The Properties of an Intercellular Matrix and its Relation to Electrolytes

1926 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 167-187
Author(s):  
J. GRAY
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Iodide ◽  
Negative Charge ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Ion Concentration ◽  
Metallic Ions ◽  
Intercellular Matrix ◽  
Hydroxyl Ion ◽  
The Matrix ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

1. The intercellular matrix of the cells on the gills of Mytilus edulis is readily dispersed by hydroxyl ions. 2. All cations inhibit the action of hydroxyl ions, but the divalent metals are much more powerful than the monovalent metals. All divalent metallic ions except magnesium irreversibly coagulate the matrix at the hydroxyl ion concentration of seawater. This does not occur in the presence of magnesium ions. 3. There is a marked difference between the action of different non-electrolytes, since in the absence of salts the matrix remains stable for a much longer period in sugar, or glycerine, than in urea. Alcohol in certain concentrations has a marked stabilising action in the absence of salts. 4. With pure solutions of different monovalent sodium salts the anions can be arranged in a well-marked series in which the matrix is most readily dispersed in sodium iodide I'< Br'. NO', < C1'< Ac'. 5. The relationship of the matrix to ions is similar to that between protein systems and ions, when attention is paid to both the electrostatic and lyophilic effect of the ions, and to the fact that the matrix is normally in equilibrium with a solution containing divalent metallic ions -- magnesium in particular. The analogy must, however, not be pushed too far. 6. The intercellular matrix of Mytilus cells can only possess a very slight electro-negative charge when in equilibrium with sea-water. If the constitution of the membrane is altered in such a way as to increase this charge, a type of matrix forms in which calcium is an essential constituent. Such a matrix appears to exist in echinoderms and in some other types.

scholarly journals Oculomotor activity parameters of the operator in the P300 brain computer interface and similar stimulus situations

2015 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 134-144
Author(s):  
I.A. Basyul
Keyword(s):  
Average Length ◽  
Brain Computer Interface ◽  
Computer Interface ◽  
Similar Stimulus ◽  
The Matrix ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Visual Fixations ◽  
Oculomotor Activity ◽  
Stimulus Environment

Hypotheses about the relationship of the processes of visual perception and variations of the task in an identical stimulus environment was tested. The following tasks were tested: 1) a simple observation of the illuminations of the character in the matrix; 2) counting the number of highlights; 3) monitoring of the target symbol highlights and typing text with the P300 BCI. In a group of 14 people showed that the highest average length of visual fixation and the lowest dispersion of fixation observed for the second type of task. Statistically significant differences in the level of dispersion of visual fixations found between 1-2 and 1-3 modes; differences between the modes for the duration of fixations are at trends. Significant differences in the number of visual fixations on the target symbols wasn’t detected. The overall conclusion is the high perspective of pairing methodology brain-computer interface on the P300 wave with eye tracking to optimize the characteristics of the stimulus in the BCI environment. The differences in the parameters of oculomotor activity between the tasks reflect the level of attention concentration in the target symbols of the P300 BCI

scholarly journals Quaternion treatment of the relativistic wave equation

1937 ◽  
Vol 162 (909) ◽  
pp. 145-154 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Wave Function ◽  
Wave Equation ◽  
Linear Functions ◽  
Relativistic Wave Equation ◽  
Relativistic Wave ◽  
Formal Representation ◽  
The Matrix ◽  
Scalar Products ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

A set of matrices can be found which is isomorphic with any linear associative algebra. For the case of quaternions this was first shown by Cayley (1858), but the first formal representation was made by Peirce (1875, 1881). These were two-matrices, and the introduction of the four-row matrices of Dirac and Eddington necessitated the treatment of a wave function as a matrix of one row (as columns). Quaternions have been used by Lanczos (1929) to discuss a different form of wave equation, but here the Dirac form is discussed, the wave function being taken as a quaternion and the four-row matrices being linear functions of a quaternion. Certain advantages are claimed for quaternion methods. The absence of the distinction between outer and scalar products in the matrix notation necessitates special expedients (Eddington 1936). Every matrix is a very simple function of the fundamental Hamiltonian vectors α, β, γ , so that the result of combination is at once evident and depends only on the rules of combination of these vectors. At all stages the relationship of the different quantities to four-space is at once visible. The Dirac-Eddington matrices, the wave equation and its exact solution by Darwin, angular momentum operators, the general and Lorentz transformation, spinors and six-vectors, the current-density four-vector are treated in order to exhibit the working of this method. S and V for scalar and vector products are used. Quaternions are denoted by Clarendon type, and all vectors are in Greek letters.

Effect of Composition and Temperature on the Formation of Delta Ferrite in the Billet for P92 Steel

2011 ◽  
Vol 194-196 ◽  
pp. 1280-1286 ◽  
Author(s):  
He Min Jing ◽  
Bo Wang ◽  
Dang Sheng Xiong ◽  
Yin Geng Xu ◽  
Jun Jie Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heat Treatment ◽  
Strong Relationship ◽  
Delta Ferrite ◽  
P92 Steel ◽  
Heat Temperature ◽  
Three Samples ◽  
The Matrix ◽  
High Temperature Steam ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

The use of P92 is becoming more and more widespread in high temperature steam pipe of super-ultracritical power station boilers, it’s key material for the manufacture of boiler’s four main pipes. The properties of P92 are closely related with its microstructure, and the microstructure of P92 has strong relationship with its’ composition and hot processing technology. Three types of P92 with different composition have been prepared. The relationship of delta ferrite between composition, smelting and heat forging process has been investigated for these three samples. The results show that the delta ferrite can be avoided by the adjustment of composition and making process, the delta ferrite will occurred in the matrix of P92 which without delta ferrite before heat treatment if the heat temperature exceed 1200°C , the delta ferrite existed in P92 ingot matrix resulted from the composition cannot be eliminated by hot working and heat treatment.

scholarly journals Pengaruh Perbedaan Kedalaman Terhadap Fitoplankton dan Zooplankton Di Perairan Pulau Panjang, Jepara

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 181-188
Author(s):  
Deftika Mulyawati ◽  
Raden Ario ◽  
Ita Riniatsih
Keyword(s):  
Sea Level ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Mesh Size ◽  
Active Method ◽  
Limited Mobility ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Ship Speed

Plankton merupakan sebuah kelompok organisme yang hanyut bebas di dalam lautan. Plankton dapat dibagi menjadi dua golongan, yaitu fitoplankton dan zooplankton. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui hubungan dari kelimpahan fitoplankton dan zooplankton berdasarkan perbedaan kedalaman di perairan timur Pulau Panjang Kabupaten Jepara. Pengambilan sampel dilakukan dengan metode aktif yaitu dengan menarik plankton net dengan mata jaring ukuran 45µ untuk fitoplankton dan 150µ untuk zooplankton. Penarikan dilakukan menggunakan kapal selama 3-5 menit dengan kecepatan kapal 0,67 m/s pada lokasi penelitian. Penentuan stasiun penelitian berdasarkan pada perbedaan kedalaman. Kedalaman air laut yang digunakan pada saat pengambilan sampel ini adalah stasiun 1 dengan kedalaman 0 m atau permukaan air laut, stasiun 2 dengan kedalaman 1-2 m dari permukaan air laut, dan stasiun 3 dengan kedalaman 3-4 m dari permukaan air laut. Pengukuran kualitas perairan dilakukan secara in situ bersamaan dengan pengambilan sampel dilakukan. Hasil dari penelitian ini didapatkan komposisi fitoplankton sebanyak 13 genus dengan kelimpahan berkisar antara 3844,19-10869,80 individu/m3. Komposisi zooplankton di perairan didapatkan sebanyak 12 genus dengan kelimpahan berkisar antara 838,77-3250,24 individu/m3. Hubungan kelimpahan antara zooplankton dan fitoplankton di perairan ini termasuk kedalam golongan hubungan korelasi positif Plankton is a group that drifts freely in the ocean. Plankton has limited mobility. Plankton can be divided into two groups, namely phytoplankton and zooplankton. This study aims to determine the relationship of the abundance of phytoplankton and zooplankton based on rates in the east of Panjang Island, Jepara Regency. Sampling is done by the active method, namely by pulling the plankton net with a mesh size of 45µ for phytoplankton and 150µ for zooplankton. Withdrawals carried out by a ship for 3-5 minutes with a ship speed of 0.67 m/s at the study site. Determination of research stations based on differences in depth. The depth of sea water used during sampling is station 1 with a depth of 0 m or sea level, station 2 with a depth of 1-2 m from sea level, and station 3 with a depth of 3-4 m above sea level. Measurements of water quality were carried out in situ together with sampling. The results of this study obtained phytoplankton compositions as many as 13 genera with abundance ranging from 3844.19-10869.80 individuals/m3. The composition of zooplankton in the waters obtained as many as 12 genera with abundance ranging from 838.77-3250.24 individuals/m3. The relationship of abundance between zooplankton and phytoplankton in these waters is included in the group of positive correlation.

scholarly journals Variability of Sea Water Temperature and Its Implication on Cakalang Fish Capture (Katsuwonus pelamis L) in Manokwari Waters, West Papua

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 129
Author(s):  
Ridwan Sala ◽  
Jafry F. Manuhutu
Keyword(s):  
Surface Temperature ◽  
Sea Surface Temperature ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Sea Surface ◽  
Katsuwonus Pelamis ◽  
Growth Coefficient ◽  
Field Surveys ◽  
Average Size ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

The presence of skipjack fish resources in a fishing area is related to the suitability of the environmental conditions of the waters. This study aims to examine the relationship of sea surface temperature (SPL) to skipjack catches and the characteristics of skipjack catches in Manokwari waters. Data, both catch data and sea surface temperature data, are collected through field surveys by following fishing operations. Furthermore, the data were analyzed descriptively using graphs and mathematically like von Bertalanffy's growth model. The results of this study found that the very small variability of SPL could not explain the variation in the volume of fishermen's catches in Manokwari waters. However, a high SST during the May - August 2013 period is thought to affect the size of the skipjack caught, where the average size of the fish caught inhabited areas near sea level. In addition, the growth of skipjack fish in Manokwari waters is relatively fast with a growth coefficient of 0.42 per year1 and natural mortality between 0.79 per year and 0.81 per year.

Lack of influence of potassium or osmolality on steady-state exercise hyperemia

1982 ◽  
Vol 242 (6) ◽  
pp. H949-H954 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. E. Mohrman
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Steady State ◽  
Constant Pressure ◽  
Ion Concentration ◽  
Muscle Exercise ◽  
Arterial Infusion ◽  
Exercise Hyperemia ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Hypertonic Saline Infusion

Hyperkalemia, hyperosmolality, and hypoxia are known to have synergistic vasodilatory effects on resting skeletal muscle. The purpose of this study was to determine the importance of hyperkalemia and hyperosmolality in the hyperemia accompanying steady-state muscle exercise. Denervated dog gastrocnemius-plantaris muscles were perfused at constant pressure. Blood flow (Q), oxygen consumption (VO2), and venous potassium ion concentration ([K+]), osmolarity (OSM), and oxygen tension (PO2) were measured during steady-state exercise at rates between rest and 6 Hz. In control experiments the transition from rest to 6-Hz exercise resulted in large increases in VO2 and Q but modest increases in venous [K+] (+0.7 +/- 0.2 meq/l) and OSM (+6.1 +/- 1.2 mosmol/kg). Increasing venous [K+] by 2.3 meq/l by intra-arterial infusion of isotonic KCl had no steady-state effect on resting Q, nor did it alter the relationship of Q to VO2 or PO2 during exercise. Similarly, increasing venous OSM by 13 mosmol/kg by hypertonic saline infusion produced no alterations in steady-state exercise hyperemia. These findings indicate that neither local hyperkalemia nor hyperosmolality plays a significant role in sustaining the hyperemia of steady-state exercise.

Zero-field splitting calculations. Part II. Tabulation of the reduced matrix elements of the irreducible double tensor operators

1976 ◽  
Vol 54 (12) ◽  
pp. 1228-1233 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Chatterjee ◽  
M. R. Smith ◽  
H. A. Buckmaster
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Tensor Operator ◽  
Zero Field ◽  
Matrix Elements ◽  
Zero Field Splitting ◽  
Field Splitting ◽  
The Matrix ◽  
The Many ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

The many-electron reduced matrix elements of the double tensor operator [Formula: see text] are tabulated for the pn, dn and fn configurations. These tables have been calculated from the Racah formalism and form an extension of the tabulations given by Nielson and Koster for K2 = 1. The relationship of this tensor with the other double tensors and the calculation of the matrix elements is summarized. See Chatterjee et al for an application.

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