scholarly journals Swallowable medical devices for diagnosis and surgery: The state of the art

2010 ◽  
Vol 224 (7) ◽  
pp. 1397-1414 ◽  
Author(s):  
J L Toennies ◽  
G Tortora ◽  
M Simi ◽  
P Valdastri ◽  
R J Webster
Keyword(s):  
Medical Devices ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
The State ◽  
Integrated Systems ◽  
Gi Tract ◽  
Human Visual Perception ◽  
Surgical Tools ◽  
Future Potential ◽  
New Perspective ◽  
First Time

The first wireless camera pills created a revolutionary new perspective for engineers and physicians, demonstrating for the first time the feasibility of achieving medical objectives deep within the human body from a swallowable, wireless platform. The approximately 10 years since the first camera pill has been a period of great innovation in swallowable medical devices. Many modules and integrated systems have been devised to enable and enhance the diagnostic and even robotic capabilities of capsules working within the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. This article begins by reviewing the motivation and challenges of creating devices to work in the narrow, winding, and often inhospitable GI environment. Then the basic modules of modern swallowable wireless capsular devices are described, and the state of the art in each is discussed. This article is concluded with a perspective on the future potential of swallowable medical devices to enable advanced diagnostics beyond the capability of human visual perception, and even to directly deliver surgical tools and therapy non-invasively to interventional sites deep within the GI tract.

A NEW LAYOUT DESIGN SYSTEM FOR MULTICHIP MODULES

1995 ◽  
Vol 06 (03) ◽  
pp. 509-538 ◽  
Author(s):  
BERNHARD M. RIESS ◽  
ANDREAS A. SCHOENE
Keyword(s):  
Efficient Algorithm ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Layout Design ◽  
The State ◽  
Design System ◽  
Multichip Modules ◽  
Analytical Technique ◽  
Cut Method ◽  
First Time ◽  
Three Components

A new layout design system for multichip modules (MCMs) consisting of three components is described. It includes a k-way partitioning approach, an algorithm for pin assignment, and a placement package. For partitioning, we propose an analytical technique combined with a problem-specific multi-way ratio cut method. This method considers fixed module-level pad positions and assigns the cells to regularly arranged chips on the MCM substrate. In the subsequent pin assignment step the chip-level pads resulting from cut nets are positioned on the chip borders. Pin assignment is performed by an efficient algorithm, which profits from the cell coordinates generated by the analytical technique. Global and final placement for each chip is computed by the state-of-the-art placement tools GORDIANL and DOMINO. For the first time, results for MCM layout designs of benchmark circuits with up to 100,000 cells are presented. They show a small number of required chip-level pads, which is the most restricted resource in MCM design, and short total wire lengths.

Markup Technology and Textual Scholarship

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Claus Huitfeldt
Keyword(s):  
Critical Edition ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
The State ◽  
Extensible Markup Language ◽  
General Nature ◽  
Markup Language ◽  
Text Encoding ◽  
Textual Scholarship ◽  
Extensible Markup ◽  
Future Potential

This chapter describes how digital critical edition supposes a mastery of markup systems, providing an overview in the form of an inventory of standards, and of markup, presentation, and archiving techniques. It discusses the state of the art while focusing on key architectures and techniques considered as the basis of digital critical edition. The chapter introduces some aspects of markup technology that are particularly relevant to textual scholarship, such as the Extensible Markup Language (XML) and the Text Encoding Initiative (TEI), and considers some of their limitations, possibilities, and future potential. Since there is no need to be conversant with all aspects and details of the markup technology, most of what is covered here is of a general nature, albeit focusing on issues assumed to be of particular relevance for textual scholarship.

Starch-Cellulose-Based Triboelectric Nanogenerator Obtained by a Low-Cost Cleanroom-Free Processing Method

MRS Advances ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (23) ◽  
pp. 1315-1320 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert Ccorahua ◽  
Alexsandra Cordero ◽  
Clemente Luyo ◽  
María Quintana ◽  
Emir Vela
Keyword(s):  
Film Thickness ◽  
Chemical Modification ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Processing Method ◽  
The State ◽  
Triboelectric Nanogenerator ◽  
Micro Fabrication ◽  
Complex Equipment ◽  
First Time

To date only few low-cost bio-based materials have been reported to be useful as TENGs. However, they still keep employing costly nanofabrication techniques. Herein, a new bio-based starch-cellulose TENG is fabricated without using complex equipment for the first time. Our results showed that, depending on the film thickness, electric outputs varied from 60 mV to 300 mV per 4 cm2 area. The thicker the film, the lower the electrical outputs, and vice versa. Moreover, FTIR-ATR analysis also showed that no chemical modification was made on the surface of starch after casting. Therefore, starch remained unmodified at the time of characterization, being this performance proper of a pristine starch. In addition, though organic starch isolation, fabrication of the proposed TENG was entirely handmade, thus avoiding use of complex equipment of nano- and micro-fabrication which resulted in the development of an eco-friendly TENG with very good performance according to the state-of-the-art.

scholarly journals A Novel SAT-Based Approach to Model Based Diagnosis

2014 ◽  
Vol 51 ◽  
pp. 377-411 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Metodi ◽  
R. Stern ◽  
M. Kalech ◽  
M. Codish
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Evidence ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
The State ◽  
Minimal Cardinality ◽  
Model Based ◽  
First Time ◽  
The Way

This paper introduces a novel encoding of Model Based Diagnosis (MBD) to Boolean Satisfaction (SAT) focusing on minimal cardinality diagnosis. The encoding is based on a combination of sophisticated MBD preprocessing algorithms and the application of a SAT compiler which optimizes the encoding to provide more succinct CNF representations than obtained with previous works. Experimental evidence indicates that our approach is superior to all published algorithms for minimal cardinality MBD. In particular, we can determine, for the first time, minimal cardinality diagnoses for the entire standard ISCAS-85 and 74XXX benchmarks. Our results open the way to improve the state-of-the-art on a range of similar MBD problems.

scholarly journals Transient events in bright debris discs: Collisional avalanches revisited

2018 ◽  
Vol 609 ◽  
pp. A98 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Thebault ◽  
Q. Kral
Keyword(s):  
Optical Depth ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
The State ◽  
Chain Reaction ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Self Consistent ◽  
Transient Events ◽  
Transient Structures ◽  
First Time ◽  
The Ideal

Context. A collisional avalanche is set off by the breakup of a large planetesimal, releasing vast amounts of small unbound grains that enter a debris disc located further away from the star, triggering there a collisional chain reaction that could potentially create detectable transient structures. Aims. We investigate this mechanism, using for the first time a fully self-consistent code coupling dynamical and collisional evolutions. We also quantify for the first time the photometric evolution of the system and investigate whether or not avalanches could explain the short-term luminosity variations recently observed in some extremely bright debris discs. Methods. We use the state-of-the-art LIDT-DD code. We consider an avalanche-favoring A6V star, and two set-ups: a “cold disc” case, with a dust release at 10 au and an outer disc extending from 50 to 120 au, and a “warm disc” case with the release at 1 au and a 5−12 au outer disc. We explore, in addition, two key parameters: the density (parameterized by its optical depth τ) of the main outer disc and the amount of dust released by the initial breakup. Results. We find that avalanches could leave detectable structures on resolved images, for both “cold” and “warm” disc cases, in discs with τ of a few 10-3, provided that large dust masses (≳1020−5 × 1022 g) are initially released. The integrated photometric excess due to an avalanche is relatively limited, less than 10% for these released dust masses, peaking in the λ ~ 10−20 μm domain and becoming insignificant beyond ~40–50 μm. Contrary to earlier studies, we do not obtain stronger avalanches when increasing τ to higher values. Likewise, we do not observe a significant luminosity deficit, as compared to the pre-avalanche level, after the passage of the avalanche. These two results concur to make avalanches an unlikely explanation for the sharp luminosity drops observed in some extremely bright debris discs. The ideal configuration for observing an avalanche would be a two-belt structure, with an inner belt (at ~1 or ~10 au for the “warm” and “cold” disc cases, respectively) of fractional luminosity f ≳ 10-4 where breakups of massive planetesimals occur, and a more massive outer belt, with τ of a few 10-3, into which the avalanche chain reaction develops and propagates.

scholarly journals Sustainable Local Development: An Overview of the State of Knowledge

Resources ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 31 ◽  
Author(s):  
Juan Milán-García ◽  
Juan Uribe-Toril ◽  
José Ruiz-Real ◽  
Jaime de Pablo Valenciano
Keyword(s):  
Sustainable Development Goals ◽  
Web Of Science ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Local Development ◽  
The State ◽  
Rural Tourism ◽  
Positive Trend ◽  
Online Databases ◽  
Development Goals ◽  
New Perspective

Since the eighties, the concern for sustainability has been increasing from several dimensions and depending on different socio-economic, political, geographical and cultural factors. In the last few years, local development has incorporated the concept of sustainability, as part of the United Nations’ Sustainable Development Goals strategy, highlighting the relevance of this process. The purpose of this research is to show the state of the art of this subject, for what a bibliometric analysis has been carried out based on the two most important online databases: Web of Science and Scopus. This article identifies the latest trends that characterize the concept of sustainable local development, where resilience is the new perspective to include in the variables that influence the development of territories. The results show a positive trend in this field of research, with both the number of articles published and citations increasing exponentially in the last ten years. In addition, the analysis of keywords has shown a tendency towards terms such as resilience, rural tourism or ecological agriculture. In essence, the concept has reached such a point that it is necessary to establish new mechanisms that soften and even negate the economic disruption caused by globalization.

EMI at Tertiary Level in Spain

2020 ◽  
pp. 232-256
Author(s):  
Francisco Zayas Martínez ◽  
José Luis Estrada Chichón
Keyword(s):  
Focus Group ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
The State ◽  
Tertiary Level ◽  
Language Policies ◽  
Methodological Issues ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Initial Implementation ◽  
Spanish Universities ◽  
First Time

This chapter examines the state-of-the-art of EMI lecturing at Cadiz University, Spain. The rationale of the research lies in the lecturers' main challenges for issues related to the use of EFL and EMI methodologies. Data were collected from a questionnaire to which EMI lecturers responded (N=22; 69%) and from a focus group carried out with a cross-sectional sample of participants (N=6). The conclusion sheds light on the following: For the first time, Spanish universities have started to design language policies aimed at using English for lecturing, although the initial implementation shows diverse effects, depending on whether EMI teaching takes place in one scientific area or another. This panorama suggests an adaptation of EMI training. Secondly, lecturers are committed to EMI training not only for language but also for methodological issues. They also demand greater recognition for teaching courses in EFL. Potential solutions and recommendations are proposed.

The state of the art and future potential of DNA probes

1988 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 37
Author(s):  
J. M. Old ◽  
J. O'D. McGee ◽  
John Walker
Keyword(s):  
State Of The Art ◽  
Dna Probes ◽  
The State ◽  
Future Potential

scholarly journals Innovation Article: 36 Over Passed Restrictions of Magnetism Achieved by the 96 Multiple Magnetic Polarities-Interactions Performed by the Kertsopoulos World Patented Invention vs. the Known Two

2018 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Fields ◽  
Magnetic System ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
The State ◽  
Magnetic Devices ◽  
Know How ◽  
Patented Invention ◽  
Scientific Laws ◽  
First Time ◽  
Multiple Interactions

The inventor-author, invited as an honorable speaker of “special session”, presented with experiments his invention “Magnetic System of Multiple Interactions” at the 2nd International Conference on Magnetism and Magnetic Materials, Budapest, on September 24, 2018. As it is known: in the state of the art, the like and the unlike polarity between two magnets remains independent of the distance between them. According to the invention: the like and the unlike polarity between two magnetic constructions depends on the distance between them. The know-how of the invention makes it possible for interacting magnetic constructions to possess and perform interchangeable - more than 96 - polarities and interactions. Polarities and magnetic fields can in multiple ways interchange, depending on the varying distance between two interacting confronted magnetic constructions, offering many new variable design capabilities. For the first time, new types of poles are created, for example: simultaneous like-unlike poles or simultaneous unlike-like poles are created, causing stable or unstable balance as an interaction; also, for the first time in magnetism, new types of magnetic fields are formed never before observed, for example: remote fields of very strong attraction, without however, the contact of the magnetic constructions. The magnetic devices that perform these multiple interactions are fully patented internationally, published in a book in English, by the inventor. The new scientific laws and principles, revealed through these experiments enrich the very basics, the foundation of magnetism. Before we can list these, it is necessary to list the 36 main – but certainly not all – restrictions of the known magnetism of the state of the art that are over passed, as results of the successful experiments also, performed at the conference. The Introduction and experimental section explain the different interactions achieved with figures and tables and the conclusion gives some examples of new possible product constructions.

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