scholarly journals Maternal food restriction during pregnancy affects offspring development and swimming performance in a placental live-bearing fish

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andres Hagmayer ◽  
Martin J. Lankheet ◽  
Judith Bijsterbosch ◽  
Johan L. van Leeuwen ◽  
Bart J. A. Pollux
Keyword(s):  
Body Fat ◽  
Food Restriction ◽  
Prey Capture ◽  
Swimming Performance ◽  
Dry Mass ◽  
Offspring Size ◽  
Escape Performance ◽  
Food Ration ◽  
Poeciliid Fish ◽  
Fast Start

How pregnant mothers allocate limited resources to different biological functions such as maintenance, somatic growth, and reproduction can have profound implications for early life development and survival of offspring. Here we examined the effects of maternal food restriction during pregnancy on offspring in the matrotrophic (i.e. mother-nourishment throughout gestation) live-bearing fish species Phalloptychus januarius (Poeciliidae). We fed pregnant females either with a ‘low-food’ or ‘high-food’ ration for six weeks and quantified the consequences for offspring size and body fat at birth and one week after birth. We further measured fast-start escape performance of offspring at birth, as well as swimming kinematics during prey capture at zero, two, and seven days after birth. We found that the length of maternal food restriction during pregnancy negatively affected offspring dry mass and lean dry mass at birth, as well as body fat gain during the first week after birth. Moreover, it impacted the locomotor performance of offspring during prey capture at, and during the first week after, birth. We did not observe an effect of food restriction on fast-start escape performance of offspring. Our study suggests that matrotrophic poeciliid fish are maladapted to unpredictably fluctuating resource environments, because sudden reductions in maternal food availability during pregnancy result in smaller offspring with slower postnatal body fat gain and an inhibition of postnatal improving swimming skills during feeding, potentially leading to lower competitive abilities after birth.

Reduced plasma FFA availability increases net triacylglycerol degradation, but not GPAT or HSL activity, in human skeletal muscle

2004 ◽  
Vol 287 (1) ◽  
pp. E120-E127 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew J. Watt ◽  
Anna G. Holmes ◽  
Gregory R. Steinberg ◽  
Jose L. Mesa ◽  
Bruce E. Kemp ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Body Fat ◽  
Plasma Free Fatty Acid ◽  
Fat Oxidation ◽  
Dry Mass ◽  
Hormone Sensitive Lipase ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Plasma Ffa

Intramuscular triacylglycerols (IMTG) are proposed to be an important metabolic substrate for contracting muscle, although this remains controversial. To test the hypothesis that reduced plasma free fatty acid (FFA) availability would increase IMTG degradation during exercise, seven active men cycled for 180 min at 60% peak pulmonary O2 uptake either without (CON) or with (NA) prior ingestion of nicotinic acid to suppress adipose tissue lipolysis. Skeletal muscle and adipose tissue biopsy samples were obtained before and at 90 and 180 min of exercise. NA ingestion decreased ( P < 0.05) plasma FFA at rest and completely suppressed the exercise-induced increase in plasma FFA (180 min: CON, 1.42 ± 0.07; NA, 0.10 ± 0.01 mM). The decreased plasma FFA during NA was associated with decreased ( P < 0.05) adipose tissue hormone-sensitive lipase (HSL) activity (CON: 13.9 ± 2.5, NA: 9.1 ± 3.0 nmol·min−1·mg protein−1). NA ingestion resulted in decreased whole body fat oxidation and increased carbohydrate oxidation. Despite the decreased whole body fat oxidation, net IMTG degradation was greater in NA compared with CON (net change: CON, 2.3 ± 0.8; NA, 6.3 ± 1.2 mmol/kg dry mass). The increased IMTG degradation did not appear to be due to reduced fatty acid esterification, because glycerol 3-phosphate activity was not different between trials and was unaffected by exercise (rest: 0.21 ± 0.07; 180 min: 0.17 ± 0.04 nmol·min−1·mg protein−1). HSL activity was not increased from resting rates during exercise in either trial despite elevated plasma epinephrine, decreased plasma insulin, and increased ERK1/2 phosphorylation. AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK)α1 activity was not affected by exercise or NA, whereas AMPKα2 activity was increased ( P < 0.05) from rest during exercise in NA and was greater ( P < 0.05) than in CON at 180 min. These data suggest that plasma FFA availability is an important mediator of net IMTG degradation, and in the absence of plasma FFA, IMTG degradation cannot maintain total fat oxidation. These changes in IMTG degradation appear to disassociate, however, from the activity of the key enzymes responsible for synthesis and degradation of this substrate.

Leisure-Time Physical Activity During Pregnancy and Offspring Size at 18 to 24 Months

2011 ◽  
Vol 8 (5) ◽  
pp. 655-662 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kelly Mattran ◽  
Lanay M. Mudd ◽  
Rebecca A. Rudey ◽  
Jeannette S.C. Kelly
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Body Fat ◽  
Leisure Time ◽  
Leisure Time Physical Activity ◽  
Late Pregnancy ◽  
Offspring Size ◽  
Maternal Body Mass Index ◽  
Third Trimester ◽  
Z Scores

Background:Leisure-time physical activity (LTPA) during pregnancy has maternal benefits, but effects on offspring have not often been considered. This study aimed to determine associations among trimester-specific LTPA during pregnancy and toddler size.Methods:Women (n = 300) were recruited while pregnant in 2006. At follow-up (2008), women reported demographics; recalled type, duration, and frequency of trimester-specific LTPA (MET·min/wk); and rated their toddler’s current LTPA level (more, same, or less than others their age). A subset (n = 23) volunteered to have maternal and toddler height, weight, and body fat measured. Maternal body mass index (BMI) and toddler weight-for-height z-scores (WHZ) were calculated.Results:Median toddler WHZ was 0.6 (range −0.5 to 2.9). In Spearman correlations, third trimester LTPA was marginally associated with lower toddler weight (rs = −0.39, P = .06) and WHZ (rs = −0.40, P = .06), but no other measures of maternal LTPA and toddler body size were related. Birth weight z-score was positively associated with toddler weight (rs = 0.51, P = .01) but negatively associated with percent body fat (rs= −0.46, P = .03). Measures of maternal size were unassociated with toddler size.Conclusions:These results provide preliminary support for LTPA during late pregnancy to have a lasting effect on offspring size.

Substituting food restriction by resistance training prevents liver and body fat regain in ovariectomized rats

Climacteric ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 153-164 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Pighon ◽  
A. Paquette ◽  
R. Barsalani ◽  
N. A. Chapados ◽  
S. Yasari ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Resistance Training ◽  
Body Fat ◽  
Food Restriction ◽  
Ovariectomized Rats

Testing hypotheses concerning the phenotypic plasticity of escape performance in fish of the family Cottidae.

1998 ◽  
Vol 201 (3) ◽  
pp. 317-331 ◽  
Author(s):  
G K Temple ◽  
I A Johnston
Keyword(s):  
Body Length ◽  
Test Temperature ◽  
Thermal Sensitivity ◽  
Total Body Length ◽  
Temperature Acclimation ◽  
Relative Fitness ◽  
Seasonal Temperature ◽  
Escape Performance ◽  
Fast Start ◽  
Total Body

A knowledge of the natural history of two species of marine Cottidae was used to construct a set of complex a priori hypotheses to test the idea that seasonal temperature acclimation conferred a fitness advantage and to examine whether acclimation responses were constant through development. The species studied were the short-horn sculpin (Myoxocephalus scorpius L.) and the long-spined sea scorpion (Taurulus bubalis Euphr.). Fast-start escape performance was measured as a proxy of fitness, and maximum body-length-specific speed (Umax) and acceleration (Amax), and angular velocity (max) and cumulative turning angle (CTA) were quantified. Fish were acclimated to 5, 15 and 20 degreesC and filmed using high-speed cinematography at 0.8, 5.0, 15.0 and 20.0 degreesC. The following hypotheses were tested: (1) improvements in escape performance following acclimation to high temperature in adult short-horn sculpin that live offshore would involve a trade-off in performance at low temperature, (2) the escape response of the sea scorpion, which experiences large daily temperature variation, would exhibit low thermal sensitivity and be unchanged by acclimation between 5 and 15 degreesC, and (3) in short-horn sculpin, the ability to acclimate maximum speed thermally is acquired during ontogeny in parallel with the offshore migration of the late juvenile stage. At 20.0 degreesC, in adult short-horn sculpin, Umax and Amax were 110 % and 55 % higher, respectively, in 15 degreesC- than in 5 degreesC-acclimated fish. No evidence was obtained for improved fast-start performance at 0.8 degreesC or 5.0 degreesC following cold acclimation. In the long-spined sea scorpion, acclimation to 5 and 15 degreesC did not improve Umax or Amax compared with fish acutely exposed to these temperatures, although acclimation to 5 degreesC increased max (P=0.005). When tested over the most extreme thermal range found in the field, all variables were improved at a test temperature of 0.8 degreesC in 5 degreesC- compared with 15 degreesC-acclimated sea scorpion. Acclimation therefore appeared to be beneficial in some instances in both species. How this affects relative fitness is uncertain. The scaling of Umax with acclimation to 5 and 15 degreesC was examined in both species over the test range 5.0-15.0 degreesC. Temperature acclimation did not affect scaling relationships of Umax in long-spined sea scorpion ranging in total body length (L) from 45 to 160 mm. At a test temperature of 15.0 degreesC, the scaling of Umax for short-horn sculpin ranging in total body length from 43 to 270 mm changed from aL-0.98 in 5 degreesC-acclimated fish to aL-0.50 (where a is the proportionality coefficient in the regression equation) in 15 degreesC-acclimated fish (P&lt;0.01). In short-horn sculpin, therefore, the ability to modify escape performance with temperature acclimation was found to vary during ontogeny, potentially paralleling a migration from a more variable to a more stable thermal environment.

scholarly journals The constant threat from a non-native predator increases tail muscle and fast-start swimming performance inXenopustadpoles

Biology Open ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 6 (11) ◽  
pp. 1726-1733 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tsukasa Mori ◽  
Yukio Yanagisawa ◽  
Yoichiro Kitani ◽  
Goshi Yamamoto ◽  
Naoko Goto-Inoue ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Swimming Performance ◽  
Fast Start ◽  
Tail Muscle ◽  
Native Predator

scholarly journals Effects of structured medium- and long-chain triacylglycerols in diets with various levels of fat on body fat accumulation in rats

2004 ◽  
Vol 91 (2) ◽  
pp. 219-225 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tatsuhiro Matsuo ◽  
Hiroyuki Takeuchi
Keyword(s):  
Body Fat ◽  
Food Restriction ◽  
Citrate Synthase ◽  
Adult Rats ◽  
Fat Accumulation ◽  
High Fat Diets ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Fat Diets ◽  
Long Chain

The effects of structured medium- and long-chain triacylglycerols (MLCT) in diets containing 50–200 g fat/kg on body fat accumulation were compared with those of long-chain triacylglycerols (LCT) in rats. In rats fed ad libitum, weights of intra-abdominal adipose tissues and carcass fat contents were significantly smaller (P<0·05) in rats fed the 150–200 g MLCT/kg diet than in rats fed 150–200 g LCT/kg diet. Serum and liver triacylglycerol contents were significantly greater (P<0·05) in rats fed 200 g MLCT/kg diet, as were hepatic capacities of citrate synthase and cytochrome oxidase (P<0·05). The effects of MLCT on body fat were also examined in adult rats fed a limited amount of food (approximately 50 % of ad libitum intake). Reduction of body fat deposition during the food restriction was the same between in LCT and MLCT groups. These results suggest that accumulation of body fat was less efficient during long-term feeding of MLCT than LCT in rats fed high-fat diets ad libitum. The effect of MLCT on body fat might be influenced by the dietary fat content or by energy sufficiency.

scholarly journals Body fat, insulin resistance, energy expenditure and serum concentrations of leptin, adiponectin and resistin before, during and after pregnancy in healthy Swedish women

2009 ◽  
Vol 103 (1) ◽  
pp. 50-57 ◽  
Author(s):  
Britt Eriksson ◽  
Marie Löf ◽  
Hanna Olausson ◽  
Elisabet Forsum
Keyword(s):  
Insulin Resistance ◽  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Body Fat ◽  
Offspring Size ◽  
Serum Concentrations ◽  
Physiological Basis ◽  
Body Fatness ◽  
Serum Leptin ◽  
Published Evidence ◽  
Gestational Week

Healthy human pregnancy is associated with changes in food intake, body fatness, energy expenditure and insulin resistance. However, available knowledge is limited regarding the physiological basis of these changes. Published evidence suggests that so-called adipokines (i.e. leptin, adiponectin and resistin) have significant roles when such changes are established. We explored, throughout a complete pregnancy, relationships between total body fat (TBF), energy expenditure, insulin resistance (homeostasic model of insulin resistance, HOMA-IR) and serum concentrations of leptin, adiponectin and resistin. Such concentrations were assessed before pregnancy in gestational weeks 8, 14, 20, 32 and 35, and 2 weeks postpartum in twenty-three healthy women. TBF, BMR (n 23) and HOMA-IR (n 17) were assessed before pregnancy in gestational weeks 14 and 32 and 2 weeks postpartum. TBF (%) was correlated with HOMA-IR (r 0·68–0·79, P < 0·01) and with serum leptin (r 0·85–0·88, P < 0·001) before and during pregnancy. Serum leptin was correlated with HOMA-IR (r 0·53–0·70, P < 0·05) before and during pregnancy. Serum adiponectin was inversely correlated with HOMA-IR in gestational week 32 (r − 0·52, P < 0·05). When HOMA-IR was regressed on TBF (%), the slope of the regression line was 0·046 before pregnancy, which was significantly (P < 0·05) different from the corresponding value, 0·111, in gestational week 32. The results indicate that pregnancy has an enhancing effect on the relationship between body fatness and insulin resistance. This effect, possibly mediated by leptin, may represent a mechanism by which offspring size is regulated in response to the nutritional situation of the mother.

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