The relationship of seat backrest angle and neck injury in low-velocity rear impacts

2005 ◽  
Vol 219 (11) ◽  
pp. 1293-1302 ◽  
Author(s):  
J Latchford ◽  
E C Chirwa ◽  
T Chen ◽  
M Mao
Keyword(s):  
Close Correlation ◽  
Neck Injury ◽  
Low Velocity ◽  
Cervical Spine Injuries ◽  
Rear Impact ◽  
Test Specifications ◽  
Lower Neck ◽  
Rear Impacts ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

Car-rear-impact-induced cervical spine injuries present a serious burden on society and, in response, seats offering enhanced protection have been introduced. Seats are evaluated for neck protection performance but only at one specific backrest angle, whereas in the real world this varies greatly owing to the variation in occupant physique. Changing the backrest angle modifies the seat geometry and thereby the nature of its interaction with the occupant. Low-velocity rear-impact tests on a BioRID II anthropomorphic test dummy (ATD) have shown that changes in backrest angle have a significant proportionate effect on dummy kinematics. A close correlation was found between changes in backrest angle and the responses of neck injury predictors such as lower neck loading and lower neck shear but not for the neck injury criterion NICmax. Torso ramping was evident, however, with negligible effect in low-velocity impacts. The backrest angle ranged from 20° to 30° whereas the BioRID II spine was adapted to a range from 20° to 26.5°. Nevertheless, in general, instrumentation outputs correlated well, indicating that this ATD could be used for evaluating seats over a 20–30° range rather than solely at 25° as required by current approval test specifications.

Load-Based Lower Neck Injury Criteria for Females from Rear Impact from Cadaver Experiments

2017 ◽  
Vol 45 (5) ◽  
pp. 1194-1203 ◽  
Author(s):  
Narayan Yoganandan ◽  
Frank A. Pintar ◽  
Anjishnu Banerjee
Keyword(s):  
Neck Injury ◽  
Rear Impact ◽  
Injury Criteria ◽  
Lower Neck

scholarly journals Siderocytes in mammalian blood

1946 ◽  
Vol 133 (872) ◽  
pp. 235-248 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Medicine ◽  
Close Correlation ◽  
Bile Pigment ◽  
Pigment Formation ◽  
Adverse Conditions ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
Mammalian Blood ◽  
Normal Human ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

Since a review of the conditions under which siderocytes appear will support a hypothesis that it is an ageing erythrocyte at least as strongly as Grüneberg’s (1941 a ) theory that it should be considered as a young cell, a search was made in blood films of stored mammalian blood and large numbers of siderocytes were found. The conditions affecting the rate of appearance of the siderocytes were studied, and it was found that adverse conditions would hasten their appearance. The relationship of the siderotic material to the 'easily split’ blood iron was also considered, and it seems probable that both are derived from a special and identical fraction of ‘haemoglobin’, and that this phenomenon is related to an intracorpuscular bile pigment formation. The occurrence of siderocytosis after the ingestion of acetyl phenylhydrazine by a ‘normal’ human being was followed, and a close correlation between siderocytosis, erythrocyte destruction and urinary siderosis as described by Peyton Rous (1918) is shown. The siderocyte extrudes its siderotic granules and reverts to a state at present morphologically indistinguishable from the normal erythrocyte, but appears to be susceptible of phagocytosis at this stage. The application of siderocyte counts to clinical medicine is suggested.

The relationship of several plant characters with grain yield in sorghum and their use in estimating grain loss through pest activity

1976 ◽  
Vol 16 (78) ◽  
pp. 129
Author(s):  
PN Vance
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Moisture Stress ◽  
Close Correlation ◽  
Regression Equations ◽  
Grain Number ◽  
Potential Yield ◽  
Sowing Dates ◽  
Single Grain ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

The relationship between grain yield and five plant characters in grain sorghum hybrid Pioneer 846 was studied. Grain yield was closely correlated with head weight, weight of a standard length of peduncle (WSP), peduncle perimeter (PP), head length and breadth. The close correlation of grain yield on WSP was shown to exist at a number of sites and for a number of varieties. However, regression equations differed for different sites, sowing dates and varieties. Of the two components of grain yield per head, single grain weight and grain number; only grain number was closely correlated with WSP. In one instance where moisture stress affected grain development, grain number but not yield was closely correlated with WSP. WSP was shown not to be affected by damage to the head and could therefore be used to estimate potential yield in agronomic trials where yield loss due to pest activity has occurred.

scholarly journals HUBUNGAN KELIMPAHAN EPIFAUNA DENGAN TINGKAT KERAPATAN LAMUN YANG BERBEDA DI PERAIRAN BANDENGAN JEPARA

2016 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 249-257
Author(s):  
Sonia Wulan ◽  
Siti Rudiyanti ◽  
Bambang Sulardiono
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Random Sampling ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Close Correlation ◽  
Survey Method ◽  
Density Level ◽  
Organic Particles ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Seagrass Density

ABSTRAK Ekosistem padang lamun di Perairan Bandengan Jepara penting bagi biota akuatik khususnya epifauna. Kerapatan lamunakan mempengaruhi bahan organik yang digunakan oleh epifauna, selain itu kerapatan lamun juga dapat mengendapkan bahan organik yang akan mempengaruhi kelimpahan epifauna. Penelitian dilakukan pada bulan Maret 2016 di Perairan Bandengan yang bertujuan untuk mengetahui hubungan antara kelimpahan epifauna dengan kerapatan lamun yang berbeda di Perairan Bandengan Jepara serta hubungan antara kandungan bahan organik dengan tingkat kerapatan lamun di Perairan Bandengan Jepara. Metode penelitian yang digunakan yaitu pendekatan survei dengan metode sampling yaitu Purposive Random sampling. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan terdapat 1 jenis lamun yang ditemukan di Pantai Bandengan  yaitu Thalassia sp. dengan kerapatan pada stasiun jarang (A) 178 ind/m2, stasiun padat (B) 368 ind/m2. Kelimpahan epifauna di kerapatan jarang dan padat di Perairan bandengan 140 ind/3m2, dan 91 ind/3m2. Rerata kandungan bahan organik sedimen pada kerapatan jarang, dan padat berturut-turut adalah 12.86% dan 76.85%.Berdasarkan hasil uji regresi menunjukkan antara kelimpahan epifauna dengan tingkat kerapatan lamun menunjukkan hubungan tidak searah, setiap kenaikkan kerapatan lamun tidak diikuti oleh kenaikkan kelimpahan epifauna, serta tingkat kerapatan lamun dengan bahan organik terdapat korelasi yang kuat, semakin tinggi tingkat kerapatan lamun akan diikuti oleh bahan organik.  Kata Kunci; Perairan Bandengan; Kerapatan Lamun; Kelimpahan Epifauna; Bahan Organik.  ABSTRACT Seagrass ecosystem in Bandengan coastal Jepara is important for epifauna. Different seagrass density will affect levels of organic matter used epifauna, in addition the density of seagrass can also precipitate organic particles which affect the abundance of epifauna. This research was conducted on March 2016. The aimed of this research was to determine the relationship of epifauna’s abundance to density seagrass and the relationship of organic matter to the density of seagrass. This research used survey method and random sampling technique. Samples were taken from three different station there are (A) sparse density, and (B) dense density. Sample epifauna were taken once a week for three time. The results showed only 1 type of seagrass found in Bandengan coastal Jepara that is Thalassia sp. With density on sparse station (A) 178ind/m2, dense station 368 ind/m2. The abundance of epifauna on station sparse (A) 140 ind/3m2, dense station (B) 91 ind/3m2, The highest abundance Sconsia sp 52 ind/m2 dan 28 ind/m2 and Cerithium sp 34 ind/m2 dan 19 ind/m2Organic material content of sedimen on density was sparse and dense was 5.71%, 9.81%. Based on the result of the correlation show that between the abundance of epifauna with seagrass density level there is a relation undirectional, density of seagrass will not increase accordingly to the abundance of epifauna, as well as to the content of organic matter. There is a close correlation that higher of density of seagrass will be followed by organic matter. Key Word; Coastal of Bandengan; Seagrass Beds Density; Abundance of Epifauna; Organic matter

scholarly journals Interaction of accommodative and subjective diagnostic criteria of accommodation disorders

2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 13-19
Author(s):  
M. V. Makhova ◽  
V. V. Strakhov
Keyword(s):  
Outpatient Care ◽  
Subjective Evaluation ◽  
Evaluation Criteria ◽  
Close Correlation ◽  
Muscle Performance ◽  
Optical Correction ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Methods Of Treatment

Purpose: to study the relationship of accommodative (objective) and subjective criteria of different types of accommodation disorders.Material and methods. 62 patients (124 eyes) with myopic refraction, aged 10 to 18, were divided into 6 groups according to accommodation disorders types. All patients were tested objectively on a Speedy-i accommodograph, which determined the coefficient of accommodation response (CAR) and the coefficient of microfluctuations (CMF) and underwent MEM retinoscopy to determine the accommodation response. In addition, subjective methods were used to determine the amplitude of accommodation (by proximetry) and accommodation flexibility (by ±2 D flipper). Results. A rather close correlation was revealed between the accommodative and subjective evaluation criteria of ciliary muscle performance. Therefore, both the CAR and proximetry data may be used to determine accommodation amplitude. The power of accommodation response may be determined by CAR and MEM retinoscopy, while the accommodation state may be tested by CMF or accommodation flexibility.Conclusion. A statistically significant correlation between accommodative coefficients and the results of subjective tests enable the practitioners of outpatient care to use the available subjective methods of accommodation disorder diagnosis and, accordingly, determine the best suited optical correction and choose adequate methods of treatment of accommodation disorders.

scholarly journals RESEARCH OF THE RELATIONSHIP OF THE RATE OF ULTRASOUND IN METALS WITH THEIR IMPACT VISCOSITY AND HARDNESS UNDER THE CONDITIONS OF REDUCED TEMPERATURES

2020 ◽  
pp. 60-67
Author(s):  
Alexander A. Khlybov ◽  
Yuri G. Kabaldin ◽  
Maksim S. Anosov ◽  
Dmitry A. Ryabov ◽  
Yuri I. Matveev
Keyword(s):  
Impact Toughness ◽  
Longitudinal Wave ◽  
Speed Of Sound ◽  
Low Temperatures ◽  
Sound Propagation ◽  
Close Correlation ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Velocity Of Propagation ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

The paper presents the results of the study of the relationship between the velocity of propagation of longitudinal waves in a metal with the values ​​of impact toughness and hardness in a wide range of low temperatures. It’s been found that with a decrease of temperature, an increase of hardness, a decrease of impact toughness and an increase of the velocity of propagation of a longitudinal wave in the studied metals are observed, and the velocity of propagation of a longitudinal wave has a close correlation with the characteristics under consideration. An increase of the speed of sound with decreasing temperature, in our opinion, is explained by an increase of the thermal conductivity of metals. Thus, by the values ​​of the speed of sound propagation in metals, it is possible to predict the level of its impact toughness, as well as hardness at low temperatures, and, consequently, the tendency to brittle fracture of structures.

Lower neck injury criteria for THOR and Hybrid III dummies in rear impact

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-3
Author(s):  
Narayan Yoganandan ◽  
John Humm ◽  
Preston Greenhalgh ◽  
Jeffrey Somers
Keyword(s):  
Neck Injury ◽  
Rear Impact ◽  
Injury Criteria ◽  
Hybrid Iii ◽  
Lower Neck

Research on Evaluation Method of Occupant Neck Injury in Whiplash Test

2014 ◽  
Vol 697 ◽  
pp. 373-376
Author(s):  
Hai Ming Gu ◽  
Lei Lou ◽  
Chao Chen
Keyword(s):  
Traffic Accident ◽  
Evaluation Method ◽  
Road Traffic ◽  
Evaluation Criteria ◽  
Influential Factors ◽  
Neck Injury ◽  
Research On Evaluation ◽  
Rear Impact ◽  
Statistical Sample ◽  
The Relationship

As road traffic becomes more and more crowed nowadays, rear impact has become one of the most common forms of traffic accident. According to a survey, up to 78.2% of rear impact can cause occupant neck injury. Up to now, E-NCAP, J-NCAP, IIHS and C-NCAP have set whiplash test in officially. But because of the uncertainty of injury mechanism, none of the countries has reached an agreement on the evaluation method of occupant neck injury. Comparison and analysis of whiplash evaluation methods are made, from aspects of collision waveform, speed, evaluation criteria, calculation method, criteria limit, etc. The annual C-NCAP whiplash tests are set as statistical sample and an analysis of the relationship between lost points and influential factors is carried out in order to find the part that needs to be perfected. Finally, effective suggestions are put forward for the improvement of evaluation method of occupant neck injury in whiplash test.

The relationship of the yield of the green mass of winter rapeseed and spring intermediate crops with hydrothermal coefficient

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. A. Ukhov ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Close Correlation ◽  
Hydrothermal Coefficient ◽  
Green Mass ◽  
Winter Rapeseed ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

The article provides an assessment of the relationship between the yield of the green mass of winter rapeseed and spring intermediate crops with the hydrothermal coefficient. It is established that there is a close correlation between these indicators.

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