The Metabolism of the Sea-Urchin Egg

1952 ◽  
Vol 29 (2) ◽  
pp. 285-294
Author(s):  
K. W. CLELAND ◽  
LORD ROTHSCHILD
Keyword(s):  
Lactic Acid ◽  
Sea Urchin ◽  
Lactic Acid Production ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Glycolytic Enzyme ◽  
Anaerobic Conditions ◽  
Sea Urchin Egg ◽  
Glycolytic Intermediates ◽  
Phosphoglyceric Acid ◽  
Lactate And Pyruvate

1. The eggs of Echinus esculentus contain about 1.5% glycogen and 20% lipid (dry weight). 2. Whole eggs produce lactic acid under anaerobic conditions, the maximum rate of production being 0.15 pi. lactate/hr./mg. eggs (dry weight) at 20° C. 3. Lactic acid production is inhibited by fluoride, iodoacetate and phenylmercuric nitrate. 4. The supernatant from centrifuged egg homogenates prepared in M/50-phosphate buffer, pH 7.5, (‘extract’), was found to be a satisfactory glycolytic enzyme preparation. 5. The production of lactic and pyruvic acid by such extracts is greatly stimulated by the addition of glycogen, cozymase and adenosine triphosphate, (‘complemented extracts’). 6. Complemented extracts glycolyse glucose and fructose with greater facility than glycogen or starch. With glucose or fructose as substrate, the rate of formation of lactate and pyruvate may reach 1.7 µl./hr./mg. eggs (dry weight) at 20° C. 7. Complemented extract glycolysis is inhibited by fluoride, iodoacetate, phenylmercuric nitrate and phloridzin. 8. Active extract glycolysis occurs with the following glycolytic intermediates as substrates: glucose-1-phosphate, glucose-6-phosphate, fructose-6-phosphate, hexose diphosphate and phosphoglyceric acid. 9. It is concluded that the sea-urchin egg (E. esculentus) possesses a typical glycolytic system, whose activity is comparable with that found in other invertebrate tissues.

scholarly journals A study on the effect of parameters on lactic acid production from whey

2016 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 58-63 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hamidreza Ghafouri Taleghani ◽  
Ghasem D. Najafpour ◽  
Ali Asghar Ghoreyshi
Keyword(s):  
Lactic Acid ◽  
Acid Concentration ◽  
Acid Production ◽  
Lactic Acid Production ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Optimal Growth ◽  
Inoculum Size ◽  
Effect Of Temperature ◽  
Lactic Acid Concentration ◽  
Initial Substrate

Abstract In batch fermentation of whey, selection of suitable species at desired conditions such as substrate, product concentrations, temperature and inoculum size were investigated. Four Lactobacillus species and one Lactococcus species were screened for lactic acid production. Among them L. bulgaricus ATCC 11842 were selected for further studies. The optimal growth of the selected organism for variable size of inocula was examined. The results indicated that inoculum size had insignificant effect on the cell and lactic acid concentration. The effect of temperature was also studied at 32, 37, 42 and 47°C. Results showed that the concentration of cell dry weight increased with increment of temperature from 32 to 42°C. The maximum cell and lactic acid concentration was obtained at 42°C. The effect of initial substrate concentration on lactic acid production was also examined. The optimum initial lactose concentration was found to be 90 g/l.

scholarly journals The Inorganic Constituents of the Sea-Urchin Egg

1953 ◽  
Vol 30 (4) ◽  
pp. 534-544
Author(s):  
LORD ROTHSCHILD ◽  
H. BARNES
Keyword(s):  
Sea Urchin ◽  
Total Phosphorus ◽  
Phosphorus Content ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Paracentrotus Lividus ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Chemical Methods ◽  
Sea Urchin Egg ◽  
Soluble Phosphorus ◽  
Inorganic Constituents

1. The principal inorganic constituents of the unfertilized egg of Paracentrotus lividus have been analysed by chemical methods. The results of the analyses, in millimoles per kg. of water in the eggs (dry weight of eggs, 24%; density, 1.09), were: The figures in brackets are the concentrations of the same substances in Roscoff sea water, chlorinity 19.37‰ in the same units. 2. The total phosphorus content of the eggs was about 2 mg./ml. eggs, somewhat over half of this being acid-soluble phosphorus.

scholarly journals 1,2,3,4,6-Penta-O-galloylglucose within Galla Chinensis Inhibits Human LDH-A and Attenuates Cell Proliferation in MDA-MB-231 Breast Cancer Cells

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shihab Deiab ◽  
Elizabeth Mazzio ◽  
Suresh Eyunni ◽  
Oshlii McTier ◽  
Nelly Mateeva ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Breast Cancer ◽  
Cell Proliferation ◽  
Lactic Acid ◽  
Cancer Cells ◽  
High Throughput Screening ◽  
Breast Cancer Cells ◽  
Lactic Acid Production ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Docking Studies ◽  
Human Breast

A characteristic feature of aggressive malignancy is the overexpression of lactic acid dehydrogenase- (LDH-) A, concomitant to pericellular accumulation of lactate. In a recent high-throughput screening, we identifiedRhus chinensis(Mill.) gallnut (RCG) (also known as Galla Chinensis) extract as a potent (IC50< 1 µg/mL) inhibitor of human LDH-A (hLDH-A). In this study, through bioactivity guided fractionation of the crude extract, the data demonstrate that penta-1,2,3,4,6-O-galloyl-β-D-glucose (PGG) was a primary constituent responsible forhLDH-A inhibition, present at ~9.95 ± 0.34% dry weight. Theoretical molecular docking studies ofhLDH-A indicate that PGG acts through competitive binding at the NADH cofactor site, effects confirmed by functional enzyme studies where the IC50= 27.32 nM was reversed with increasing concentration of NADH. Moreover, we confirm protein expression ofhLDH-A in MDA-231 human breast carcinoma cells and show that PGG was toxic (LC50= 94.18 µM), parallel to attenuated lactic acid production (IC50= 97.81 µM). In a 72-hour cell proliferation assay, PGG was found to be a potent cytostatic agent with ability to halt cell division (IC50= 1.2 µM) relative to paclitaxel (IC50< 100 nM). In summary, these findings demonstrate that PGG is a potenthLDH-A inhibitor with significant capacity to halt proliferation of human breast cancer cells.

scholarly journals Statistical Optimization of Lactic Acid Production by Lactobacillus pentosus using Hemicellulosic Hydrolysate from Sugarcane Bagasse

2018 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
pp. 41-51
Author(s):  
Daiana Wischral
Keyword(s):  
Lactic Acid ◽  
Carbon Source ◽  
Sugarcane Bagasse ◽  
Yeast Extract ◽  
Acid Production ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Lactic Acid Production ◽  
Hemicellulose Hydrolysate ◽  
Anaerobic Conditions ◽  
Lactobacillus Pentosus

Lactic acid, traditionally obtained through fermentation processes, presents numerous applications in the chemical industry. Among these is the production of polymers, more specifically biodegradable polylactic acid (PLA). Development of processes that use low cost substrates, such as bioproduction of lactic acid, could improve the economic viability of bioprocesses. Thus, the present work reports investigation of hemicellulose hydrolysate from sugarcane bagasse as a sole carbon source for lactic acid production by Lactobacillus pentosus ATCC 8041. Initially, sugarcane bagasse was pretreated with acid in a solid:liquid ratio of 1:2.8 (1 g of bagasse: 2.8 mL of sulfuric acid solution 1 % v/v) and at a temperature of 121°C for 27 minutes. Then, concentration of both the hemicellulose hydrolysate and the yeast extract in MRS medium were optimized usingResponse Surface Methodology through software STATISTICA 6.0. Once the optimal conditions (40 % of hemicellulose hydrolysate and 5 g/L of yeast extract) were validated, fermentations were carried out in anaerobic conditions at 37°C and 120 rpm. After 48h, 19.17 g/L of lactic acid were produced, corresponding to a volumetric productivity of 0.40 g/L.h1. Findings of this work demonstrate that hemicellulose hydrolysate from sugarcane bagasse is a promising carbon source for lactic acid production.

GLYCOLYSIS IN NORMAL AND NEPHROTIC RAT KIDNEY

1965 ◽  
Vol 43 (10) ◽  
pp. 1717-1722 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. M. Nicholls
Keyword(s):  
Renal Cortex ◽  
Rat Kidney ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Small Decrease ◽  
Transaminase Activity ◽  
Anaerobic Conditions ◽  
Endogenous Substrate ◽  
Activity Of Enzymes ◽  
Lactate And Pyruvate ◽  
Normal Cortex

Experimental nephrosis was induced in rats by administering the aminonucleo side of puromycin, which inhibits protein synthesis in cell-free and whole-cell preparations.Slices of renal cortex from nephrotic rats incubated for 2 hours in Krebs–Ringer phosphate buffer with glucose as substrate accumulated two to three times more lactate and pyruvate than did slices from normal rats under aerobic but not under anaerobic conditions. Nephrotic cortex metabolizing endogenous substrate similarly accumulated three times as much pyruvate as normal cortex, but no accumulation of lactate occurred in either normal or nephrotic cortex in the absence of glucose. These changes were not observed in nephrotic medulla, nor were they accompanied by any change in oxygen consumption, glucose uptake, or glutamic–pyruvic transaminase activity. Decreased dry weight of the nephrotic slices was accompanied by a similar small decrease in their protein content. It is postulated that there is a decreased activity of enzymes metabolizing pyruvate in the cortex of aminonucleoside-treated rats.

scholarly journals STUDIES ON THE INTERACTION BETWEEN PHAGOCYTES AND TUBERCLE BACILLI

1956 ◽  
Vol 104 (1) ◽  
pp. 121-136 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hartmann Stähelin ◽  
Emanuel Suter ◽  
Manfred L. Karnovsky
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Lactic Acid ◽  
Acid Production ◽  
Lactic Acid Production ◽  
Lactate Production ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Polymorphonuclear Leucocytes ◽  
Cell Counts ◽  
Mononuclear Leucocytes

As a basis for studies on the interaction of phagocytes and tubercle bacilli experiments were carried out to obtain information on some biochemical characteristics of exudate leucocytes from guinea pigs. It was found that total cellular phosphorus was the most suitable measure of protoplasm. Cell counts were less reliable because of unavoidable clumping in the suspension, and dry weight measurements were less specific when contamination with erythrocytes occurred. The utility of phosphorus measurements in this connection depends upon the fact that an erythrocyte contains only 4 per cent of the phosphorus present in a leucocyte. From measurements on mixed suspensions consisting of varying known proportions of polymorphonuclear and mononuclear leucocytes as determined by differential counting, it was possible to compute true values for these two cell types with respect to oxygen consumption and lactic acid production. Thus it was found that monocytes consumed considerably more oxygen and produced more lactate than polymorphonuclear leucocytes. From the data obtained it is suggested that differences in metabolic activity found when comparing cell suspensions obtained by the use of different irritants are due to different proportions of the two cell types. In particular, the effects of oxygen tension and pH on the activities of the cells were studied. It was found that decreasing the proportion of oxygen in the atmosphere from that of air to 1 per cent reduced oxygen consumption by about 80 per cent, whereas lactic acid production was increased by about 45 per cent. It was also found that decreasing the pH of the medium below pH 7.5 caused a considerable reduction in the respiration, lactate production, and viability of polymorphonuclear leucocytes. The monocytes proved less sensitive to similar changes in pH, especially with regard to lactic acid production and viability. Observations were made of oxygen consumption and lactate production during phagocytosis. During the hour following the addition of heat-killed tubercle bacilli to the phagocytes, the oxygen consumption of suspensions rich in polymorphonuclear leucocytes rose by 60 per cent, and that of suspensions rich in monocytes rose by nearly 100 per cent. Lactic acid production was unchanged during phagocytosis.

scholarly journals CARBOHYDRATE METABOLISM OF SCHISTOSOMA MANSONI

1950 ◽  
Vol 33 (5) ◽  
pp. 475-495 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ernest Bueding
Keyword(s):  
Lactic Acid ◽  
Oxygen Uptake ◽  
Schistosoma Mansoni ◽  
Carbohydrate Metabolism ◽  
Acid Production ◽  
Lactic Acid Production ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Cyanine Dye ◽  
Low Concentrations

1. Schistosoma mansoni utilizes in 1 hour an amount of glucose equivalent to one-sixth to one-fifth of its dry weight. Over 80 per cent of the metabolized glucose is converted to lactic acid by this organism. 2. The rates of glucose utilization and of lactic acid production by S. mansoni are the same under aerobic and under anaerobic conditions. 3. A high rate of lactic acid production and the absence of a postanaerobic increase in the oxygen uptake differentiate S. mansoni from most other parasitic helminths whose metabolism has been studied. 4. Arsenite and p-chloromercuric benzoate inhibit in low concentrations the oxygen uptake and the rate of glycolysis of S. mansoni. This inhibition is not prevented or reversed by an excess of glutathione or of thioglycollate. 5. Fluoride inhibits the removal of glucose and the production of lactic acid by S. mansoni to the same degree. 6. Low concentrations of quinacrine (atabrine) do not affect the respiration or the carbohydrate metabolism of the schistosomes. 7. The inhibitory effect of aldehydes on the metabolism of S. mansoni has been measured. Among this group of compounds dl-glyceraldehyde and o-nitrobenzaldehyde are the most effective inhibitors of glycolysis. 8. In a concentration of 2.6 x 10–6 M (1:1,000,000) a cyanine dye inhibits almost completely the respiration of the schistosomes, but has no effect on their rate of glycolysis. The oxygen uptake of the worms is inhibited by fuadin to a greater degree than their rate of glycolysis. 2-methyl-1,4-napthoquinone is a much more effective inhibitor of glycolysis than of the respiration of S. mansoni. The latter compound interacts with plasma albumin and, therefore, its inhibitory action on the metabolism of the schistosomes is greatly reduced in human serum or plasma. 9. Evidence is discussed which indicates that, in contrast to glycolysis, respiratory metabolism is not essential for the survival of S. mansoni.

scholarly journals Lactic Acid Production by Clostridium acetobutylicum and Clostridium beijerinckii Under Anaerobic Conditions Using a Complex Substrate

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mattiello-Franisco L. ◽  
Vieira F.M. ◽  
Peixoto G. ◽  
Mockaitis G.
Keyword(s):  
Lactic Acid ◽  
Clostridium Acetobutylicum ◽  
Acid Production ◽  
Lactic Acid Production ◽  
Clostridium Beijerinckii ◽  
Anaerobic Conditions ◽  
Buffer Solution ◽  
Initial Concentration ◽  
Anaerobic Reactors ◽  
Level Of Significance

SUMMARY/ ABSTRACTHigh societies consumption, elevated residues generation and environmental awareness strengthen alternatives solutions for bioprocess’ residues. This study investigated the production of volatile acids from a complex substrate, which intends to be replaceable in the future by vinasse of sugar cane, in anaerobic reactors operated in triplicates at 35 °C. Two different inoculum were studied: Clostridium acetobutylicum ATCC 824 and Clostridium beijerinckii ATCC 25752. The nutrient medium had as carbon source a complex substrate containing sucrose without addition of vitamins, buffer solution and micronutrients. The experiment was conducted in the variation of F/M-ratio (food-to-microorganisms) by increasing substrate concentration.The concentration of sucrose in the complex substrate were 5.2 g·L-1 (conditions of 10,000 mg O2· L-1 in terms of COD) and 10.5 g· L-1 (conditions of 20,000 mg O2·L-1 in terms of COD), keeping the initial concentration of inoculum in 500 mg SVT·L-1. Cultures C. acetobutylicum and C. beijerinckii resulted in high lactic acid production. Concentrations of COD of 10,000 mg O2· L-1 produced optimum lactic acid of 3,331 mg·L-1 and 5,709 mg·L-1 with respectively C. acetobutylicum and C. beijerinckii. Moreover, cultures C. acetobutylicum and C. beijerinckii with 20,000 mg O2· L-1 concentrations in terms of COD produced optimum lactic acid of 6,417 mg· L-1 and 7.136 mg·L-1 respectively. There was repeatability in the reactors when considering level of significance of 0.05, independent of the concentration and inoculum used.

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