McIntyre ◽  
Kevin L Campbell ◽  
Robert A MacArthur
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Body Temperature ◽  
Nutritional Status ◽  
Blarina Brevicauda ◽  
Open Flow ◽  
Metabolic Chamber ◽  
Heat Increment Of Feeding ◽  
Heat Increment ◽  
Rate Of Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Excretion Rates

The nature and potential thermoregulatory benefits of the heat increment of feeding (HIF) were investigated in short-tailed shrews (Blarina brevicauda). At thermoneutrality, the postprandial rate of oxygen consumption ([Formula: see text]O2) of shrews increased by an average of 18% beyond fasting levels for ca. 2 h following the consumption of 3.5 g of earthworms. Over the same period, body temperature increased by an average of 0.6 °C. The digesta-retention time calculated from nickel alloy tracer excretion rates (168.1 ± 11.4 min (mean ± SE); n = 7) exceeded the duration of HIF (117.5 ± 10.4 min; n = 6) by 43%. This finding suggests that the mechanical costs of feeding may be a relatively mi nor component of HIF in this species. Regression of resting [Formula: see text]O2 on ambient temperature (Ta) below thermo neutrality yielded similar slopes (P = 0.71) and intercepts (P = 0.33) for fed and fasted animals, suggesting that HIF substitutes, at least partially, for facultative thermogenesis at low Ta. We found no evidence that HIF enhanced microclimate warming of an insulated, open-flow metabolic chamber occupied by recently fed shrews. Occupancy of this chamber by shrews increased microclimate Ta from 5 to 9.0–9.5 °C regardless of their nutritional status.

An improved water-bath test to study effects of age and previous sucking on metabolic rate and resistance to cold in newborn lambs

1990 ◽  
Vol 50 (2) ◽  
pp. 319-331 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Slee ◽  
S. P. Simpson ◽  
A. W. Stott ◽  
J. C. Williams ◽  
D. E. Samson
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Metabolic Rate ◽  
Heat Production ◽  
Cold Resistance ◽  
Resting Metabolic Rate ◽  
Induced Hypothermia ◽  
Fast Cooling ◽  
Rate Of Cooling ◽  
Effect Of Age ◽  
Shivering Thermogenesis

ABSTRACTDifferent procedures for measuring cold resistance and metabolic rate of newborn lambs were evaluated by varying the extent of induced hypothermia, the rate of cooling and the method of rewarming. Relatively fast cooling followed by a simple self-rewarming procedure proved harmless and satisfactory.The effect of age, from birth up to 2 weeks, on thermoregulation was studied. There was no difference in cold resistance between 0·5 h and 30 h after birth, and between 1 day and 2 weeks after birth, despite a large increase in insulation, body weight and coat depth over this period. Weight-specific resting metabolic rate and cold-induced peak metabolic rate similarly did not change significantly in the first 30 h, although resting metabolic rate tended to be lower at birth than at 30 h of age. Peak metabolic rate decreased significantly between 1 day and 2 weeks of age.The effect of fasting, for 3 to 4 h after birth, on thermoregulation was also studied. Cold resistance and peak metabolic rate were not significantly affected by fasting. Recovery from hypothermia was slightly slower in fasted lambs.These results may reflect the newborn lamb's initial reliance on heat production derived from brown fat and non-shivering thermogenesis. Older lambs, which benefit from better insulation, rely more upon shivering. Fasted lambs showed a tendency to rely more on insulation and slightly less on heat production than suckled lambs.

scholarly journals The energetic cost of mounting an immune response for Pallas’s long-tongued bat (Glossophaga soricina)

PeerJ ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. e4627 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lucia V. Cabrera-Martínez ◽  
L. Gerardo Herrera M. ◽  
Ariovaldo P. Cruz-Neto
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Metabolic Rate ◽  
Total Energy ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Energy Cost ◽  
Resting Metabolic Rate ◽  
Energetic Cost ◽  
Body Mass Change ◽  
Glossophaga Soricina ◽  
Immune Challenges

The acute phase response (APR) is the first line of defense of the vertebrate immune system against pathogens. Mounting an immune response is believed to be energetically costly but direct measures of metabolic rate during immune challenges contradict this assumption. The energetic cost of APR for birds is higher than for rodents, suggesting that this response is less expensive for mammals. However, the particularly large increase in metabolic rate after APR activation for a piscivorous bat (Myotis vivesi) suggests that immune response might be unusually costly for bats. Here we quantified the energetic cost and body mass change associated with APR for the nectarivorous Pallas’s long-tongued bat (Glossophaga soricina). Activation of the APR resulted in a short-term decrease in body mass and an increase in resting metabolic rate (RMR) with a total energy cost of only 2% of the total energy expenditure estimated for G. soricina. This increase in RMR was far from the large increase measured for piscivorous bats; rather, it was similar to the highest values reported for birds. Overall, our results suggest that the costs of APR for bats may vary interspecifically. Measurement of the energy cost of vertebrate immune response is limited to a few species and further work is warranted to evaluate its significance for an animal’s energy budget.

scholarly journals The energetic costs of mounting an immune response in Pallas’s long-tongued bat (Glossophaga soricina)

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lucia Cabrera-Martinez ◽  
L. Gerardo Herrera M. ◽  
Ariovaldo Cruz Neto
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Metabolic Rate ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Energy Cost ◽  
Feeding Habits ◽  
Resting Metabolic Rate ◽  
Energetic Cost ◽  
Body Mass Change ◽  
Glossophaga Soricina ◽  
Total Daily Energy Expenditure

Activation of immune response has been long assumed to be an energy-costly process but direct measures of changes in metabolic rate after eliciting immune response disputes the universality of this assertion. The acute phase response (APR) is the first line of defense of the vertebrate immune system against pathogens and is thought to be energetically costly. Measures of APR energetic cost in birds are higher than in rodents suggesting that this response is less expensive and important for mammals. However, large increase in metabolic rate after APR activation measured in a piscivorous bat species (Myotis vivesi) suggests that immune response is unusually costly for bats. Here we quantified the energetic cost and body mass change associated with APR in the nectarivorous Pallas’s long-tongued bat Glossophaga soricina and compared with values previously measured for piscivorous bats and other vertebrates. APR activation implied an energy cost for G. soricina as indicated by a short-term decrease in body mass and an increase in resting metabolic rate (RMR). However, the increase in RMR was far from the large increase detected in piscivorous bats and it was similar to the highest values measured in birds. Caloric cost of APR represented only 2% of the total daily energy expenditure estimated for G. soricina. Overall our results suggest that the costs of APR for bats may vary interespecifically probably in relation to feeding habits. Measurement of the energy cost of vertebrate immune response is limited to a few species and further work is warranted to evaluate its significance for the animal´s energy budget.

Influence of ambient temperatures on the heat production of pregnant ewes

1964 ◽  
Vol 15 (6) ◽  
pp. 982 ◽  
Author(s):  
N McCGraham
Keyword(s):  
Critical Temperature ◽  
Heat Production ◽  
Fatty Acid Content ◽  
Plasma Free Fatty Acid ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Critical Temperatures ◽  
Blood Constituents ◽  
Ambient Temperatures ◽  
Heat Increment ◽  
Urinary Nitrogen

Two Merino ewes were kept on constant diets throughout pregnancy and, after shearing, were exposed to a series of ambient temperatures between 10 and 35°C on several occasions before lambing and once afterwards. Their heat production and urinary nitrogen output were determined at each temperature, and some blood constituents were also measured. Metabolizable energy intakes were 1300 and 1900 kcal/day. The estimated critical temperatures (minimal heat production) of the sheep ranged from 28 to 35°C, being lower at the higher level of feeding and also during pregnancy. A general relationship between thermoneutral heat production per sq. metre and the critical temperature of shorn sheep was derived; the heat increments of gestation and feeding merely increase thermoneutral heat production and so decrease the critical temperature. The heat increment of gestation was 80 and 90 kcal/24 hr/kg lamb at the high and low feeding levels respectively. Fat oxidation (as indicated by the respiratory quotient) and heat production increased up to twofold at subcritical temperatures. At 10°C there was no heat increment due to pregnancy or feeding; blood glucose was increased by 6–9 mg/100 ml in one sheep, and plasma free fatty acid content was highest at 10° in both sheep (0.9 m-equiv./l.). Heat production also tended to be elevated at the highest temperature. The change was greatest (8%) during pregnancy and at the higher level of feeding. Urinary nitrogen increased at the same time only when the sheep were not pregnant. Improved nitrogen economy during gestation was also apparent at other temperatures.

scholarly journals Metabolic effects of altering the 24 h energy intake in man, using direct and indirect calorimetry

1980 ◽  
Vol 43 (2) ◽  
pp. 257-269 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. J. Dauncey
Keyword(s):  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Metabolic Rate ◽  
Heat Loss ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Heat Production ◽  
Resting Metabolic Rate ◽  
Metabolic Effects ◽  
Evaporative Heat Loss ◽  
High Intake ◽  
Total Heat Loss

1. The metabolic effects of increasing or decreasing the usual energy intake for only 1 d were assessed in eight adult volunteers. Each subject lived for 28 h in a whole-body calorimeter at 26° on three separate occasions of high, medium or low energy intake. Intakes (mean±SEM) of 13830 ± 475 (high), 8400 ± 510 (medium) and 3700 ± 359 (low) kJ/24 h were eaten in three meals of identical nutrient composition.2. Energy expenditure was measured continuously by two methods: direct calorimetry, as total heat loss partitioned into its evaporative and sensible components; and indirect calorimetry, as heat production calculated from oxygen consumption and carbon dioxide production. For the twenty-four sessions there was a mean difference of only 1.2 ± 0.14 (SEM)% between the two estimates of 24 h energy expenditure, with heat loss being less than heat production. Since experimental error was involved in both estimates it would be wrong to ascribe greater accuracy to either one of the measures of energy expenditure.3. Despite the wide variation in the metabolic responses of the subjects to over-eating and under-eating, in comparison with the medium intake the 24 h heat production increased significantly by 10% on the high intake and decreased by 6% on the low intake. Mean (± SEM) values for 24 h heat production were 8770 ± 288, 7896 ± 297 and 7495 ± 253 kJ on the high, medium and low intakes respectively. The effects of over-eating were greatest at night and the resting metabolic rate remained elevated by 12% 14 h after the last meal. By contrast, during under-eating the metabolic rate at night decreased by only 1%.4. Evaporative heat loss accounted for an average of 25% of the total heat loss at each level of intake. Changes in evaporative heat loss were +14% on the high intake and −10% on the low intake. Sensible heat loss altered by +9% and −5% on the high and low intakes respectively.5. It is concluded that (a) the effects on 24 h energy expenditure of over-feeding for only 1 d do not differ markedly from those estimated by some other workers after several weeks of increasing the energy intake; (b) the resting metabolic rate, measured at least 14 h after the last meal, can be affected by the previous day's energy intake; (c) the zone of ambient temperature within which metabolism is minimal is probably altered by the level of energy intake.

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