Heart rate and rate of oxygen consumption of exercising macaroni penguins

2001 ◽  
Vol 204 (4) ◽  
pp. 673-684 ◽  
Author(s):  
J.A. Green ◽  
P.J. Butler ◽  
A.J. Woakes ◽  
I.L. Boyd ◽  
R.L. Holder
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Average Error ◽  
Specific Rate ◽  
Variable Speed ◽  
Treadmill Speed ◽  
Eudyptes Chrysolophus ◽  
Rate Of Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Free Ranging ◽  
The Relationship

Twenty-four macaroni penguins (Eudyptes chrysolophus) from three groups, breeding males (N=9), breeding females (N=9) and moulting females (N=6), were exercised on a variable-speed treadmill. Heart rate (fH) and mass-specific rate of oxygen consumption (sVO2) were recorded from the animals, and both fh and sVO2 were found to increase linearly with increasing treadmill speed. A linear regression equation described the relationship between fh and sVO2 for each individual. There were no significant differences in these regressions between breeding and moulting females. There were significant differences in these relationships between all females and breeding males. fH and s VO2 were recorded from five of these animals for a total of 24 h. When fh was used to predict sVO2 for the 24 h period using the derived regressions, the estimate was not significantly different from the measured values, with an average error of −2.1 %. When fh was used to predict sVO2 for the 5 min intervals used for the calibration in all 24 birds, the estimate was not significantly different from the observed values, and the average error was only +0.47 %. Since the fH/sVO2 relationship was the same during periods of the annual cycle when the animals were inactive/fasting and active/foraging, it seems reasonable that, as long as sex differences are taken into account, fh can be used to predict the metabolic rates of free-ranging macaroni penguins all year round.

The heart rate/oxygen consumption relationship during cold exposure of the king penguin: a comparison with that during exercise

2002 ◽  
Vol 205 (16) ◽  
pp. 2511-2517 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Froget ◽  
Y. Handrich ◽  
Y. Le Maho ◽  
J.-L. Rouanet ◽  
A. J. Woakes ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Critical Temperature ◽  
Body Condition ◽  
Heart Beat ◽  
Lower Critical Temperature ◽  
Rate Of Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Free Ranging ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Environmental Temperatures

SUMMARY This study investigated whether exposure to low ambient temperature could be used as an alternative to exercise for calibrating heart rate (fH)against rate of oxygen consumption(V̇O2) for subsequent use of fH to estimate V̇O2 in free-ranging animals. Using the relationship between the oxygen pulse (OP, the amount of oxygen used per heart beat) and an index of body condition (or nutritional index, NI), a relationship between fH and V̇O2 was established for resting king penguins exposed to a variety of environmental temperatures. Although there was a small but significant increase in the OP above and below the lower critical temperature (-4.9°C), there was no difference in the relationship obtained between the OP and body condition (NI)obtained above or below the lower critical temperature. These results were then compared with those obtained in a previous study in which the relationship between fH and V̇O2 had been established for king penguins during steady-state exercise. The relationship between OP and NI in the present study was not significantly different from the relationship between resting OP and NI in the previous study. However, the relationship was different from that between active OP and NI. We conclude that, at least for king penguins, although thermoregulation does not affect the relationship between resting OP and NI, temperature cannot be used as an alternative to exercise for calibrating fH against V̇O2 for subsequent use of fH to estimate V̇O2 in free-ranging animals.

Estimating the rate of oxygen consumption during submersion from the heart rate of diving animals

2007 ◽  
Vol 292 (5) ◽  
pp. R2028-R2038 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. A. Green ◽  
L. G Halsey ◽  
P. J. Butler ◽  
R. L. Holder
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Recovery Period ◽  
Breath Hold ◽  
Interval Duration ◽  
Subsequent Recovery ◽  
Oxygen Stores ◽  
Eudyptes Chrysolophus ◽  
Rate Of Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Free Ranging

How animals manage their oxygen stores during diving and other breath-hold activities has been a topic of debate among physiologists for decades. Specifically, while the behavior of free-ranging diving animals suggests that metabolism during submersion must be primarily aerobic in nature, no studies have been able to determine their rate of oxygen consumption during submersion (V̇o2d) and hence prove that this is the case. In the present study, we combine two previously used techniques and develop a new model to estimate V̇o2d accurately and plausibly in a free-ranging animal and apply it to data for macaroni penguins ( Eudyptes chrysolophus) as an example. For macaroni penguins at least, V̇o2d can be predicted by measuring heart rate during the dive cycle and the subsequent surface interval duration. Including maximum depth of the dive improves the accuracy of these predictions. This suggests that energetically demanding locomotion events within the dive combine with the differing buoyancy and locomotion costs associated with traveling to depth to influence its cost in terms of oxygen use. This will in turn effect the duration of the dive and the duration of the subsequent recovery period. In the present study, V̇o2d ranged from 4 to 28 ml·min−1·kg−1, indicating that, at least as far as aerobic metabolism was concerned, macaroni penguins were often hypometabolic, with rates of oxygen consumption usually below that for this species resting in water (25.6 ml·min−1·kg−1) and occasionally lower than that while resting in air (10.3 ml·min−1·kg−1).

Heart rate as an indicator of oxygen consumption: influence of body condition in the king penguin

2001 ◽  
Vol 204 (12) ◽  
pp. 2133-2144 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Froget ◽  
P. J. Butler ◽  
Y. Handrich ◽  
A. J. Woakes
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Body Condition ◽  
Active Oxygen ◽  
The Body ◽  
Regression Equations ◽  
Oxygen Pulse ◽  
Rate Of Oxygen Consumption ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship

SUMMARY The use of heart rate to estimate field metabolic rate has become a more widely used technique. However, this method also has some limitations, among which is the possible impact that several variables such as sex, body condition (i.e. body fat stores) and/or inactivity might have on the relationship between heart rate and rate of oxygen consumption. In the present study, we investigate the extent to which body condition can affect the use of heart rate as an indicator of the rate of oxygen consumption. Twenty-two breeding king penguins (Aptenodytes patagonicus) were exercised on a variable-speed treadmill. These birds were allocated to four groups according to their sex and whether or not they had been fasting. Linear regression equations were used to describe the relationship between heart rate and the rate of oxygen consumption for each group. There were significant differences between the regression equations for the four groups. Good relationships were obtained between resting and active oxygen pulses and an index of the body condition of the birds. Validation experiments on six courting king penguins showed that the use of a combination of resting oxygen pulse and active oxygen pulse gave the best estimate of the rate of oxygen consumption V̇O2. The mean percentage error between predicted and measured V̇O2 was only +0.81% for the six birds. We conclude that heart rate can be used to estimate rate of oxygen consumption in free-ranging king penguins even over a small time scale (30min). However, (i) the type of activity of the bird must be known and (ii) the body condition of the bird must be accurately determined. More investigations on the impact of fasting and/or inactivity on this relationship are required to refine these estimates further.

Cardiac output as a predictor of metabolic rate in cod gadus morhua

1998 ◽  
Vol 201 (19) ◽  
pp. 2779-2789 ◽  
Author(s):  
DM Webber ◽  
RG Boutilier ◽  
SR Kerr
Keyword(s):  
Cardiac Output ◽  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Metabolic Rate ◽  
Swimming Speed ◽  
Gadus Morhua ◽  
Atlantic Cod ◽  
Rate Of Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Free Ranging ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Fisheries Biology

Adult Atlantic cod (2 kg Gadus morhua) were fitted with Doppler ultrasonic flow-probes to measure ventral aortic outflow (i.e. cardiac output). The probes remained patent for upwards of 3 months, during which time detailed relationships between cardiac output (), heart rate (fh) and rate of oxygen consumption (O2) were determined as a function of swimming speed and temperature (5 degreesC and 10 degreesC). The rate of oxygen consumption increased linearly with and exponentially with swimming speed. A very good correlation was observed between O2 and (r2=0.86) compared with the correlation between O2 and fh (r2=0.50 for all 10 degreesC data and r2=0.86 for all 5 degreesC data). However, the O2 versus fh correlation gradually improved over approximately 1 week after surgery (r2=0.86). The relationship between O2 and was independent of temperature, while the relationship between O2 and fh changed with temperature. Hence, calculating O2 from is simpler and does not require that temperature be recorded simultaneously. Variations in cardiac output were determined more by changes in stroke volume (Vs) than by fh; therefore, fh was a less reliable predictor of metabolic rate than was . Given that can be used to estimate O2 so faithfully, the advent of a cardiac output telemeter would enable robust estimates to be made of the activity metabolism of free-ranging fish in nature, thereby strengthening one of the weakest links in the bioenergetic models of fisheries biology.

Heart rate and the rate of oxygen consumption of flying and walking barnacle geese (Branta leucopsis) and bar-headed geese (Anser indicus)

2002 ◽  
Vol 205 (21) ◽  
pp. 3347-3356 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Ward ◽  
C. M. Bishop ◽  
A. J. Woakes ◽  
P. J. Butler
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Wind Tunnel ◽  
Migratory Birds ◽  
Free Living ◽  
Rate Of Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Barnacle Geese ◽  
Branta Leucopsis ◽  
Anser Indicus ◽  
The Relationship

SUMMARYWe tested the hypotheses that the relationship between heart rate(fH) and the rate of oxygen consumption(V̇O2) differs between walking and flying in geese and that fH and V̇O2 have a U-shaped relationship with flight speed. We trained barnacle geese Branta leucopsis (mean mass 2.1 kg) and bar-headed geese Anser indicus(mean mass 2.6 kg) to walk inside a respirometer on a treadmill and to fly in a wind tunnel with a respirometry mask at a range of speeds. We measured fH and V̇O2simultaneously during walking on the treadmill in five individuals of each species and in one bar-headed goose and four barnacle geese during flight in the wind tunnel. The relationships between fH and V̇O2 were significantly different between flying and walking. V̇O2 was higher,and the increment in V̇O2 for a given increase in fH was greater, for flying than for walking geese. The relationship between fH and V̇O2 of free-living barnacle geese during their natural migratory flights must differ from that measured in the wind tunnel, since the fH of wild migratory birds corresponds to values of V̇O2 that are unrealistically low when using the calibration relationship for our captive birds. Neither fH nor V̇O2 varied with flight velocity across the range of speeds over which the geese would fly sustainably.

scholarly journals The relationship between heart rate and rate of oxygen consumption in Galapagos marine iguanas (Amblyrhynchus cristatus) at two different temperatures

2002 ◽  
Vol 205 (13) ◽  
pp. 1917-1924 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patrick J. Butler ◽  
Peter B. Frappell ◽  
Tobias Wang ◽  
Martin Wikelski
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Venous Blood ◽  
Mixed Venous Blood ◽  
Specific Rate ◽  
Amblyrhynchus Cristatus ◽  
Exercise Period ◽  
Rate Of Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Marine Iguanas ◽  
The Difference

SUMMARY To enable the use of heart rate (fH) for estimating field metabolic rate (FMR) in free-ranging Galapagos marine iguanas Amblyrhynchus cristatus, we determined the relationships between fH and mass-specific rate of oxygen consumption(sV̇O2) in seven iguanas before and during exercise on a treadmill and during the post-exercise period. The experiments were conducted at 27 and 35°C, which are the temperatures that represent the lowest and highest average body temperatures of these animals in the field during summer. There were linear and significant relationships between fH and sV̇O2 at both temperatures (r2=0.86 and 0.91 at 27°C and 36°C,respectively). The slopes of the two regression lines did not differ, but there were significant differences in their intercepts. Thus, while heart rate can be used to predict FMR, the effects of temperature on the intercept of the regression must be taken into account when converting fH to sV̇O2. On the basis of our data, this can be achieved by applying the following formula: \batchmode \documentclass[fleqn,10pt,legalpaper]{article} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amsmath} \pagestyle{empty} \begin{document} \[\mathrm{s}{\dot{V}}_{\mathrm{o}_{2}}=0.0113f\mathrm{H}-0.2983\mathrm{Q}_{10}^{\frac{(T_{\mathrm{b}}-27)}{10}}.\] \end{document}The increase in sV̇O2 with elevated body temperature results from an increase in fH, with no significant change in mass-specific oxygen pulse (sO2 pulse;cardiac stroke volume times the difference in oxygen content between arterial and mixed venous blood). However, during exercise at both temperatures,increases in fH are insufficient to provide all of the additional O2 required and there are also significant increases in the sO2 pulses. This creates the situation whereby the same fH at the two temperatures can represent different values of sV̇O2.

Cardiovascular adjustments during locomotion in penguins

2005 ◽  
Vol 83 (3) ◽  
pp. 445-454 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonathan Green ◽  
Anthony Woakes ◽  
Ian Boyd ◽  
Patrick Butler
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Heart Beat ◽  
Similar Species ◽  
Terrestrial Locomotion ◽  
Oxygen Pulse ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Eudyptes Chrysolophus ◽  
Rate Of Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Physical Forces ◽  
The Relationship

The high costs of airborne flapping flight are reflected in a difference between the oxygen pulse (OP; amount of oxygen consumed per heart beat) during flight and that during terrestrial locomotion, as well as a difference in the relationship between heart rate (fH) and rate of oxygen consumption ([Formula: see text]O2). We tested and failed to accept the hypothesis that there would be similar differences in the fH–[Formula: see text]O2 and [Formula: see text]O2–OP relationships during swimming under water and during walking for macaroni penguins (Eudyptes chrysolophus (Brandt, 1837)). We suggest that this may be a result of the penguins having to overcome physical forces different from those experienced by volant birds and possibly a response to limited access to oxygen while porpoising or diving. This result has important implications for those who wish to use fH to estimate [Formula: see text]O2 and hence metabolic rate in the field for this and similar species. To test the utility of the relationship, we compared our results with data obtained previously for this species, and we simultaneously measured [Formula: see text]O2 in a respirometer and estimated [Formula: see text]O2 from fH for 48 h. There was no significant difference in the fH–[Formula: see text]O2 or [Formula: see text]O2–OP relationships between the two studies or between [Formula: see text]O2 estimated from fH and that measured using respirometry.

Heart rate and behavior of fur seals: implications for measurement of field energetics

1999 ◽  
Vol 276 (3) ◽  
pp. H844-H857 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. L. Boyd ◽  
R. M. Bevan ◽  
A. J. Woakes ◽  
P. J. Butler
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Swimming Speed ◽  
Activity Patterns ◽  
Time Lags ◽  
Fur Seals ◽  
Data Loggers ◽  
Rate Of Oxygen Consumption ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
Free Ranging ◽  
The Relationship

Archival data loggers were used to collect information about depth, swimming speed, and heart rate in 23 free-ranging antarctic fur seals. Deployments averaged 9.6 ± 5.6 days (SD) and totaled 191 days of recording. Heart rate averaged 108.7 ± 17.7 beats/min (SD) but varied from 83 to 145 beats/min among animals. Morphometrics explained most variations in heart rate among animals. These interacted with diving activity and swimming speed to produce a complex relationship between heart rate and activity patterns. Heart rate was also correlated with behavior over time lags of several hours. There was significant ( P < 0.05) variation among animals in the degree of diving bradycardia. On average, heart rate declined from 100–130 beats/min before the dive to 70–100 beats/min during submersion. On the basis of the relationship between heart rate and rate of oxygen consumption, the overall metabolic rate was 5.46 ± 1.61 W/kg (SD). Energy expenditure appears to be allocated to different activities within the metabolic scope of individual animals. This highlights the possibility that some activities can be mutually exclusive of one another.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document