scholarly journals Strategic Entry Deterrence and the Behavior of Pharmaceutical Incumbents Prior to Patent Expiration

2011 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-36 ◽  
Author(s):  
Glenn Ellison ◽  
Sara Fisher Ellison
Keyword(s):  
Cross Section ◽  
Entry Deterrence ◽  
Market Size ◽  
New Approach ◽  
Patent Expiration ◽  
Strategic Investments ◽  
Strategic Entry

This paper develops a new approach to testing for strategic entry deterrence and applies it to the behavior of pharmaceutical incumbents before patent expiration. It examines a cross section of markets, determining whether behavior is nonmonotonic in market size. Under some conditions, investment levels will be monotone in market size if firms do not invest to deter entry. Strategic investments to deter entry, however, may result in nonmonotonic investment because they are unnecessary in small markets, and impossible in large ones. Consistent with an entry-deterrence motivation is the finding that incumbents in medium-sized markets advertise less prior to patent expiration. (JEL D92, G31, L11, L21, L65)

A New Approach to the Demonstration of Oxidase-Localization Using Tannic Acid Or Catechin

1973 ◽  
Vol 31 ◽  
pp. 698-699
Author(s):  
V. Mizuhira ◽  
Y. Futaesaku
Keyword(s):  
Cross Section ◽  
Tannic Acid ◽  
Elastic Fiber ◽  
The Other ◽  
New Approach ◽  
Tissue Block ◽  
Active Reaction ◽  
The Cross

Previously we reported that tannic acid is a very effective fixative for proteins including polypeptides. Especially, in the cross section of microtubules, thirteen submits in A-tubule and eleven in B-tubule could be observed very clearly. An elastic fiber could be demonstrated very clearly, as an electron opaque, homogeneous fiber. However, tannic acid did not penetrate into the deep portion of the tissue-block. So we tried Catechin. This shows almost the same chemical natures as that of proteins, as tannic acid. Moreover, we thought that catechin should have two active-reaction sites, one is phenol,and the other is catechole. Catechole site should react with osmium, to make Os- black. Phenol-site should react with peroxidase existing perhydroxide.

scholarly journals New Method for Analysis of the Temporomandibular Joint Using Cone Beam Computed Tomography

Sensors ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (9) ◽  
pp. 3070
Author(s):  
Sebastian Iwaszenko ◽  
Jakub Munk ◽  
Stefan Baron ◽  
Adam Smoliński
Keyword(s):  
Computed Tomography ◽  
Temporomandibular Joint ◽  
Cross Section ◽  
Cone Beam Computed Tomography ◽  
Cone Beam ◽  
Section Plane ◽  
New Approach ◽  
Volume Of Interest ◽  
Gap Width

Modern dentistry commonly uses a variety of imaging methods to support diagnosis and treatment. Among them, cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) is particularly useful in presenting head structures, such as the temporomandibular joint (TMJ). The determination of the morphology of the joint is an important part of the diagnosis as well as the monitoring of the treatment results. It can be accomplished by measurement of the TMJ gap width at three selected places, taken at a specific cross-section. This study presents a new approach to these measurements. First, the CBCT images are denoised using curvilinear methods, and the volume of interest is determined. Then, the orientation of the vertical cross-section plane is computed based on segmented axial sections of the TMJ head. Finally, the cross-section plane is used to determine the standardized locations, at which the width of the gap between condyle and fossa is measured. The elaborated method was tested on selected TMJ CBCT scans with satisfactory results. The proposed solution lays the basis for the development of an autonomous method of TMJ index identification.

scholarly journals Theoretical and Methodical Aspects of Ensuring Sustainable Operation of the Businesses Considering Their Innovative Activity

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 186
Author(s):  
Alexey Tikhonov ◽  
Sergey Novikov
Keyword(s):  
Cross Section ◽  
Innovative Activity ◽  
New Approach ◽  
Sustainable Operation ◽  
A Company ◽  
Different Levels

This article considers a new approach to ensuring the sustainable functioning of a company considering its innovative activity on the basis of the original tools developed by the author, including strictly regulated indicators of the organization's activity, ensuring its stability, and their flexible filling to maintain it through a timely targeted impact on their level. The paper shows the interaction of two different levels of indicators in their quantitative and qualitative cross section.

A New Approach to the Significance of the “Weighted” Spear Thrower

1976 ◽  
Vol 41 (4) ◽  
pp. 500-510 ◽  
Author(s):  
John L. Palter
Keyword(s):  
Cross Section ◽  
Practical Purpose ◽  
Significant Degree ◽  
American Southwest ◽  
Popular Opinion ◽  
New Approach ◽  
Basket Maker ◽  
Experimental Use

Many archaeologists continue to assume that spear thrower adjuncts were intended to serve some practical purpose related to the performance of the weapon despite the inconclusive results of the experimental use of the “weighted” spear thrower. Contrary to popular opinion, there is little evidence to substantiate the claim that atlatl weights increase the range or velocity of projectiles to any significant degree. A new approach to the problem is suggested by referring back to the original descriptions of archaeologically recovered spear throwers from the American Southwest. The fact that Basket Maker II atlatls were described as being characteristically flat in cross-section with surprisingly flexible shafts as well as reference to the former use of flexible spear throwers by A boriginal tribes of north A ustralia suggests that spear thrower adjuncts may have been intended as a means of exploiting the potential of such a weapon.

scholarly journals Aerospace and Ergonomic Methods for Ear Anthropometry Supported by Bulgarian Research

2019 ◽  
Vol 63 (1) ◽  
pp. 1699-1703 ◽  
Author(s):  
John A. Roebuck
Keyword(s):  
Cross Section ◽  
English Language ◽  
Statistical Data ◽  
Section Plane ◽  
Coordinate Systems ◽  
New Approach ◽  
New Concepts ◽  
Aircraft Motion ◽  
Width Measurements ◽  
The Many

Translation into English has recently been completed for excerpts on ear and craniofacial anthropometry from an innovative, unpublished Bulgarian-language doctoral thesis written in 1986 by a plastic surgeon, M. M. Madzharov, MD-PhD; MD-SC. Most remarkable among the many benefits of the translation was revelation of heretofore unavailable text descriptions for 49 dimensions. Of these, 43 explain the titles and abbreviations with summary statistical data on ear measurements for young adults that were published in 1989 in the English language. Especially valuable among these data were four new and unique, long-axial ear lengths, all measured from a common ear landmark. These could locate “station planes” for cross-section views of human ears, similar to those for 3-D coordinate systems in aircraft and spacecraft fuselage engineering. Examples explaining the concepts and values of such a new approach to ear anthropometry are herein introduced, described and illustrated, together with previously recommended improvements in ear anthropometry notation and illustration, a virtual Ear Primary View Plane, a section plane through the ear long axis, newly introduced “semi-width” measurements extending perpendicular to the aforementioned section plane, new concepts of “view depths,” which are measured perpendicularly from the Ear Primary View Plane toward ear surfaces and a previously described three-axis aircraft motion analogy for defining static ear orientation. These innovative approaches are advocated for adoption by future researchers, designers of related hardware, modelers and standards developers.

scholarly journals Break Risk

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Simon C Smith ◽  
Allan Timmermann
Keyword(s):  
Stock Returns ◽  
Cross Section ◽  
Prediction Models ◽  
Return Predictability ◽  
Present Value ◽  
New Approach ◽  
Present Value Model ◽  
Out Of Sample ◽  
Rate Processes ◽  
Value Model

Abstract We develop a new approach to modeling and predicting stock returns in the presence of breaks that simultaneously affect a large cross-section of stocks. Exploiting information in the cross-section enables us to detect breaks in return prediction models with little delay and to generate out-of-sample return forecasts that are significantly more accurate than those from existing approaches. To identify the economic sources of breaks, we explore the asset pricing restrictions implied by a present value model which links breaks in return predictability to breaks in the cash flow growth and discount rate processes.

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