Analysis and Measurement of the Relative Movements between the Road Wheels of a Vehicle and the Road Surface

1972 ◽  
Vol 186 (1) ◽  
pp. 793-806
Author(s):  
D. M. Butler ◽  
J. R. Ellis
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Evidence ◽  
The Body ◽  
Road Surface ◽  
The Road ◽  
Suspension Performance ◽  
Ride And Handling

A method of analysis of suspension performance has been developed and is supported by experimental evidence. The particular advantage of this analysis is that all the suspension characteristics of real suspensions are calculated for all possible positions of the suspensions in a manner which relates the wheel movements directly to the body motions. The roll centre concept is discarded, with the result that the wheel movements, and hence tyre forces, which were masked by the limitations of the roll centre assumptions, are now available for examination and inclusion in any vehicle study. This has resulted in the development of more realistic models of vehicle ride and handling including anti-dive attitudes and other phenomena.

scholarly journals Analisis terjadinya hentakan dan suara keras pada suspensi belakang unit dump truck HD 785-7

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Hendro Purwono ◽  
Rasma Rasma ◽  
Riki Effendi
Keyword(s):  
High Speed ◽  
Vertical Vibration ◽  
The Body ◽  
Road Surface ◽  
Unit Weight ◽  
Dump Truck ◽  
Nitrogen Gas ◽  
The Road ◽  
Library Research ◽  
Using Data

The suspension system on the machine unit is very important to support the unit weight against the road surface and also protect the transmission from the vertical vibration of the wheels to the body of the unit. When the unit passes a damaged or bumpy road at high speed, shock loads from the road surface will be felt, so the role of the suspension is crucial in protecting components from damage, maintaining operator comfort and undamaged loads. HD 785-7 unit is one type of dump truck that uses cylindrical pneumatic hydro suspension that contains nitrogen and oil gases to absorb loads or vibrations from the road surface. In its operation which functions as a material carrier in the mine area, there are often problems with the suspension especially at the rear because it is holding a heavier load. Therefore, research needs to be carried out aimed at finding the main causes and solutions to these problems using data collection methods, namely: field surveys, interviews, and library research. The results show that damage to the valve core causes the valve to leak and cause the chamber at the top of the cylinder suspension to be occupied by nitrogen gas to be reduced so that the suspension suffers harsh strokes when operated especially on damaged roads. Damage to the valve core is caused by the use of non-standard and too tight tools in its installation. Keywords: hard suspension, valve core, feed valve, nitrogen gas, oil.

scholarly journals Performance Effects of Shock Absorber and Spiral Springs Against Vertical Vehicle Expenses Weighing the Road Structure

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 79
Author(s):  
Simon Ka'ka ◽  
Festo Andre H
Keyword(s):  
Mathematical Modeling ◽  
Shock Absorber ◽  
Reaction Force ◽  
The Body ◽  
Road Surface ◽  
Vertical Load ◽  
The Road ◽  
Performance Effects ◽  
On The Road ◽  
System Transfer Function

This study aims to examine more about the effect of vertical dynamic load of vehicles and changes in dimensional barriers on the road surface in its path. Experimentally this fluctuating load is replaced by a pneumatic force change based on the regulation of air pressure on the regulator. The deviations generated by the varying load work are measured by placing a proximity sensor along the spring movement. The amount of vertical load transformation reaches the road surface is measured by using Load cell. Characteristics of vertical dynamic vibration occurring due to several dimensional barriers, U (cm) obtained using mathematical modeling method with 2 DOF suspension system transfer function.  The results showed a condition on the body and wheels of vehicles experienced a brief overshot for 0.14 seconds with deviation of 0.178 m. From the graph shows that the rate of deviation that occurs is large enough that Y2d = 1.03 m / s caused by a sudden shock that occurred on the wheels of the vehicle. This condition does not last long that is only duration t = 0.22 s, because the spring reaction force and shock absorber can absorb 25% vibration against the sprung and un-sprung vertical load of the vehicle.

scholarly journals Using In-Vehicle Monitoring Data to Assess Road Conditions of Traffic Flows

2022 ◽  
Vol 19 (4) ◽  
pp. 34-39
Author(s):  
I. O. Chernyaev ◽  
S. A. Evtyukov
Keyword(s):  
Adaptive Systems ◽  
The Body ◽  
Road Surface ◽  
Vehicle Body ◽  
Average Level ◽  
Time Interval ◽  
Vertical Acceleration ◽  
Traffic Flows ◽  
The Road ◽  
Vertical Accelerations

 Developments in adaptive systems for maintenance and repair of automotive vehicles set the task of monitoring the conditions of their operation. One of the main factors determining these conditions is the type of road surface.The article describes the results of identification of the type (and condition) of the road surface obtained by theoretical and experimental methods based on the analysis of vertical accelerations recorded on the vehicle body.The purpose of research was to provide a possibility of continuous monitoring of the type of road surface on which a vehicle is driving, with the subsequent application of the obtained data to correct maintenance intervals. The results of experiments have shown the dependence of the vertical acceleration of the body on the micro-profile of the road surface. The described experimentally obtained profiles of vertical accelerations refer to different types of road surface in different conditions. For quantitative assessment, it is proposed to calculate the average level of accelerations as an integral average over a certain time interval.The results of the experiments have allowed to substantiate the empirical dependence of the average level of accelerations on speed of a vehicle. Based on this dependence, a method is proposed for recalculating the current values of the average levels of accelerations obtained at different speeds into values adjusted to the base speed to ensure the possibility of their comparison.It is shown that based on the values of average acceleration levels obtained through operation monitoring regarding a previously known type of road surface, it is possible to determine its condition. A short algorithm is formulated for practical implementation and assessment of road conditions of traffic flows. As for hardware, it is proposed not to equip a vehicle with additional sensors but to use operational standard accelerometers as part of in-vehicle emergency call systems, e.g., ERA-GLONASS equipment units. 

scholarly journals THE IMPACT OF ROAD ROUGHNESS ON THE DURATION OF CONTACT BETWEEN A VEHICLE WHEEL AND ROAD SURFACE

Transport ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 29 (4) ◽  
pp. 431-439 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vidas Žuraulis ◽  
Loreta Levulytė ◽  
Edgar Sokolovskij
Keyword(s):  
Vertical Movement ◽  
The Body ◽  
Road Surface ◽  
Body Motion ◽  
Vehicle Body ◽  
Experimental Investigations ◽  
The Road ◽  
Road Section ◽  
Vertical Displacements ◽  
The Impact

The paper analyses the impact of the road micro-profile on the duration and the type of the vehicle wheel contact with the road surface driving at different speed. The selected vehicle bicycle model describes vertical displacements of front and rear wheels and their suspension as well as the impact of the vehicle body motion and longitudinal oscillation. International Roughness Index (IRI) and micro-profile irregularities of the road section analysed in the paper were identified using specialized road testing equipment. The experimental investigations measuring the vehicle suspension displacement and the body acceleration were carried out. Frequency characteristics of suspension motion and regularities of vertical movement of the wheel were identified after dividing the investigated road section according to driving modes. The analysis into the wheel contact with the road surface and identified correlations enable to determine the vehicle stability on selected quality roads.

COMBINED INJURY OF THE BREAST AND ABDOMINAL IN PEDESTRIANS INJURED BY AUTOMOTIVE INJURY

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sayit Indiaminovich Indiaminov ◽  
Saidkosim Norkulovich Pardaev ◽  
Antonina Kim
Keyword(s):  
Hemorrhagic Shock ◽  
Abdominal Cavity ◽  
The Body ◽  
Road Surface ◽  
Chest Cavity ◽  
Limb Bones ◽  
The Road ◽  
Abdominal Organs ◽  
The Dead ◽  
On The Road

Purpose of the study. Revealing the features of the formation of damage to the structure of the chest and abdominal organs in pedestrians during their collisions with moving cars. Materials and methods. A forensic medical examination of 215 corpses of persons killed in collisions with moving cars was carried out. Among the dead there were 173 men and 42 women. The victims were between 14 and 75 years old. Research results and their discussion. It was found that among pedestrians who died in collisions with cars, injuries of two or more parts of the body with fractures of the limb bones (55.8%) and сombined injury (CI) of the head, chest, abdomen (23.3%) prevail. In the composition of CI, damage to the structure of the chest and organs of the chest cavity was noted in 85.6% of cases. Rib fractures were detected in 57.7% of cases; fractures in the midclavicular and axillary lines predominated in localization. Damage to the structure of organs and tissues of the abdominal cavity in the composition of the abdominal CI in pedestrians was -71.0%. At the same time, 80.8% of the dead pedestrians show signs of injury to organs and tissues with pronounced hemorrhages in the suspension apparatuses, walls and parenchyma of organs. In 23.2% of cases, along with hemorrhages, there is a violation of the anatomical integrity of organs, mainly the liver and spleen. The outlined nature of damage to the structure of the chest, organs of the chest and abdominal cavity made it possible to establish the possibility of their formation in the 3rd phase of car injury - the fall of the injured on the road surface. Traumatic (pleuropulmonary), hemorrhagic shock and hemorrhagic pneumothorax were the main causes of injuries at the prehospital stage.

scholarly journals Analisis Pengaturan Quarter-Car Active Suspension Menggunakan Neuro-Fuzzy Adaptif PID Control

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 203
Author(s):  
Aprildy Randy Andrew Ferdinandus ◽  
Santo Junital Bumbungan
Keyword(s):  
Pid Control ◽  
The Body ◽  
Road Surface ◽  
Car Body ◽  
The Road ◽  
Car Suspension ◽  
Neuro Fuzzy ◽  
Road Surfaces ◽  
Improved Performance ◽  
Adaptive Pid Control

Car as a vehicle has a suspension on the wheels that connect the body with the road surface. The suspension is arranged in such way as to ensure the comfort in driving even on uneven road surfaces or damaged road surfaces. Because of the changes in road surface, it is very important to make adjustments to the suspension. The car suspension is adjusted using Neuro-Fuzzy Adaptive PID Control System so that the performance of the suspension can be improved in ensuring user comfort by reducing vibrations in the car body. Improved performance can be seen in the results of the suspension setting, which can suppress the movement of the car body because of the change in road surface more than 80%.

scholarly journals Improving the design of the subgrade in the construction of culverts

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Aleksey Kamenchukov ◽  
Andrey Lopashuk ◽  
Victor Lopashuk ◽  
Victor Svetenok ◽  
Ilya Ukrainskiy
Keyword(s):  
Mathematical Modeling ◽  
High Efficiency ◽  
Drainage System ◽  
Protective Layer ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
The Body ◽  
Road Surface ◽  
The Road ◽  
The Stability

The article considers the issues of assessing and improving the quality and reliability of culverts and the road drainage system on roads with unpaved and transitional types of pavement. The authors performed a number of field studies aimed at assessing the operational condition of culverts and pavement above them on roads of territorial significance in the Khabarovsk Territory. The issues of the influence of the quality of culverts on the condition of the road surface are examined in detail. Systematized and analyzed data on the influence of the presence (absence) of defects in the body of culverts on the quality of the road surface. The data are ranked by the diameter of the pipe hole and the size of the protective layer, and the degree of influence of the quality of the culvert on the quality of the road surface depending on the thickness of the protective layer is determined. The relationship between defects in culverts and the quality of the road surface is established. Based on the result of mathematical modeling, a nomogram of the dependence of the state of the coating over the culvert on the thickness of the backfill over the pipe and the condition of the culvert is constructed. In a specialized software package, by the finite element method, an assessment of the stress-strain state and structural stability of the subgrade with a culvert under the influence of the normative static load on the structure is carried out. The results of mathematical modeling showed that there is a significant decrease in the stability of the structure, especially with low embankments. To increase the stability and reduce the deformation of the structure, the authors proposed a method of strengthening the embankment of the subgrade in places of the device, which on the basis of mathematical modeling showed its high efficiency.

Tire-Road Interactions — Harmony or Conflict?

1989 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 66-84
Author(s):  
A. R. Williams
Keyword(s):  
Rolling Resistance ◽  
Major Effect ◽  
Road Surface ◽  
Interactive Effects ◽  
Central Theme ◽  
Water Drainage ◽  
The Road ◽  
Truck Tires ◽  
Road Surfaces ◽  
Tire Wear

Abstract This is a summary of work by the author and his colleagues, as well as by others reported in the literature, that demonstrate a need for considering a vehicle, its tires, and the road surface as a system. The central theme is interaction at the footprint, especially that of truck tires. Individual and interactive effects of road and tires are considered under the major topics of road aggregate (macroscopic and microscopic properties), development of a novel road surface, safety, noise, rolling resistance, riding comfort, water drainage by both road and tire, development of tire tread compounds and a proving ground, and influence of tire wear on wet traction. A general conclusion is that road surfaces have both the major effect and the greater potential for improvement.

scholarly journals Load Measurement of the Cervical Vertebra C7 and the Head of Passengers of a Car While Driving Across Uneven Terrain

Sensors ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (11) ◽  
pp. 3849
Author(s):  
Martin Svoboda ◽  
Milan Chalupa ◽  
Karel Jelen ◽  
František Lopot ◽  
Petr Kubový ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cervical Vertebrae ◽  
Vertical Direction ◽  
Cervical Vertebra ◽  
Parietal Bone ◽  
The Body ◽  
Human Organism ◽  
Dynamic Effects ◽  
The Road ◽  
Real Environment ◽  
On The Road

The article deals with the measurement of dynamic effects that are transmitted to the driver (passenger) when driving in a car over obstacles. The measurements were performed in a real environment on a defined track at different driving speeds and different distributions of obstacles on the road. The reaction of the human organism, respectively the load of the cervical vertebrae and the heads of the driver and passenger, was measured. Experimental measurements were performed for different variants of driving conditions on a 28-year-old and healthy man. The measurement’s main objective was to determine the acceleration values of the seats in the vehicle in the vertical movement of parts of the vehicle cabin and to determine the dynamic effects that are transmitted to the driver and passenger in a car when driving over obstacles. The measurements were performed in a real environment on a defined track at various driving speeds and diverse distributions of obstacles on the road. The acceleration values on the vehicle’s axles and the structure of the driver’s and front passenger’s seats, under the buttocks, at the top of the head (Vertex Parietal Bone) and the C7 cervical vertebra (Vertebra Cervicales), were measured. The result of the experiment was to determine the maximum magnitudes of acceleration in the vertical direction on the body of the driver and the passenger of the vehicle when passing a passenger vehicle over obstacles. The analysis of the experiment’s results is the basis for determining the future direction of the research.

scholarly journals CNN-Based Road-Surface Crack Detection Model That Responds to Brightness Changes

Electronics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (12) ◽  
pp. 1402
Author(s):  
Taehee Lee ◽  
Yeohwan Yoon ◽  
Chanjun Chun ◽  
Seungki Ryu
Keyword(s):  
Surface Crack ◽  
Autonomous Vehicles ◽  
Crack Detection ◽  
Model Performance ◽  
Semantic Segmentation ◽  
Road Surface ◽  
Image Brightness ◽  
The Road ◽  
Detection Model ◽  
Artificial Intelligence Models

Poor road-surface conditions pose a significant safety risk to vehicle operation, especially in the case of autonomous vehicles. Hence, maintenance of road surfaces will become even more important in the future. With the development of deep learning-based computer image processing technology, artificial intelligence models that evaluate road conditions are being actively researched. However, as the lighting conditions of the road surface vary depending on the weather, the model performance may degrade for an image whose brightness falls outside the range of the learned image, even for the same road. In this study, a semantic segmentation model with an autoencoder structure was developed for detecting road surface along with a CNN-based image preprocessing model. This setup ensures better road-surface crack detection by adjusting the image brightness before it is input into the road-crack detection model. When the preprocessing model was applied, the road-crack segmentation model exhibited consistent performance even under varying brightness values.

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