Imaging findings in coronavirus infections: SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, and SARS-CoV-2

During the first two decades of the 21st century, there have been three coronavirus infection outbreaks raising global health concerns by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV), the Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), and the SARS-CoV-2. Although the reported imaging findings of coronavirus infection are variable and non-specific, the most common initial chest radiograph (CXR) and CT findings are ground-glass opacities and consolidation with peripheral predominance and eventually spread to involve both lungs as the disease progresses. These findings can be explained by the immune pathogenesis of coronavirus infection causing diffuse alveolar damage. Although it is insensitive in mild or early coronavirus infection, the CXR remains as the first-line and the most commonly used imaging modality. That is because it is rapid and easily accessible and helpful for monitoring patient progress during treatment. CT is more sensitive to detect early parenchymal lung abnormalities and disease progression, and can provide an alternative diagnosis. In this pictorial review, various coronavirus infection cases are presented to provide imaging spectrums of coronavirus infection and present differences in imaging among them or from other viral infections, and to discuss the role of imaging in viral infection outbreaks.

Download Full-text

Congenital lung abnormalities: a pictorial review of imaging findings

Japanese Journal of Radiology ◽

10.1007/s11604-012-0132-1 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 30 (10) ◽

pp. 787-797 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Fumika Watarai ◽

Masashi Takahashi ◽

Takaaki Hosoya ◽

Kiyoshi Murata

Keyword(s):

Imaging Findings ◽

Pictorial Review ◽

Lung Abnormalities

Download Full-text

Anti-IL-6 versus Anti-IL-6R Blocking Antibodies to Treat Acute Ebola Infection in BALB/c Mice: Potential Implications for Treating Cytokine Release Syndrome

10.1101/2020.06.20.162826 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Reid Rubsamen ◽

Scott Burkholz ◽

Christopher Massey ◽

Trevor Brasel ◽

Tom Hodge ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Host Response ◽

Viral Infections ◽

Cytokine Release ◽

Cytokine Release Syndrome ◽

Important Mediator ◽

Acute Viral Infection ◽

Clinical Benefits ◽

Coronavirus Infection ◽

Blocking Antibodies

ABSTRACTCytokine release syndrome (CRS) is known to be a factor in morbidity and mortality associated with acute viral infections including those caused by filoviruses and coronaviruses. IL-6 has been implicated as a cytokine negatively associated with survival after filovirus and coronavirus infection. However, IL-6 has also been shown to be an important mediator of innate immunity and important for the host response to an acute viral infection. Clinical studies are now being conducted by various researchers to evaluate the possible role of IL-6 blockers to improve outcomes in critically ill patients with CRS. Most of these studies involve the use of anti-IL-6R monoclonal antibodies (α-IL-6R mAbs). We present data showing that direct neutralization of IL-6 with an α-IL-6 mAb in a BALB/c Ebolavirus (EBOV) challenge model produced a statistically significant improvement in outcome compared with controls when administered within the first 24 hours of challenge and repeated every 72 hours. A similar effect was seen in mice treated with the same dose of α-IL-6R mAb when the treatment was delayed 48 hrs post-challenge. These data suggest that direct neutralization of IL-6, early during the course of infection, may provide additional clinical benefits to IL-6 receptor blockade alone during treatment of patients with virus-induced CRS.

Download Full-text

Implications of the new FIGO staging and the role of imaging in cercal cancer

British Journal of Radiology ◽

10.1259/bjr.20201342 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 20201342

Author(s):

Aki Kido ◽

Yuji Nakamoto

Keyword(s):

Imaging Modality ◽

Tumour Size ◽

Staging System ◽

Cancer Staging ◽

Imaging Findings ◽

Figo Staging ◽

Gynecology And Obstetrics ◽

Two Factors ◽

Clinical Background

International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics (FIGO) staging, which is the fundamentally important cancer staging system for cervical cancer, has changed in 2018. New FIGO staging includes considerable progress in the incorporation of imaging findings for tumour size measurement and evaluating lymph node (LN) metastasis in addition to tumour extent evaluation. MRI with high spatial resolution is expected for tumour size measurements and the high accuracy of positron emmision tomography/CT for LN evaluation. The purpose of this review is firstly review the diagnostic ability of each imaging modality with the clinical background of those two factors newly added and the current state for LN evaluation. Secondly, we overview the fundamental imaging findings with characteristics of modalities and sequences in MRI for accurate diagnosis depending on the focus to be evaluated and for early detection of recurrent tumour. In addition, the role of images in treatment response and prognosis prediction is given with the development of recent technique of image analysis including radiomics and deep learning.

Download Full-text

The Potential of Telomeric G-Quadruplexes Containing Modified Oligoguanosine Overhangs in Activation of Bacterial Phagocytosis and Leukotriene Synthesis in Human Neutrophils

Biomolecules ◽

10.3390/biom10020249 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 10 (2) ◽

pp. 249 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Ekaterina A. Golenkina ◽

Galina M. Viryasova ◽

Nina G. Dolinnaya ◽

Valeria A. Bannikova ◽

Tatjana V. Gaponova ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Antimicrobial Agents ◽

Viral Infections ◽

Uv Spectroscopy ◽

Human Neutrophils ◽

First Line ◽

Cellular Effects ◽

Cellular Processes ◽

G Quadruplex ◽

New Generation

Human neutrophils are the first line of defense against bacterial and viral infections. They eliminate pathogens through phagocytosis, which activate the 5-lipoxygenase (5-LOX) pathway resulting in synthesis of leukotrienes. Using HPLC analysis, flow cytometry, and other biochemical methods, we studied the effect of synthetic oligodeoxyribonucleotides (ODNs) able to fold into G-quadruplex structures on the main functions of neutrophils. Designed ODNs contained four human telomere TTAGGG repeats (G4) including those with phosphorothioate oligoguanosines attached to the end(s) of G-quadruplex core. Just modified analogues of G4 was shown to more actively than parent ODN penetrate into cells, improve phagocytosis of Salmonella typhimurium bacteria, affect 5-LOX activation, the cytosol calcium ion level, and the oxidative status of neutrophils. As evident from CD and UV spectroscopy data, the presence of oligoguanosines flanking G4 sequence leads to dramatic changes in G-quadruplex topology. While G4 folds into a single antiparallel structure, two main folded forms have been identified in solutions of modified ODNs: antiparallel and dominant, more stable parallel. Thus, both the secondary structure of ODNs and their ability to penetrate into the cytoplasm of cells are important for the activation of neutrophil cellular effects. Our results offer new clues for understanding the role of G-quadruplex ligands in regulation of integral cellular processes and for creating the antimicrobial agents of a new generation.

Download Full-text

Respiratory viral infections in the lower respiratory tract failure (Literature review)

Journal Infectology ◽

10.22625/2072-6732-2021-13-4-5-13 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (4) ◽

pp. 5-13

Author(s):

I. V. Babachenko ◽

E. A. Kozyrev ◽

E. V. Sharipova ◽

E. D. Orlova ◽

N. S. Tian

Keyword(s):

Respiratory Tract ◽

Lower Respiratory Tract ◽

Viral Infections ◽

Community Acquired Pneumonia ◽

Laboratory Diagnostics ◽

Bacterial Strains ◽

Lower Respiratory Tract Disease ◽

Coronavirus Infection ◽

Tract Disease

The sharp increase in viral pneumonia against the background of the pandemic of the new coronavirus infection SARS-CoV-2 requires more attention to the study of the role of viruses in damage to the lower respiratory tract, including their etiological significance in the development of community-acquired pneumonia. Modern possibilities of laboratory diagnostics make it possible not only to identify and study respiratory viruses, but also to help differentiate active viral infections as a cause of lower respiratory tract disease from virus carriers. The review describes the epidemiological and clinical features of the most relevant or less studied pneumotropic viral infections in children (respiratory syncytial, adenovirus, bocavirus, metapneumovirus), including their role in the etiology of pneumonia in children. Understanding the viral etiology of pneumonia in children will reduce the antibacterial load, which will help to reduce the side effects of chemotherapy and slow the emergence of antimicrobialresistant bacterial strains.

Download Full-text

Perspectives of Antidiabetic Drugs in Diabetes With Coronavirus Infections

Frontiers in Pharmacology ◽

10.3389/fphar.2020.592439 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 ◽

Author(s):

Bao Sun ◽

Shiqiong Huang ◽

Jiecan Zhou

Keyword(s):

Viral Infections ◽

Sglt2 Inhibitors ◽

The Novel ◽

Antidiabetic Agents ◽

Dipeptidyl Peptidase 4 ◽

Sodium Glucose Cotransporter ◽

Coronavirus Infection ◽

Glucagon Like Peptide ◽

Glucagon Like Peptide 1

Diabetes mellitus (DM) increases the risk of viral infections especially during the period of poor glycemic controls. Emerging evidence has reported that DM is one of the most common comorbidities in the novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV2) infection, also referred to as COVID-19. Moreover, the management and therapy are complex for individuals with diabetes who are acutely unwell with suspected or confirmed COVID-19. Here, we review the role of antidiabetic agents, mainly including insulin, metformin, pioglitazone, dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP4) inhibitors, sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors, and glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) receptor agonists in DM patients with coronavirus infection, addressing the clinical therapeutic choices for these subjects.

Download Full-text

sonographic assessment of the symptomatic breast – a pictorial review

Journal of Diagnostic Radiography and Imaging ◽

10.1017/s1460472803000026 ◽

2003 ◽

Vol 5 (1) ◽

pp. 3-12 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

d. c. howlett ◽

n. d. p. marchbank ◽

s. m. allan

Keyword(s):

Clinical Examination ◽

Imaging Modality ◽

Sonographic Assessment ◽

Pictorial Review ◽

Patient Groups ◽

Initial Imaging ◽

Symptomatic Breast

ultrasound serves as an essential adjunct to mammography and clinical examination in symptomatic breast evaluation and is the initial imaging modality of choice in some patient groups.in this review the role of ultrasound in the assessment of the symptomatic breast is discussed and examples of a variety of breast pathologies illustrated.

Download Full-text

The value of interferon therapy for COVID-19 in children

CHILDREN INFECTIONS ◽

10.22627/2072-8107-2021-20-1-34-38 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 20 (1) ◽

pp. 34-38

Author(s):

L. N. Mazankova ◽

S. G. Gorbunov ◽

E. R. Samitova

Keyword(s):

Literature Review ◽

Interferon Therapy ◽

Antiviral Agents ◽

First Line ◽

Recombinant Interferon ◽

Interferon Alpha 2B ◽

Leading Role ◽

Coronavirus Infection ◽

Recombinant Interferon Alpha

The article presents a literature review, which provides data on the role of interferons in the immunopathogenesis of COVID-19 and the clinical efficacy of drugs based on recombinant interferon-alpha 2b in the treatment of children with new coronavirus infection. Shown the leading role ofinterferons as factors of the first line of defense against various viruses, including SARS-CoV-2. Numerous studies have proven the feasibility of including interferon preparations in COVID-19 therapyregimens in children, both as combinations with antiviral agents and as monotherapy.

Download Full-text

Normal pulmonary venous anatomy and non-anomalous variations demonstrated on CT angiography: what the radiologist needs to know?

British Journal of Radiology ◽

10.1259/bjr.20200595 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 93 (1116) ◽

pp. 20200595

Author(s):

Niraj Nirmal Pandey ◽

Avichala Taxak ◽

Sanjeev Kumar

Keyword(s):

Multidetector Ct ◽

Imaging Modality ◽

Pulmonary Veins ◽

First Line ◽

Venous Anatomy ◽

High Quality ◽

Pictorial Review ◽

Line Imaging ◽

Procedural Planning ◽

Anomalous Pulmonary Venous Connections

Variations in pulmonary venous anatomy (in the absence of any anomalous pulmonary venous connections) is not uncommon. Commonly occurring variations include presence of conjoined pulmonary veins (PV), supernumerary PVs and ostial PVs. Variant PV anatomy is often asymptomatic; however, it may assume importance in the pre-procedural planning prior to cardiothoracic surgeries and radiofrequency catheter-directed ablation for PV isolation. It is therefore important that the radiologist is aware of the conventional normal and variant PV anatomy in addition to obvious abnormalities like anomalous PV drainage or PV stenosis/ occlusion. Multidetector CT (MDCT) is often used as the first-line imaging modality for pre-procedural PV mapping as it provides high quality images with short acquisition times and availability of numerous post-processing tools.This pictorial review focusses on the MDCT-based PV imaging describing the reporting nomenclature, the conventional normal as well as non-anomalous variant PV anatomy along with their clinical significance.

Download Full-text

Vitamin D deficiency as a factor for immunity stimulation and lower risk of acute respiratory infections and COVID-19

Arterial’naya Gipertenziya (Arterial Hypertension) ◽

10.18705/1607-419x-2020-26-3-295-303 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 26 (3) ◽

pp. 295-303 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

T. L. Karonova ◽

M. A. Vashukova ◽

D. A. Gusev ◽

K. A. Golovatuk ◽

E. N. Grineva

Keyword(s):

Vitamin D ◽

Vitamin D Deficiency ◽

Viral Infections ◽

Respiratory Infections ◽

Therapeutic Agents ◽

Acute Respiratory Infections ◽

Factors Associated ◽

Prophylactic Measures ◽

Coronavirus Infection

During the COVID-19 pandemic, the efforts of many researchers around the world are aimed at finding preventive and prophylactic measures as well as therapeutic agents against SARS-CoV-2. Recent studies have showed that vitamin D deficiency could be one of many factors associated with the development and severity of acute respiratory infections, and vitamin D could be used for prevention and treatment of these patients. This review summarizes data about the role of vitamin D in the pathogenesis and prevention of respiratory viral infections, including new coronavirus infection as well as mechanisms for reducing the risk of infection with vitamin D therapy. Probably, this review will be of interest for endocrinologists and other specialists.

Download Full-text