scholarly journals Η Ιστιαϊκή επικράτεια στη Βόρεια Εύβοια

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Άγγελος Ριτσώνης
Keyword(s):  
Primary Objective ◽  
The Political ◽  
Detailed Knowledge ◽  
Greek City ◽  
Funerary Monuments ◽  
Imperial Period ◽  
Historical Outline ◽  
The Status ◽  
City States ◽  
The City

Histiaia is mentioned twice in the period of epic poetry as an independent political body with ideological criteria and institutions rooted in a rich religious mythology that drew deeply on its Ionian inheritance and foundation. The present study offers a thorough investigation of Histiaia‘s historical course during the period from the eighth century BC until the later Roman period. The significance for Hellenism of the naval battle of Artemisium was decisive despite the violent destruction of Histaia‘s demes. Subsequently, Histaia acquired a metropolitan character with many cultural institutions and a clear mode of self-government, taking as its primary objective the enforcement of the institutional conditions agreed by its six phyles, of which the Aeinaftes and Mekistis are known to us today. After the city had the status of an Athenian cleruchy for approximately forty years, it returned embittered to the political formation of the Greek city-states. The effort to detect archaeological and topographic data of the forty-three cities, which together delimit their geographical range, and identify the location of Classical Histiaia in the pre-cleruchy period is one of the objectives of this study. Among other topics discussed are the excavation sites of three large demes, first in order to identify urban elements that reveal the formation of the metropolis and its mode of activity, and second to investigate the historical topography from the Geometric era until the Roman imperial period across the entire territory under Histiaia‘s control. Also demonstrated in this study is that in addition to information about the geomorphological relief extractable from both coastal and mountainous areas, as well as the historical outline drawn from ancient sources, we can also glean detailed knowledge of architectural influences and the origins of the funerary monuments that reveal the history of the urban fabric, as do also the sculptural works associated with it. Furthermore, this study deals with the epigraphical evidence relating to the institutions of the city and particularly those of the territory of Histiaia that were instrumental in the promotion of political-economic conditions which would in turn nurture peace in the region of Euboea. Histiaia‘s governing system, epigraphical evidence and monetary policy is presented in such a way as to accommodate new evidence the will emerge that in the future to strengthen the research axis established here for the study of the political system that prevailed in northern Euboea for at least three centuries.

European plans for perpetual peace and their impact upon the law of war

1979 ◽  
Vol 19 (213) ◽  
pp. 283-300
Author(s):  
G.I.A.D. Draper
Keyword(s):  
Complex System ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
The Political ◽  
Greek City ◽  
Perpetual Peace ◽  
The Common ◽  
Treaty Networks ◽  
City States ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
The City

Writers have expressed the view that man's interest in projects for establishing perpetual peace is as old as man's participation in warfare. We cannot be certain that Europe can be considered the cradle of such projects for peace, although the Greek city states certainly elaborated a complex system of treaty relationships between themselves to that end. Europe was not to see a like network of sophisticated treaty relationships until the 19th century. Supporting these elaborate treaty networks was the fact that the Greeks enjoyed a common religious-legal and linguistic substratum which tended to mitigate the harshness of the intense intercity rivalries and enmities. The Greeks, as in so many other excursions in thought, were the architects of the modern array of different kinds of political treaties, e.g., of alliance, confederation, federation and, from the 4th century B.C., peace treaties of unlimited duration. In particular, religious leagues were established for the common defence of a shared and sacred shrine. Such were the Amphictyonys of the 5th century B.C. The religious bond between the cities parties to such compacts extended into the political sphere so that the city states bound thereby became confederated by the terms of the amphictyony, as was the case of the confederate association for the protection of the great shrine at Delphi.

The Polis and the Economy

2018 ◽  
pp. 96-117
Author(s):  
Alain Bresson
Keyword(s):  
Bronze Age ◽  
Land Ownership ◽  
Eighth Century ◽  
Greek City ◽  
The Status ◽  
City States ◽  
Taxation System ◽  
The City ◽  
The Bronze Age

This chapter examines the process that allowed the Greek city-states to achieve an impressive level of economic growth. It begins with a short historical overview of the development that took place in Greece from the end of the Bronze Age until the Archaic period, when the “eighth-century revolution” enabled Greece to experience a first phase of significant growth, including population growth. It then considers the taxation system of the city-states, focusing on the fundamental question of tribute and its replacement by comparatively modest levels of communal taxes and private rents in the framework of the polis. It also discusses the role of dignitaries, temples, and the king in the way in which local markets were supplied, as well as status of property and land ownership within the framework of the city. Finally, it compares the status of what the Greeks called “civic land” and “royal land”.

scholarly journals THE ROLE OF THE KYZYLORDA PERIOD IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE EDUCATION SYSTEM OF KAZAKHSTAN

2020 ◽  
Vol 65 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
E.A. Jalmagambetov ◽  
◽  
E.Zh. Aziretbergenova ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Young People ◽  
Education System ◽  
Public Life ◽  
Boarding Schools ◽  
Educational Institutions ◽  
The Political ◽  
Remote Areas ◽  
The Status ◽  
The City

The Kyzylorda period in the development of the education system of Kazakhstan occupies a special place. The center's move to the city of Kyzylorda gave a new impetus to the political and public life of the region. Young people seeking education started coming to the city of Kyzylorda from other regions. After assigning the status of the capital in the city of Kyzylorda began to open up new educational institutions. The Kazakh Institute of education and medical schools moved from Orenburg. The city has opened educational schools of the first and second categories. Special boarding schools were opened for people living in remote areas. The work of boarding schools was constantly monitored by special commissions. In 1925, the famous writer Gabiden Mustafin worked and studied in the city of Kyzylorda. Also, S. Mukanov, A. Kenzhin and other representatives of the Kazakh intelligentsia worked in the education system.

Topography of Athens

Classics ◽  
2011 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeffrey M. Hurwit ◽  
Ioannis Mitsios
Keyword(s):  
Coastal Plain ◽  
Aegean Sea ◽  
Ancient Greek ◽  
Greek City ◽  
Urban Core ◽  
Ancient City ◽  
History Of ◽  
City States ◽  
City State ◽  
The City

The ancient city-state (or polis) of Athens was contiguous with the region known as Attica, a large, triangular peninsula extending southeastward from the Greek mainland into the Aegean Sea. In the western angle of Attica, on a coastal plain surrounded by four mountains (Hymettos, Pentelikon, Parnes, and Aigaleos), lay the city itself. Although the modern city has thickly spread up the slopes of the mountains as well as to the sea, the study of Athenian topography concentrates on the monuments, buildings, and spaces of the ancient urban core, an area roughly 3 square kilometers surrounding the Acropolis and defended in the Classical period by a wall some 6.5 kilometers in length. Athens is the ancient Greek city that we know best, and it is unquestionably the Greek city whose art, architecture, literature, philosophy, and political history have had the greatest impact on the Western tradition and imagination. As a result, “Athenian” is sometimes considered synonymous with “Greek.” It is not. In many respects, Athens was exceptional among Greek city-states, not typical: it was a very different place from, say, Thebes or Sparta. Still, the study of Athens, its monuments, and its culture needs no defense, and the charge of “Athenocentrism” is a hollow indictment when one stands before the Parthenon or holds a copy of Sophocles’ Antigone. This article will refer to the following periods in the history of Athens and Greece (the dates are conventional): late Bronze, or Mycenaean, Age (1550–1100 bce); Dark Age (1100–760 bce); Archaic (760–480 bce); Classical (480–323 bce); Hellenistic (323 –31 bce); and Roman (31 BCE–c. 475 ce).

scholarly journals Under the bridge in Tehran: Addiction, Poverty and Capital

Ethnography ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 151-175 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maziyar Ghiabi
Keyword(s):  
Drug Users ◽  
Primary Objective ◽  
The State ◽  
Ethnographic Study ◽  
Urban Life ◽  
The Political ◽  
The City ◽  
The Way

The article provides an ethnographic study of the lives of the ‘dangerous class’ of drug users based on fieldwork carried out among different drug using ‘communities’ in Tehran between 2012 and 2016. The primary objective is to articulate the presence of this category within modern Iran, its uses and its abuses in relation to the political. What drives the narration is not only the account of this lumpen, plebeian group vis à vis the state, but also the way power has affected their agency, their capacity to be present in the city, and how capital/power and the dangerous/lumpen life come to terms, to conflict, and to the production of new situations which affect urban life.

scholarly journals legislation (nomothesia)

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mirko Canevaro
Keyword(s):  
Legal System ◽  
Judicial Review ◽  
Political Institutions ◽  
Ad Hoc ◽  
Greek City ◽  
Standard Procedures ◽  
The Government ◽  
City States ◽  
Legislative Changes ◽  
The City

From the earliest stages, the Greeks understood the distinction between legislation and day-to-day administration. They gave laws a special status and often created specific, separate procedures to enact them. In the Archaic period, specially appointed lawgivers were normally in charge of giving laws to the polis; these laws were intended to be immutable, and their stability secured through entrenchment clauses. Making laws was not considered to be among the normal tasks of the government of the polis, and there were no standard procedures to change the laws once these had been given. Assemblies in Greek city-states often enacted rules that had the force of law, but the legislative changes were not institutionally acknowledged, and the laws enacted by the lawgivers could not be changed. This gave rise to significant problems of legitimacy, and it introduced inconsistencies in the legal system of the polis, a problem that we can observe in 5th-century bce Athens. At the end of the 5th century, the Athenians introduced judicial review to vet new legislation and avoid the introduction of inconsistencies, performed a revision of the laws of the city, and finally institutionalised a distinction between nomoi (“laws,” general permanent norms) and psephismata (“decrees,” ad hoc enactments). They also created a complex new procedure, involving a board of nomothetai, to allow the demos to make new laws and change the existing ones. Similar yet not identical procedures are attested also outside Athens: Hellenistic kings often ordered the appointment of nomothetai or nomographoi to enact rules about political institutions, and nomographoi or nomothetic lawcourts are attested in various cities, with the task of “upgrading” decrees of the demos into laws, and entering them among the laws of the city.

Assos

2003 ◽  
Author(s):  
Clyde E. Fant ◽  
Mitchell G. Reddish
Keyword(s):  
Aegean Sea ◽  
Asia Minor ◽  
Alexander The Great ◽  
Greek City ◽  
Delian League ◽  
City States ◽  
The Village ◽  
The City ◽  
The Town ◽  
Steep Hill

With its acropolis perched on a steep hill overlooking the Aegean Sea, the city of Assos provides a spectacular view for the visitor. From the acropolis one can look down on the ruins of the ancient buildings on the slope and also see the remains of the city’s harbor in the Aegean. On a clear day the island of Lesbos is visible approximately 7 miles south across the Bay of Edremit. From this island came the first settlers of ancient Assos. The site of ancient Assos is located in the southern part of the Troad area of Turkey, on the modern highway that runs along the Aegean coast and connects the towns of Geyikli and Ayvacïk. Assos was in the ancient region of Mysia. Today the village of Behramkale occupies the site of ancient Assos. During the 7th century B.C.E. Aeolian Greeks from the town of Methymna (modern Molivos) on the island of Lesbos crossed the Edremit Bay and founded the city of Assos. During the first half of the 6th century, King Croesus of Lydia (whose capital was at Sardis) captured and controlled Assos. Lydian domination ended in 546 B.C.E., when Cyrus of Persia defeated Croesus and brought this area of Asia Minor under Persian control. During the following century Assos gained its freedom when a coalition of Greek city-states defeated the Persians. Assos then became a part of the Delian League under the leadership of Athens. One of the rulers of Assos in the 4th century was Hermias, who had been a student, along with Aristotle, of the philosopher Plato. At the invitation of Hermias, Aristotle went to Assos and lived there from 348 to 345 B.C.E., marrying Hermias’ niece. The Persians recaptured the city and killed Hermias, but their control ended with the conquests of Alexander the Great. After Alexander’s untimely death the Seleucids ruled Assos. In 241 B.C.E. the city became a part of the Pergamene kingdom and remained under the control of the kings of Pergamum until the death of Attalus III in 133 B.C.E., at which time the city passed into Roman hands.

Ancient Mediterranean trade links.

2021 ◽  
pp. 37-49
Author(s):  
James F. Hancock
Keyword(s):  
Greek City ◽  
Ancient Civilizations ◽  
City States ◽  
The City ◽  
The Invisible

Abstract This chapter describes the commercial, political, and trade landscape of the early ancient civilizations. It consists of ten subchapters which are about the early Egyptian-Levantine trade, the Minoans and Mycenaeans, the invisible commodities in early commerce between Egypt and the Levant, Solomon and the Kingdom of Israel, Phoenicians, emergence of the Greek City States, Alexander and the City of Alexandria, Egypt under the Ptolemies, Rome and Carthage rise and fight for Mediterranean supremacy, and lastly, the Romans control of Egypt.

The Institutions of the Domestic Market

2018 ◽  
pp. 225-259
Author(s):  
Alain Bresson
Keyword(s):  
Private Property ◽  
Domestic Market ◽  
Market System ◽  
Informational Asymmetry ◽  
Greek City ◽  
Legal Space ◽  
Legal Constraints ◽  
City States ◽  
City State ◽  
The City

This chapter examines the institutions of the domestic market system in the Greek city-states. It begins with a discussion of private property in relation to trade, noting that, in the framework of the kind of collective appropriation constituted by the city-state, citizens were free to use their property as they wished. It then considers the city-states' law and legal practices relating to transactions, with particular emphasis on the law of sale and contracts, before exploring the agora as a legal space and as a marketplace connected with other official places of exchange that were also institutionalized. The chapter goes on to describe buying and selling in the agora, legal constraints on the agora, supervision of contracts and production, and the authority of the agoranomoi (magistrates). It concludes with an analysis of informational asymmetry and guarantee of sales in commercial trade, along with price control policies for commodities on sale.

Framing the Gift: The Politics of the Siphnian Treasury at Delphi

2001 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 273-344 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard T. Neer
Keyword(s):  
Greek City ◽  
The Gift ◽  
City States ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The City

Thêêsauroi, or treasure-houses, are small, temple-like structures, found typically in the sanctuaries of Delphi and Olympia. They were built by Greek city-states to house the dedications of their citizens. But a thêêsauros is not just a storeroom: it is also a frame for costly votives, a way of diverting elite display in the interest of the city. When placed on view in a treasure-house, the individual dedication is re-contextualized: although it still reflects well on its dedicant, it also glorifies the polis. Thêêsauroi effectively nationalize votives——and, with them, a dedicant's privileged relationship to the gods. The sculptural program of the Siphnian treasury exemplifies these issues.

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