scholarly journals Computer-aided recycling process planning for end-of-life electrical and electronic equipment

2007 ◽  
Vol 221 (8) ◽  
pp. 1369-1374 ◽  
Author(s):  
M S Abu Bakar ◽  
S Rahimifard
Keyword(s):  
End Of Life ◽  
Ad Hoc ◽  
Electronic Waste ◽  
Economic Value ◽  
Electronic Equipment ◽  
Environmental Benefits ◽  
Environmental Cost ◽  
Recycling Process ◽  
Computer Aided ◽  
Product Recycling

The significant environmental cost associated with management of products at the end-of-life has resulted in the emergence of ‘producer responsibility’ legislations to encourage increase in recovery and recycling practices. In the case of electrical and electronic equipment, one such legislation, namely the ‘Waste from Electrical and Electronic Equipment Directive’, requires manufacturers to assume financial and legal liability for recovery and recycling of their products at the end-of-life. The current recycling applications of electrical and electronic waste are often developed on ad hoc basis and mainly attributable to the hidden economic value within used products. However, owing to stricter regulations on end-of-life product recycling, it is now essential to evaluate the recycling costs and environmental benefits of reclaimed products and materials as well as the selection of appropriate recycling strategy. The present paper describes the initial investigation in the realization of a computer-aided recycling process planner for electrical and electronic products. The assertion made is that such a systematic approach to producing bespoke eco-efficient recycling process plans for individual products will significantly improve the value recovery from recycling activities.

scholarly journals Electronic Waste Generation Prediction in Bandung City, Indonesia

2021 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 111-120
Author(s):  
I Made Wahyu Widyarsana ◽  
Dewi Suryanindah Supramono ◽  
Nabil Fadel
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
End Of Life ◽  
Mobile Phones ◽  
Electronic Waste ◽  
Economic Value ◽  
Toxic Waste ◽  
Delay Model ◽  
Waste Generation ◽  
Electronic Products ◽  
Survey Results

Abstract Nowadays waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE) generation is increasing due to the increase in the number of users and the development of electronic products. In Indonesia, there are no specific regulations about WEEE even though it is identified as hazardous and toxic waste. This study aims to predict the WEEE generation from the most used and replaced electronic products by citizens of Bandung City. The data is collected by surveying 400 families in Bandung City. Based on the survey results, there are three types of electronic products that are most used and replaced by citizens of Bandung City, which are mobile phones, laptops and televisions. The Delay Model is modified by replacing the lifespan variable with end-of-life to project the mobile phones, laptops and televisions waste generation in Bandung City. The purpose of this modification is to adjust the pattern of electronic products used in developing countries. The projection results state that Bandung City will generate 0.61 tons/day of mobile phones, 8.66 tons/day of laptops and 3.16 tons/day of televisions at the end of 2020. Based on the results of the projection, WEEE management and recycling is important which can reduce WEEE disposal and increase the economic value of WEEE.

Previous, Contemporary, and Prospects of E-Waste and Its Management

2021 ◽  
pp. 86-110
Author(s):  
Vara Saritha ◽  
Madhavi Konni ◽  
Bhavya Kavitha Dwarapureddi ◽  
R. S. S. Srikanth Vemuri ◽  
Manoj Kumar Karnena
Keyword(s):  
Waste Management ◽  
End Of Life ◽  
Technological Innovation ◽  
Electronic Waste ◽  
Environmental Problems ◽  
Electronic Equipment ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Contemporary World ◽  
Market Expansion ◽  
Enhanced Production

The contemporary world is driven by electronic gadgets without which the survival of mankind is perceived to be incomplete. The uncontrolled dependence of mankind on electronic gadgets has resulted in enhanced production of these gadgets leading to the accumulation of e-waste. Both technological innovation and market expansion have played an important role in electronic waste (e-waste). Owing to hazardous material composition, electronic waste causes environmental problems during the waste management phase if not properly pre-treated. Growing attention is being given to the impacts of these hazardous components from e-waste on the environment. Many countries have drafted legislation to improve the reuse, recycling, and other forms of recovery of such wastes so as to reduce disposal problems. The purpose of this chapter is to present an overview of electronic waste, the current status of management of electronic waste, and recycling technologies for the recovery of metals from end-of-life electronic equipment.

scholarly journals Private and Externality Costs and Benefits of Recycling Crystalline Silicon (c-Si) Photovoltaic Panels

Energies ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (14) ◽  
pp. 3650
Author(s):  
Elizabeth Markert ◽  
Ilke Celik ◽  
Defne Apul
Keyword(s):  
End Of Life ◽  
Crystalline Silicon ◽  
Economic Value ◽  
Economic Benefits ◽  
Costs And Benefits ◽  
Solar Panels ◽  
Net Benefit ◽  
Recycling Process ◽  
Private Cost ◽  
Total Economic Value

With solar photovoltaics (PV) playing an increasing role in our global energy market, it is now timely and critical to understand the end of life management of the solar panels. Recycling the panels can be an important pathway, possibly recovering a considerable amount of materials and adding economic benefits from currently installed solar panels. Yet, to date, the costs and benefits of recycling, especially when externality costs resulting from environmental pollution are considered, are largely unknown. In this study, we quantified the private and externality costs and benefits of recycling crystalline silicon (c-Si) PV panels. We found that the private cost of end-of-life (EoL) management of the c-Si PV module is USD 6.7/m2 and much of this cost is from transporting (USD 3.3/m2) and landfilling (USD 3.1/m2), while the actual recycling process (the cost of consumed materials, electricity or the investment for the recycling facilities) is very small (USD 0.3/m2). We found that the external cost of PV EoL management is very similar to the private cost (USD 5.2/m2). Unlike the breakdown of the private costs, much of the externality costs (USD 4.08/m2) come from the recycling process, which suggests that more environmentally friendly methods (e.g., recycling methods that involve fewer toxic chemicals, acids, etc.) should be preferred. We estimated that the total economic value of the recycled materials from c-Si PV waste is USD 13.6/m2. This means that when externality costs are not considered, the net benefit of recycling is USD 6.7; when the externality cost of recycling is considered, there is still a net benefit of USD 1.19 per m2.

scholarly journals Import of Electronic Waste into Nigeria: the Imperative of a Regulatory Policy Shift

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 141-166
Author(s):  
Emeka P Amechi ◽  
Babatunde A Oni
Keyword(s):  
End Of Life ◽  
Sustainable Management ◽  
Electronic Waste ◽  
Regulatory Policy ◽  
Electronic Equipment ◽  
Hazardous Wastes ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Regulatory Climate ◽  
Policy Shift ◽  
To Come

Abstract This article explores the regulation of transboundary movement of e-waste into Nigeria. The country has had an unsavoury history with the transboundary movement of hazardous wastes, and this has likely influenced its strict legislative response to such imports, including the decision to ban the transboundary movement of e-waste. However, the effectiveness of the ban is doubtful, as the importation of non-functional electrical and electronic equipment (EEE) or near-end-of-life EEE (which is classified as e-waste in Nigeria), is still thriving. The failure of the ban in curbing the transboundary movement of e-waste into Nigeria obliges policy makers to come up with new and innovative means to address this issue. It posits that the ban does not show an appreciation of the socio-economic realities and the generally weak regulatory climate in the country. The article thus argues for a shift in policy from outright ban of e-waste imports into Nigeria to more effective regulation and sustainable management.

Recyclability Evaluation Method

2002 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuzo Hiroshige ◽  
Takayuki Nishi ◽  
Toshijiro Ohashi
Keyword(s):  
End Of Life ◽  
Evaluation Method ◽  
Design Stage ◽  
Recycling Process ◽  
Environmentally Conscious ◽  
Early Design ◽  
Early Design Stage ◽  
Final Treatment ◽  
Product Recycling

Realization of successful recycling of end-of-life products greatly depends on, as well as environmentally conscious, whether the recycling process can be made economically feasible. We regard the ease of product recycling as indispensable in order to realize a feasible recycling process. In order to make products easier to recycle, it is necessary to take the ease of disassembly, processing and final treatment into consideration at the design stage. Therefore, an advanced evaluation method that can evaluate a product’s ease of recycling, with minimal prototyping and testing of the product is required at the early design stage. In answer to this, we have developed the Recyclability Evaluation Method (REM). In this paper, the theory of the method, procedure and the structure of the system are presented and a number of application examples are given.

scholarly journals Conversion of End-of-Life Household Materials into Building Insulating Low-Cost Solutions for the Development of Vulnerable Contexts: Review and Outlook towards a Circular and Sustainable Economy

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (8) ◽  
pp. 4397
Author(s):  
Manuela Neri ◽  
Mariagrazia Pilotelli ◽  
Marco Traversi ◽  
Elisa Levi ◽  
Edoardo Alessio Piana ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
End Of Life ◽  
Direct Reduction ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Environmental Benefits ◽  
Environmental Cost ◽  
Household Waste ◽  
Insulating Materials ◽  
Thermal Insulating ◽  
Waste Production ◽  
Current Production

In a world increasingly aware of the environmental cost of the current production/ consumption model, the use of sustainable practices to reduce our environmental impact as a society becomes imperative. One way to reduce this impact is to increase the reuse of materials that are considered, by current definitions of ”waste”, at their end of life. End-of-Life Household Materials (EoLHM) can be defined as household waste materials that still possess exploitable properties, thus making them suitable for reuse. There are several studies in the literature that address the recycling of these materials. When it comes to their reuse, unfortunately, only a limited number of studies are available. This paper aims to fill this gap by investigating the possibility to convert EoLHM, such as clothes or packaging, into low-cost thermal insulating materials for the improvement of the indoor thermal comfort in buildings, especially for households at risk of suffering from energy poverty. For this purpose, a comprehensive literature review and a qualitative analysis of both commercial and EoLHM are proposed. Commercial thermal insulating materials analysis is used as a reference to measure the performance of EoLHM. Important aspects to be considered when choosing suitable EoLHM for a smart conversion and reuse are also investigated. The most important outcome of this investigation is the comprehension that the conversion of EoLHM into insulating material is possible, and it implies a direct reduction in waste production, with environmental benefits and positive social implications. However, some aspects such as adaptability, life expectancy, collection and storage are, at present, in need of further thinking and development to make the EoLHM reuse and re-conversion processes viable on a large (neighborhood/city) scale.

Counting Fish: Environmental Benefits Calculation for Avoided Costs Analysis in Urban Water Use Efficiency Planning

2008 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Katie Shulte Joung ◽  
Mary Ann Dickinson
Keyword(s):  
Water Conservation ◽  
Economic Value ◽  
Environmental Benefits ◽  
Urban Water ◽  
Environmental Benefit ◽  
Conservation Programs ◽  
Water Utility ◽  
Water Savings ◽  
Urban Water Use ◽  
Use Efficiency

This report documents a project undertaken for the California Urban Water Conservation Council to create a method to calculate water utility avoided costs and assign economic value to the environmental benefits of raw water savings as a result of implementing urban water conservation programs. It is assumed that water savings associated with implementation of conservation programs can be quantified and represented as a reduction in the demand for water from a particular set of supply sources. This demand reduction may in turn result in a change to the availability of an environmental benefit provided by that source. Environmental valuation, as it is applied here, is relatively new and there are numerous complications, ambiguities, data gaps and differences of opinion in the application of the methodology. For that reason, this report should be considered a pioneering effort to put together all the required elements in a single coherent framework.

scholarly journals Evidence on the economic value of end-of-life and palliative care interventions: a narrative review of reviews

2021 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Xhyljeta Luta ◽  
Baptiste Ottino ◽  
Peter Hall ◽  
Joanna Bowden ◽  
Bee Wee ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Palliative Care ◽  
Cost Effectiveness ◽  
End Of Life ◽  
Resource Use ◽  
Economic Value ◽  
Healthcare Delivery ◽  
Dying Patients ◽  
Home Based ◽  
Population Type ◽  
Care Models

Abstract Background As the demand for palliative care increases, more information is needed on how efficient different types of palliative care models are for providing care to dying patients and their caregivers. Evidence on the economic value of treatments and interventions is key to informing resource allocation and ultimately improving the quality and efficiency of healthcare delivery. We assessed the available evidence on the economic value of palliative and end-of-life care interventions across various settings. Methods Reviews published between 2000 and 2019 were included. We included reviews that focused on cost-effectiveness, intervention costs and/or healthcare resource use. Two reviewers extracted data independently and in duplicate from the included studies. Data on the key characteristics of the studies were extracted, including the aim of the study, design, population, type of intervention and comparator, (cost-) effectiveness resource use, main findings and conclusions. Results A total of 43 reviews were included in the analysis. Overall, most evidence on cost-effectiveness relates to home-based interventions and suggests that they offer substantial savings to the health system, including a decrease in total healthcare costs, resource use and improvement in patient and caregivers’ outcomes. The evidence of interventions delivered across other settings was generally inconsistent. Conclusions Some palliative care models may contribute to dual improvement in quality of care via lower rates of aggressive medicalization in the last phase of life accompanied by a reduction in costs. Hospital-based palliative care interventions may improve patient outcomes, healthcare utilization and costs. There is a need for greater consistency in reporting outcome measures, the informal costs of caring, and costs associated with hospice.

scholarly journals Estimating Recycling Return of Integrated Circuits Using Computer Vision on Printed Circuit Boards

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 2808
Author(s):  
Leandro H. de S. Silva ◽  
Agostinho A. F. Júnior ◽  
George O. A. Azevedo ◽  
Sergio C. Oliveira ◽  
Bruno J. T. Fernandes
Keyword(s):  
Integrated Circuits ◽  
Printed Circuit Boards ◽  
Printed Circuit Board ◽  
Electronic Waste ◽  
Decision Criterion ◽  
Economic Feasibility ◽  
Electronic Equipment ◽  
Circuit Board ◽  
Mechanical Recycling ◽  
Printed Circuit

The technological growth of the last decades has brought many improvements in daily life, but also concerns on how to deal with electronic waste. Electrical and electronic equipment waste is the fastest-growing rate in the industrialized world. One of the elements of electronic equipment is the printed circuit board (PCB) and almost every electronic equipment has a PCB inside it. While waste PCB (WPCB) recycling may result in the recovery of potentially precious materials and the reuse of some components, it is a challenging task because its composition diversity requires a cautious pre-processing stage to achieve optimal recycling outcomes. Our research focused on proposing a method to evaluate the economic feasibility of recycling integrated circuits (ICs) from WPCB. The proposed method can help decide whether to dismantle a separate WPCB before the physical or mechanical recycling process and consists of estimating the IC area from a WPCB, calculating the IC’s weight using surface density, and estimating how much metal can be recovered by recycling those ICs. To estimate the IC area in a WPCB, we used a state-of-the-art object detection deep learning model (YOLO) and the PCB DSLR image dataset to detect the WPCB’s ICs. Regarding IC detection, the best result was obtained with the partitioned analysis of each image through a sliding window, thus creating new images of smaller dimensions, reaching 86.77% mAP. As a final result, we estimate that the Deep PCB Dataset has a total of 1079.18 g of ICs, from which it would be possible to recover at least 909.94 g of metals and silicon elements from all WPCBs’ ICs. Since there is a high variability in the compositions of WPCBs, it is possible to calculate the gross income for each WPCB and use it as a decision criterion for the type of pre-processing.

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