scholarly journals Greenhouse Gas Reductions under Low Carbon Fuel Standards?

2009 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 106-146 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen P Holland ◽  
Jonathan E Hughes ◽  
Christopher R Knittel
Keyword(s):  
Greenhouse Gas ◽  
Carbon Emissions ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Carbon Intensity ◽  
Energy Prices ◽  
Low Carbon ◽  
High Carbon ◽  
Fuel Production ◽  
Abatement Costs ◽  
Effective Policy

A low carbon fuel standard (LCFS) seeks to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by limiting the carbon intensity of fuels. We show this decreases high carbon fuel production but increases low carbon fuel production, possibly increasing net carbon emissions. The LCFS cannot be efficient, and the best LCFS may be nonbinding. We simulate a national LCFS on gasoline and ethanol. For a broad parameter range, emissions decrease, energy prices increase, abatement costs are large ($80–$760 billion annually), and average abatement costs are large ($307–$2,272 per CO2 metric ton). A cost effective policy has much lower average abatement costs ($60–$868). (JEL Q54, Q58)

scholarly journals Carbon Emissions Constrained Energy Planning for Aluminum Products

Energies ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (11) ◽  
pp. 2753
Author(s):  
Rok Gomilšek ◽  
Lidija Čuček ◽  
Marko Homšak ◽  
Raymond R. Tan ◽  
Zdravko Kravanja
Keyword(s):  
Energy Source ◽  
Greenhouse Gas Emissions ◽  
Greenhouse Gas ◽  
Co2 Emissions ◽  
Carbon Emissions ◽  
Electricity Consumption ◽  
Primary Aluminum ◽  
Energy Planning ◽  
Low Carbon ◽  
Gas Emissions

The production of primary aluminum is an energy-intensive industry which produces large amounts of direct and indirect greenhouse gas emissions, especially from electricity consumption. Carbon Emissions Constrained Energy Planning proved to be an efficient tool for reducing energy-related greenhouse gas emissions. This study focuses on energy planning constrained by CO2 emissions and determines the required amount of CO2 emissions from electricity sources in order to meet specified CO2 emission benchmark. The study is demonstrated on and applied to specific aluminum products, aluminum slugs and aluminum evaporator panels. Three different approaches of energy planning are considered: (i) an insight-based, graphical targeting approach, (ii) an algebraic targeting approach of cascade analysis, and (iii) an optimization-based approach, using a transportation model. The results of the three approaches show that approximately 2.15 MWh of fossil energy source should be replaced with a zero-carbon or 2.22 MWh with a low-carbon energy source to satisfy the benchmark of CO2 emissions to produce 1 t of aluminum slug; however, this substitution results in higher costs. This study is the first of its kind demonstrated on and applied to specific aluminum products, and represents a step forward in the development of more sustainable practices in this field.

scholarly journals Towards net-zero carbon performance: using demand side management and a low carbon grid to reduce operational carbon emissions in a UK public office

2021 ◽  
Vol 2069 (1) ◽  
pp. 012150
Author(s):  
E Burman ◽  
N Jain ◽  
M de-Borja-Torrejón
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Emissions ◽  
Demand Side Management ◽  
Carbon Intensity ◽  
Grid Integration ◽  
Demand Side ◽  
Low Carbon ◽  
Electricity Grid ◽  
Integration Strategy ◽  
Carbon Performance ◽  
And Control

Abstract This paper investigates the performance of an office building that has achieved a low carbon performance in practice thanks to a performance contract and Soft Landings approach. The findings show the potential of this building for further de-carbonisation as a result of electrification of heating and load shifting to take advantage of a low carbon electricity grid. Whilst retrospective modelling based on the past carbon intensity data shows the effectiveness of demand-side management, assessment of the existing smart readiness of the building revealed that the building services and control strategy are not fully equipped with the data analytics and carbon or price signal responsiveness required to facilitate grid integration. The environmental strategy and procurement method used for this building combined with an effective grid integration strategy can serve as a prototype for low carbon design to achieve the ever stringent carbon emissions objectives set out for the non-domestic buildings.

Calculation and Evaluation Methodology of Transport Energy Consumption and Carbon Emissions: A Case Study of Jiangsu Province

2014 ◽  
Vol 962-965 ◽  
pp. 1293-1302 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bin Ouyang ◽  
Zhen Hua Feng ◽  
Qing Hua Bi
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Carbon Emissions ◽  
Energy Intensity ◽  
Jiangsu Province ◽  
Policy Implications ◽  
System Structure ◽  
Evaluation Methodology ◽  
Carbon Intensity ◽  
Low Carbon ◽  
Carbon Transport

The calculation methodology of transport carbon emissions, based on the methodology recommended by Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) and the energy consumption statistics of provincial transport industry in China, is proposed. By using the methodology, the energy consumption and carbon emissions of highway, waterway and urban passenger transport from 2005 to 2012 of Jiangsu Province are calculated and evaluated. And the developing trends and main features from the perspectives of the total amount of transport energy consumption and carbon emissions, the proportional of both various energy types and various transport modes in the energy consumption, the energy intensity and carbon dioxide intensity, are systematically analyzed. Finally, some policy implications of low-carbon transport development were conclusively put forward, including reducing energy intensity and carbon intensity as the core focus, the highway transport as the breakthrough point, optimizing the integrated transport system structure and developing of public transport in priority as the strategic orientation, developing clean and low-carbon energy as an important way, etc. The research methodology and results can provide references for decision-making and management of the relevant provinces and cities on low-carbon transport development.

Optimal Net-Zero Cost Deep Energy Retrofit of Low-Rise Social Housing Townhouses

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lubna Al-Tameemi
Keyword(s):  
Heat Pump ◽  
Social Housing ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Housing Stock ◽  
Ghg Emissions ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Heating System ◽  
Carbon Intensity ◽  
Low Carbon ◽  
Energy Retrofit

Whole building optimization retrofits have been performed for two townhouses in four locations with different climates to find both energy efficiency and cost-effective retrofit solutions across a thirty-year time span analysis. The objective is to find deep energy retrofit packages that can be used for large scale social housing retrofit. The multi-objective optimizations aim to achieve the least annualized related costs, lower initial and operational energy related costs and substantial carbon savings by analyzing one natural gas heated option and four electric heated options (baseboard heating system, central air-source heat pump, ductless mini-split heat pump and ground-source heat pump). Results reveal that prescriptive deep energy retrofit solutions achieved between 78% to 100% site energy reductions through building enclosures improvement, upgrades of HVAC and water heating systems, upgrades of appliances and lighting, and the addition of onsite renewable energy generation. Results also indicate that ductless mini-split heat pump (MSHP) optimized model has lower long-term costs and a shorter modified payback period than the optimized gas-heated model at all locations; thus suggesting that heating electrification is cost effective and can reduce the majority of operational GHG emissions of existing housing stock in locations with low carbon intensity electric grid. (834KB) https://digital.library.ryerson.ca/islandora/object/RULA:8613/datastream/Calc_Lubna/view (284KB) https://digital.library.ryerson.ca/islandora/object/RULA:8613/datastream/AnAl_Lubna/view (4 MB) https://digital.library.ryerson.ca/islandora/object/RULA:8613/datastream/AnHr_Lubna/view (5MB) https://digital.library.ryerson.ca/islandora/object/RULA:8613/datastream/Wind_Lubna/view (6MB) https://digital.library.ryerson.ca/islandora/object/RULA:8613/datastream/Toro_Lubna/view (6MB) https://digital.library.ryerson.ca/islandora/object/RULA:8613/datastream/Thby_Lubna/view (6MB) https://digital.library.ryerson.ca/islandora/object/RULA:8613/datastream/Otta_Lubna/view

Analysis on Determining Factors of Regional Construction Land Carbon Emissions

2014 ◽  
Vol 587-589 ◽  
pp. 3-6
Author(s):  
Na Lu ◽  
Yong Sun
Keyword(s):  
Energy Efficiency ◽  
Carbon Emissions ◽  
Industrial Structure ◽  
Guizhou Province ◽  
Carbon Intensity ◽  
Low Carbon ◽  
Local Conditions ◽  
Intensity Effect ◽  
Construction Land ◽  
Industrial Carbon

It's important to discuss how to reduce construction land carbon emissions which is helpful for realizing low-carbon and efficient utilization of land. First, this paper chose three representative regions on construction land carbon intensity, namely Beijing, Hubei province and Guizhou province; second, based on LMDI method, it analyzed the contribution of different industrial carbon intensity effect and industrial structure effect to construction land carbon intensity in different regions between 2002 and 2008, the results show proposing the second industrials energy efficiency (65.11%) was crucial for Beijing, different industries's energy efficiency (110.5%) was important for Hubei, energy efficiency and industrial structure optimizing were crucial equally for Guizhou; finally it proposed different regions should find carbon reduction ways to local conditions.

scholarly journals Adopt or Innovate: Understanding Technological Responses to Cap-and-Trade

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 170-201
Author(s):  
Raphael Calel
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Emissions ◽  
Pollution Control ◽  
Carbon Market ◽  
Carbon Intensity ◽  
Carbon Markets ◽  
Low Carbon ◽  
Cap And Trade ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Regulated Firms ◽  
Control Technologies

One important motivation for creating cap-and-trade programs for carbon emissions is the expectation that they will stimulate much-needed low-carbon innovation. I construct a new panel of British firms to investigate this hypothesis, finding that the European carbon market has encouraged greater low-carbon patenting and R&D spending among regulated firms without necessarily driving short-term reductions in carbon intensity of output. This stands in contrast to past cap-and-trade programs, which have primarily spurred adoption of existing pollution control technologies, with little effect on innovation. I discuss how to reconcile these contrasting findings and implications for the future of carbon markets. (JEL D22, O32, O34, Q52, Q54, Q58)

scholarly journals Economic performance evaluation of natural gas vehicles and their fuel infrastructures

2018 ◽  
Vol 51 ◽  
pp. 01008
Author(s):  
Dejene A Hagos ◽  
Erik O Ahlgren
Keyword(s):  
Natural Gas ◽  
Production Cost ◽  
Direct Injection ◽  
Production Costs ◽  
High Price ◽  
Carbon Intensity ◽  
Low Carbon ◽  
Fuel Production ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Natural Gas Vehicles

The transition from high carbon-intensity to low carbon-intensity transport fuels entails the development of energy efficient and cost-effective decarbonisation pathways. In this paper, 14 potential natural and renewable gas supply pathways and natural gas vehicles (NGVs) have been selected and evaluated with regards to well-to-tank (WTT) fuel production costs and break-even vehicle added investment costs. NGVs are evaluated for both road- and maritime transport applications with three types of gas engines; dedicated, dual fuel, and high pressure direct injection (HPDI) engines. The results indicate that owing to the alternate gas distribution mechanisms and filling stations configuration there exist a substantial fuel production cost differences between the selected gas pathways. Despite its long-distance shipping and distribution, imported LNG showed significant production cost advantage over compressed natural gas (CNG) and liquefied renewable natural gas (LRNG) pathways. Evaluating the current economic performances, all NGVs are found to be competitive corresponding to gasoline cars, but not compared to diesel cars due to the lower price gap between CNG and diesel. In the heavy-duty vehicle and passenger vessel segments, however, owing to the high price gap between LNG and diesel/marine gas oil (MGO), all NGVs and LNG passenger vessels showed high competitiveness compared to their conventional counterparts.

scholarly journals Development and Utilization of Renewable Energy Based on Carbon Emission Reduction—Evaluation of Multiple MCDM Methods

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (17) ◽  
pp. 9822
Author(s):  
Tao Li ◽  
Ang Li ◽  
Yimiao Song
Keyword(s):  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Wind Power ◽  
Carbon Emissions ◽  
Emission Reduction ◽  
Carbon Emission ◽  
Carbon Intensity ◽  
High Carbon ◽  
Carbon Emission Reduction ◽  
Photovoltaic Power ◽  
Development And Utilization

With the proposed target of carbon peak and carbon neutralization, the development and utilization of renewable energy with the goal of carbon emission reduction is becoming increasingly important in China. We used the analytic hierarchy process (ANP) and a variety of MCDM methods to quantitatively evaluate renewable energy indicators. This study measured the sequence and differences of the development and utilization of renewable energy in different regions from the point of view of carbon emission reduction, which provides a new analytical perspective for the utilization and distribution of renewable energy in China and a solution based on renewable energy for achieving the goal of carbon emission reduction as soon as possible. The reliability of the evaluation system was further enhanced by confirmation through a variety of methods. The results show that the environment and carbon dimensions are the primary criteria to evaluate the priority of renewable energy under carbon emission reduction. In the overall choice of renewable energy, photovoltaic energy is the best solution. After dividing regions according to carbon emission intensity and resource endowment, areas with serious carbon emissions are suitable for the development of hydropower; areas with sub-serious carbon emissions should give priority to the development of photovoltaic or wind power; high-carbon intensity area I should vigorously develop wind power; high-carbon intensity area II should focus on developing photovoltaic power; second high-carbon intensity areas I and II are suitable for the development of wind power and photovoltaic power; and second high-carbon intensity areas III and IV are the most suitable for hydropower.

Border Carbon Adjustments When Carbon Intensity Varies across Producers: Evidence from California

2021 ◽  
Vol 111 ◽  
pp. 401-405
Author(s):  
Meredith Fowlie ◽  
Claire Petersen ◽  
Mar Reguant
Keyword(s):  
Market Efficiency ◽  
Greenhouse Gas ◽  
Carbon Emissions ◽  
Electricity Market ◽  
Carbon Intensity ◽  
Market Outcomes ◽  
Significant Potential ◽  
Practice Experience ◽  
Emissions Leakage ◽  
Rare Opportunity

Governments taxing carbon emissions within their jurisdiction can impose a commensurate tax on emissions embodied in imports in order to mitigate emissions leakage. California offers a rare opportunity to investigate how such a border carbon adjustment (BCA) is working in practice. Experience to date highlights important tensions between greenhouse gas accounting accuracy, market efficiency, and concerns about trade protectionism. We simulate electricity market outcomes under BCA designs that differ in terms of how the carbon intensity of imports is assessed. Simulations suggest significant potential for leakage via resource shuffling. Realized emissions outcomes indicate that this potential has not been fully realized.

scholarly journals Day-ahead forecasting of grid carbon intensity in support of heating, ventilation and air-conditioning plant demand response decision-making to reduce carbon emissions

2018 ◽  
Vol 39 (6) ◽  
pp. 749-760 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gordon Lowry
Keyword(s):  
Demand Response ◽  
Carbon Emissions ◽  
Air Conditioning ◽  
Network Models ◽  
Time Of Day ◽  
Electrical Heating ◽  
Carbon Intensity ◽  
High Carbon ◽  
Neural Network Models ◽  
Electricity Grid

Electrical heating, ventilation and air-conditioning loads in buildings are suitable candidates for use in demand response activity. This paper demonstrates a method to support planned demand response actions intended explicitly to reduce carbon emissions. Demand response is conventionally adopted to aid the operation of electricity grids and can lead to greater efficiency; here it is planned to target times of day when electricity is generated with high carbon intensity. Operators of heating, ventilation and air-conditioning plant and occupants of conditioned spaces can plan when to arrange shutdown of plant once they can foresee the opportune time of day for carbon saving. It is shown that the carbon intensity of the mainland UK electricity grid varies markedly throughout the day, but that this tends to follow daily and weekly seasonal patterns. To enable planning of demand response, 24 h ahead forecast models of grid carbon intensity are developed that are not dependent on collecting multiple exogenous data sets. In forecasting half-hour periods of high carbon intensity either linear autoregressive or non-linear artificial neural network models can be used, but a daily seasonal autoregressive model is shown to provide a 20% improvement in carbon reduction. Practical application: The forecast method demonstrated in the paper would enable building operators to plan demand response activity to target times of high carbon intensity on the UK electricity grid. The method would be easy to implement as the only data required are publicly available.

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