scholarly journals Appetitive olfactory learning suffers in ants when octopamine or dopamine receptors are blocked

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maarten Wissink ◽  
Volker Nehring
Keyword(s):  
Dopamine Receptors ◽  
Short Term Memory ◽  
Olfactory Learning ◽  
Receptor Blocker ◽  
Lasius Niger ◽  
Insect Brain ◽  
Long Term Memory ◽  
Term Memory ◽  
Appetitive Learning ◽  
Octopamine Receptor

Associative learning relies on the detection of coincidence between a stimulus and a reward or punishment. In the insect brain, this process is carried out in the mushroom bodies under control of octopaminergic and dopaminergic neurons. It was assumed that appetitive learning is governed by octopaminergic neurons, while dopamine is required for aversive learning. This view has been recently challenged: Both neurotransmitters are involved in both types of learning in bees and flies. Here, we test which neurotransmitters are required for appetitive learning in ants. We trained Lasius niger workers to discriminate two mixtures of linear hydrocarbons and to associate one of them with a sucrose reward. We analysed the walking paths of the ants using machine learning and found that the ants spent more time near the rewarded odour than the other, a preference that was stable for at least 24 hours. We then treated the ants before learning with either epinastine, an octopamine receptor blocker, or with flupentixol, a dopamine receptor blocker. Ants with blocked octopamine receptors did not prefer the rewarded odour. Octopamine signalling is thus necessary for appetitive learning of olfactory cues, likely because it signals information about odours or reward to the mushroom body. In contrast, ants with blocked dopamine receptors initially learned the rewarded odour but failed to retrieve this memory 24 hours later. Dopamine is thus likely required for long-term memory consolidation, independent of short-term memory formation. Our results show that appetitive olfactory learning depends on both octopamine and dopamine signalling in ants.

scholarly journals Appetitive learning relies on octopamine and dopamine in ants

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maarten Wissink ◽  
Volker Nehring
Keyword(s):  
Short Term Memory ◽  
Receptor Blocker ◽  
Lasius Niger ◽  
Insect Brain ◽  
Long Term Memory ◽  
Term Memory ◽  
Appetitive Learning ◽  
Octopamine Receptors ◽  
Octopamine Receptor

Associative learning relies on the detection of coincidence between a stimulus and a reward or punishment. In the insect brain, this process is thought to be carried out in the mushroom bodies under control of octopaminergic and dopaminergic neurons. It was assumed that appetitive learning is governed by octopaminergic neurons, while dopamine is required for aversive learning. This view has been recently challenged: Both neurotransmitters seem to be involved in both types of memory in bees and flies. Here, we test which neurotransmitters are required for appetitive learning in ants. We trained Lasius niger ant workers to discriminate two mixtures of linear hydrocarbons and associate one of them with a sucrose reward. We analysed the behaviour of the trained ants using machine learning and found that they preferred the rewarded odour over the other, a preference that was stable for at least 24 hours. We then treated the ants before learning with either epinastine, an octopamine receptor blocker, or with flupentixol, a dopamine receptor blocker. Ants with blocked octopamine receptors did not remember the rewarded odour. Octopamine signalling is thus necessary for the formation of appetitive memory. In contrast, ants with blocked dopamine receptors initially learned the rewarded odour but failed to retrieve this memory 24 hours later. Dopamine is thus required for long-term memory consolidation during appetitive conditioning, independent of short-term memory formation. Our results show that appetitive learning depends on both octopamine and dopamine signalling in ants.

Effects of Acetoxycycloheximide on Appetitive Learning and Memory

1972 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 102-114 ◽  
Author(s):  
Denver Daniels
Keyword(s):  
Motor Activity ◽  
Short Term Memory ◽  
Physiological Saline ◽  
Long Term Memory ◽  
General Motor ◽  
Term Memory ◽  
Appetitive Learning ◽  
Inhibitor Of Protein Synthesis ◽  
Acquisition Memory

The effects of direct brain infusions of acetoxycycloheximide (an inhibitor of protein synthesis; ACXH) on acquisition, storage and recall of memory for one-trial appetitive learning were examined in five experiments. ACXH was infused into the rats' hippocampi through implanted cannulas. Control subjects received an equal volume of physiological saline. ACXH was infused (a) 5 h before acquisition, (b) 5 hr before commencement of recall tests, and (c) immediately after acquisition. Each subject's general motor activity was recording during testing. The results indicate that (1) ACXH has similar effects on appetitive and avoidance learning. (2) ACXH administered immediately after acquisition, has no effect on memory. (3) At 4 hr after acquisition memory is affected by ACXH. (4) Short-term memory is unaffected by ACXH and can exist independently of long-term memory. (5) ACXH consistently reduces general motor activity.

Conceptual short-term memory (CSTM) supports core claims of Christiansen and Chater

2016 ◽  
Vol 39 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mary C. Potter
Keyword(s):  
Working Memory ◽  
Rapid Serial Visual Presentation ◽  
Language Comprehension ◽  
Short Term Memory ◽  
Visual Presentation ◽  
Long Term Memory ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Term Memory ◽  
Use Of Knowledge

AbstractRapid serial visual presentation (RSVP) of words or pictured scenes provides evidence for a large-capacity conceptual short-term memory (CSTM) that momentarily provides rich associated material from long-term memory, permitting rapid chunking (Potter 1993; 2009; 2012). In perception of scenes as well as language comprehension, we make use of knowledge that briefly exceeds the supposed limits of working memory.

Comparison of Auditory, Language, Memory, and Attention Abilities in Children With and Without Listening Difficulties

2020 ◽  
Vol 29 (4) ◽  
pp. 710-727
Author(s):  
Beula M. Magimairaj ◽  
Naveen K. Nagaraj ◽  
Alexander V. Sergeev ◽  
Natalie J. Benafield
Keyword(s):  
Auditory Processing ◽  
Short Term Memory ◽  
Group Differences ◽  
Long Term Memory ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Significant Group ◽  
Term Memory ◽  
Memory And Attention ◽  
Speed And Accuracy

Objectives School-age children with and without parent-reported listening difficulties (LiD) were compared on auditory processing, language, memory, and attention abilities. The objective was to extend what is known so far in the literature about children with LiD by using multiple measures and selective novel measures across the above areas. Design Twenty-six children who were reported by their parents as having LiD and 26 age-matched typically developing children completed clinical tests of auditory processing and multiple measures of language, attention, and memory. All children had normal-range pure-tone hearing thresholds bilaterally. Group differences were examined. Results In addition to significantly poorer speech-perception-in-noise scores, children with LiD had reduced speed and accuracy of word retrieval from long-term memory, poorer short-term memory, sentence recall, and inferencing ability. Statistically significant group differences were of moderate effect size; however, standard test scores of children with LiD were not clinically poor. No statistically significant group differences were observed in attention, working memory capacity, vocabulary, and nonverbal IQ. Conclusions Mild signal-to-noise ratio loss, as reflected by the group mean of children with LiD, supported the children's functional listening problems. In addition, children's relative weakness in select areas of language performance, short-term memory, and long-term memory lexical retrieval speed and accuracy added to previous research on evidence-based areas that need to be evaluated in children with LiD who almost always have heterogenous profiles. Importantly, the functional difficulties faced by children with LiD in relation to their test results indicated, to some extent, that commonly used assessments may not be adequately capturing the children's listening challenges. Supplemental Material https://doi.org/10.23641/asha.12808607

The Acute Effect of Alcohol on Various Memory Processes

2010 ◽  
Vol 24 (4) ◽  
pp. 249-252 ◽  
Author(s):  
Márk Molnár ◽  
Roland Boha ◽  
Balázs Czigler ◽  
Zsófia Anna Gaál
Keyword(s):  
Low Dose ◽  
Short Term Memory ◽  
Acute Effect ◽  
Long Term Memory ◽  
Term Memory ◽  
Memory Processes ◽  
Different Types ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Legal Consequences

This review surveys relevant and recent data of the pertinent literature regarding the acute effect of alcohol on various kinds of memory processes with special emphasis on working memory. The characteristics of different types of long-term memory (LTM) and short-term memory (STM) processes are summarized with an attempt to relate these to various structures in the brain. LTM is typically impaired by chronic alcohol intake but according to some data a single dose of ethanol may have long lasting effects if administered at a critically important age. The most commonly seen deleterious acute effect of alcohol to STM appears following large doses of ethanol in conditions of “binge drinking” causing the “blackout” phenomenon. However, with the application of various techniques and well-structured behavioral paradigms it is possible to detect, albeit occasionally, subtle changes of cognitive processes even as a result of a low dose of alcohol. These data may be important for the consideration of legal consequences of low-dose ethanol intake in conditions such as driving, etc.

scholarly journals An Approach toward the Development of a Functional Encoding Model of Short Term Memory during Reading

1978 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 141-148
Author(s):  
Mary Anne Herndon
Keyword(s):  
Cluster Analysis ◽  
Storage Capacity ◽  
Short Term Memory ◽  
Long Term Memory ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Processing Efficiency ◽  
Term Memory ◽  
Information Unit ◽  
Subsequent Storage

In a model of the functioning of short term memory, the encoding of information for subsequent storage in long term memory is simulated. In the encoding process, semantically equivalent paragraphs are detected for recombination into a macro information unit. This recombination process can be used to relieve the limited storage capacity constraint of short term memory and subsequently increase processing efficiency. The results of the simulation give a favorable indication of the success for the use of cluster analysis as a tool to simulate the encoding function in the detection of semantically similar paragraphs.

scholarly journals Remember like humans

2017 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 172988141769231 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ning An ◽  
Shi-Ying Sun ◽  
Xiao-Guang Zhao ◽  
Zeng-Guang Hou
Keyword(s):  
Short Term Memory ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Sensory Memory ◽  
Long Term Memory ◽  
Observation Model ◽  
Two Dimensional ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Term Memory ◽  
Memory Register

Visual tracking is a challenging computer vision task due to the significant observation changes of the target. By contrast, the tracking task is relatively easy for humans. In this article, we propose a tracker inspired by the cognitive psychological memory mechanism, which decomposes the tracking task into sensory memory register, short-term memory tracker, and long-term memory tracker like humans. The sensory memory register captures information with three-dimensional perception; the short-term memory tracker builds the highly plastic observation model via memory rehearsal; the long-term memory tracker builds the highly stable observation model via memory encoding and retrieval. With the cooperative models, the tracker can easily handle various tracking scenarios. In addition, an appearance-shape learning method is proposed to update the two-dimensional appearance model and three-dimensional shape model appropriately. Extensive experimental results on a large-scale benchmark data set demonstrate that the proposed method outperforms the state-of-the-art two-dimensional and three-dimensional trackers in terms of efficiency, accuracy, and robustness.

Moderate to heavy infections ofTrichuris trichiuraaffect cognitive function in Jamaican school children

Parasitology ◽  
1992 ◽  
Vol 104 (3) ◽  
pp. 539-547 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Nokes ◽  
S. M. Grantham-McGregor ◽  
A. W. Sawyer ◽  
E. S. Cooper ◽  
B. A. Robinson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Function ◽  
School Children ◽  
Cognitive Functions ◽  
Short Term Memory ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Long Term Memory ◽  
Double Blind ◽  
Term Memory ◽  
Confounding Variables ◽  
Placebo Trial

A double-blind placebo trial was conducted to determine the effect of moderate to high loads ofTrichuris trichiura(whipworm) infection on the cognitive functions of 159 school children (age 9–12 years) in Jamaica. Infected children were randomly assigned to Treatment or Placebo groups. A third group of randomly selected uninfected children were assigned to a Control for comparative purposes. The improvement in cognitive function was evaluated using a stepwise multiple linear regression, designed to control for any confounding variables. The expulsion of worms led to a significant improvement in tests of auditory short-term memory (P< 0.02;P< 0.01), and a highly significant improvement in the scanning and retrieval of long-term memory (P< 0.001). After 9 weeks, treated children were no longer significantly different from an uninfected Control group in these three tests of cognitive function. The removal ofT. trichiurawas more important thanAscaris lumbricoidesin determining this improvement. The results suggest that whipworm infection has an adverse effect on certain cognitive functions which is reversible by therapy.

Automatic phase identification of earthquake based on the UBDN deep network

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Jianxian Cai ◽  
Xun Dai ◽  
Zhitao Gao ◽  
Yan Shi
Keyword(s):  
Seismic Data ◽  
Short Term Memory ◽  
Long Term Memory ◽  
Phase Identification ◽  
S Wave ◽  
Traditional Methods ◽  
Term Memory ◽  
Seismic Stations ◽  
2008 Wenchuan Earthquake ◽  
Deep Network

Seismic data obtained from seismic stations are the major source of the information used to forecast earthquakes. With the growth in the number of seismic stations, the size of the dataset has also increased. Traditionally, STA/LTA and AIC method have been applied to process seismic data. However, the enormous size of the dataset reduces accuracy and increases the rate of missed detection of the P and S wave phase when using these traditional methods. To tackle these issues, we introduce the novel U-net-Bidirectional Long-Term Memory Deep Network (UBDN) which can automatically and accurately identify the P and S wave phases from seismic data. The U-net based UBDN strongly maintains the U-net’s high accuracy in edge detection for extracting seismic phase features. Meanwhile, it also reduces the missed detection rate by applying the Bidirectional Long Short-Term Memory (Bi-LSTM) mode that processes timing signals to establish the relationship between seismic phase features. Experimental results using the Stanford University seismic dataset and data from the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake aftershock confirm that the proposed UBDN method is very accurate and has a lower rate of missed phase detection, outperforming solutions that adapt traditional methods by an order of magnitude in terms of error percentage.

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