The Effect of the Climatic Housing Environment on the Growth of Dairy-Bred Calves in the First Month of Life on a Scottish Farm

Calf housing is naturally thermodynamic, with interactions between various elements such as wind speed, air temperature, and humidity. This study investigated the effect of the proportion of time for which calves were exposed to effective environmental temperatures below their lower critical temperature (LCT) on their daily liveweight gain (DLWG) within their first month of life. This study used the naturally occurring climatic environment, whereas other such studies have been conducted under climatically controlled conditions. Air temperature (°C), relative humidity (%), and wind speed (m/s) were recorded within the calf housing from birth until approximately 28 days of age, with calves being health-scored and weighed at regular intervals. Calves were housed from birth until 6–14 days old in individual hutches, and then moved into group housing igloo pens. Whilst individually housed, calves that spent less than 32% of their time below their LCT had a DLWG of 0.06 ± 0.34 kg/d (mean ± SE) compared to calves that spent more than 97% of their time below their LCT, which had a DLWG of −0.19 ± 0.045 kg/d. When group housed, calves that spent less than 1% of their time below their LCT had a DLWG of 0.59 ± 0.18 kg/d, whereas calves that spent more than 28% of their time below their LCT had a DLWG of 0.53 ± 0.23 kg/d. The proportion of time for which calves were exposed to effective environmental temperatures below their LCT had a significant effect on DLWG when calves were individually housed. Therefore, exposure to effective environmental temperatures below the LCT can be detrimental to the growth of the calf in the early stages of its life.

Field and laboratory metabolism and thermoregulation in rhinoceros auklets

Seabirds spend most of their lives at sea, except when visiting their breeding sites. Since the thermal conductivity of water is 25 times higher than that of air, seabirds resting on water lose heat and expend a considerable amount of energy for thermoregulation. For example, rhinoceros auklet (Cerorhinca monocerata), a medium-sized (480–620 g) alcid, spends most of its time floating on the sea. In order to estimate the cost of this behavior in terms of their daily energy expenditure (DEE), we studied rhinoceros auklets breeding on Teuri Island, Hokkaido Japan. We measured their resting metabolic rate (RMR) in air and on water by respirometry, and estimated their DEE by the doubly labeled water method. While RMR on water did not vary significantly between 10 °C and 15 °C, it was significantly higher at 5 °C. Air temperature (5.0–20.0 °C) had no effect on RMR. The DEE of free-ranging auklets averaged 1,005.5 kJ day−1 (±130.2, n = 3). Our results indicate that RMRs are elevated for auklets resting on water, particularly below their lower critical temperature (LCT), compared with in air. Accordingly, spending time above their LCT on water at any time of year will provide enhanced benefits, particularly to seabirds such as rhinoceros auklets which rest a considerable amount of time on water.

Infinite Teaching (R) In Collection and (R*) By Allegory and Conformity

In given work a scientific base compatibility of polymers, produced by industry have been studied by revealing of thermodynamically regularities of polymer mixtures. The most significant thermodynamic regularities of the mixtures of polyolefin , produced by industry and heterochained polymers have been revealed and on this base the scientific bases of their compatibility have been developed for creation of multicomponent compositional materials with given complex of operating properties. Key words: polymer-polymer mixtures, chlorinated polyethylene (CPE), polymethylmetaacrylate (PMMA), polyethylene of low density (PELD), chlorcarboxylated polyethylene of low density (CCPE) chlorinated PELD (CPE), polyvinyl chloride (PVC), criteria of compatibility, chlorination, upper and lower critical temperature, specific holding of volume, Qibbs mixing energy, parameter of solubility, distribution of macromolecules, chlorine-chlorocontaining polymers, polar groups, thermodynamically compatibility, sorbate, gas-carrier.

Thermodinamics and Mutual Distribution of Macromolecules in the Systems: Chlorine Chlorocontaining Polymers

In given work a scientific base compatibility of polymers, produced by industry have been studied by revealing of thermodynamically regularities of polymer mixtures. The most significant thermodynamic regularities of the mixtures of polyolefin , produced by industry and heterochained polymers have been revealed and on this base the scientific bases of their compatibility have been developed for creation of multicomponent compositional materials with given complex of operating properties. Key words: polymer-polymer mixtures, chlorinated polyethylene (CPE), polymethylmetaacrylate (PMMA), polyethylene of low density (PELD), chlorcarboxylated polyethylene of low density (CCPE) chlorinated PELD (CPE), polyvinyl chloride (PVC), criteria of compatibility, chlorination, upper and lower critical temperature, specific holding of volume, Qibbs mixing energy, parameter of solubility, distribution of macromolecules, chlorine-chlorocontaining polymers, polar groups, thermodynamically compatibility, sorbate, gas-carrier.

Generating Compressive Surface Residual Stresses Using Hydraulic Autofrettage Process With Heat Treatment

Recently, a method of inducing compressive residual stresses in the vicinity of the walls of a thermally autofrettaged cylinder was proposed. In the proposed method, the thermally autofrettaged cylinder was heated in such a manner that its outer wall attained a temperature more than the lower critical temperature and the inner wall was at a sufficiently lower temperature. When the cylinder was quenched, compressive residual stresses were induced in the vicinity of the cylinder walls. This article investigates the feasibility of the same procedure for a hydraulic-autofrettaged cylinder made of AISI 1080 steel. A finite element method (FEM)-based analysis is carried out using commercial package abaqus by incorporating microstructure and temperature-dependent material properties. The results indicate that the heat treatment design proposed for the thermally autofrettaged cylinder to induce compressive residual stresses at the outer wall can also be adapted for a hydraulic-autofrettaged cylinder. However, for cylinders subjected to high percentage of autofrettage, heating of the outer wall needs to be carried out well below the lower critical temperature. In fact, this is an advantage in terms of energy saving and can be implemented even for cylinders subjected to a low percentage of autofrettage.

The Influence of Initiator Concentration on Selected Properties on Poly-N-Vinylcaprolactam Nanoparticles

The thermosensitive polymers of N-vinylcaprolactam P1, P2, P3, P4, and P5 were synthesized via the surfactant free precipitation polymerization (SFPP) at 70 °C in the presence of cationic initiator 2,2’-azobis[2-methylpropionamidine] dihydrochloride (AMPA). The influence of various concentrations of initiator AMPA on particle size, aggregation and lower critical temperature solution (LCST) was investigated by dynamic light scattering (DLS) measurement. The conductivity was measured in the course of the synthesis and during temperature decrease of the reaction mixtures. The polymers were characterized by Attenuated Total Reflectance-Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR), 1H NMR, and thermogravimetric analysis. Thermal parameters of the degradations process were investigated using thermogravimetric analysis (TGA/DTA) under non-isothermal conditions in N2 atmosphere. The samples were characterized by powder X-ray diffraction analysis (PXRD).The hydrodynamic diameter (HD), polydispersity index (PDI) and zeta potential (ZP) were measured in aqueous dispersions of the synthesized polymers in temperature 18–45 °C. HD and PDI values at 18 °C were 137.23 ± 67.65 nm (PDI = 0.53 ± 0.18), 83.40 ± 74.46 nm (PDI = 0.35 ± 0.08), 22.11 ± 0.29 nm (PDI = 0.45 ± 0.05), 29.27 ± 0.50 nm (PDI = 0.41 ± 0.04), 39.18 ± 0.57 nm (PDI = 0.38 ± 0.01) for P1, P2, P3, P4, and P5, respectively. The aqueous solutions of the obtained polymers at 18–45 °C had a positive charge. ZP’s for P1, P2, P3, P4, and P5 polymers at 18 °C were 11.64 ± 4.27 mV, 12.71 ± 3.56 mV, 3.24 ± 0.10 mV, 0.77 ± 0.28 mV, 1.78 ± 0.56 mV respectively. The LCST range was between 32 and 38 °C. We conclude that the concentration of initiator affects the size of obtained polymeric spheres and theirs LCST.

Development of a Thermal Autofrettage Setup to Generate Compressive Residual Stresses on the Surfaces of a Cylinder

Recently, a heat treatment technique has been proposed to induce compressive residual stresses at the vicinity of the outer wall of a thermally autofrettaged cylinder. In the proposed technique, the outer wall of a thermally autofrettaged vessel is heated above the lower critical temperature while temperature of the inner wall is kept below it. The cylinder is then quenched, which induces compressive residual stresses both at the inner and outer walls. This article presents the construction and working of an experimental setup to carry out the proposed heat treatment coupled thermal autofrettage process. Experiments are carried out on AH36 mild steel cylinders to assess the presence of the compressive residual stresses. Measurement of microhardness and opening angle of cut in a thermally autofrettaged AH36 steel cylinder provided the evidence for compressive residual stresses at the outer wall of the cylinder. A finite element method (FEM) technique was used to predict the opening angle of cut. Predicted opening angle was fairly close to experimental observation.

Quantification of the Capacity for Cold-Induced Thermogenesis in Young Men With and Without Obesity

ObjectiveCold exposure increases energy expenditure (EE) and could have a role in combating obesity. To understand this potential, we determined the capacity for cold-induced thermogenesis (CIT), the EE increase above the basal metabolic rate at the individualized coldest tolerable temperature before overt shivering.DesignDuring a 13-day inpatient protocol, we quantitated the EE of 12 lean men and 9 men with obesity at various randomly ordered ambient temperatures in a room calorimeter. Subjects underwent brown fat imaging after exposure to their coldest tolerable temperature.ResultsCIT capacity was 300 ± 218 kcal/d (mean ± SD) or 17 ± 11% in lean men and 125 ± 146 kcal/d or 6 ± 7% in men with obesity (P = 0.01). The temperature below which EE increased, lower critical temperature (Tlc), was warmer in lean men than men with obesity (22.9 ± 1.2 vs 21.1 ± 1.7°C, P = 0.03), but both had similar skin temperature (Tskin) changes and coldest tolerable temperatures. Whereas lean subjects had higher brown fat activity, skeletal muscle activity increased synchronously with CIT beginning at the Tlc in both groups, indicating that muscle is recruited for CIT in parallel with brown fat, not sequentially after nonshivering thermogenesis is maximal.ConclusionsDespite greater insulation from fat, men with obesity had a narrower range of tolerable cool temperatures available for increasing EE and less capacity for CIT than lean men, likely as a result of greater basal heat production and similar perception to Tskin cooling. Further study of the reduced CIT capacity in men with obesity may inform treatment opportunities for obesity.

Thermal behaviour of edible crab Cancer pagurus Linnaeus, 1758 in coastal Norway

Ocean warming drives latitudinal shifts in the distribution of ectotherm species. The rate and magnitude of such shifts are constrained by physiology and behavioural thermoregulation. Here, we investigated the thermal preference and lower critical temperature (CTmin) in female edible crab Cancer pagurus, a decapod crustacean with an ongoing northward dispersal along the Norwegian coast. The temperature selected by individual crabs from a northern (latitude ~69°N) and southern (latitude ~62°N) location was examined in a horizontal gradient (5.5-14.5°C) under a simulated day and night light regime. Irrespective of origin, crabs showed pronounced responses to the light cycle – during the day crabs stayed inactive in the warm end of the gradient but during night they actively explored the entire gradient. A preferred temperature of ~13 °C (measured as mode of loggings) was identified for crabs at both locations. Righting reflex experiments of crabs exposed to a rapid temperature drop (7 - 1 °C at -0.1 °C/min) identified a CTmin of ~1.3 °C (i.e., the temperature at which 50% of crabs failed to right from an up-side-down position), and with no significant difference between locations (p > 0.05). Our results provide important information about the functional characteristics of edible crab, and are discussed in context of the biology and ongoing northward dispersal of the species.