scholarly journals Metachronous or synchronous male breast and prostate cancers a duality to lookout for.

F1000Research ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
pp. 1825
Author(s):  
Alain Mwamba Mukendi ◽  
Eunice Van Den Berg ◽  
Sugeshnee Pather ◽  
Rushen Siva Padayachee
Keyword(s):  
Breast Cancer ◽  
Prostate Cancer ◽  
Prostate Biopsy ◽  
Bone Scan ◽  
Digital Rectal Examination ◽  
Radical Mastectomy ◽  
Modified Radical Mastectomy ◽  
Breast Lump ◽  
History Of ◽  
Prostate Cancers

Introduction: Breast cancer is well known as the stereotypical women's cancer, and prostate cancer represents the well-known stereotypical male counterpart. While prostate cancer carries the potential to metastasize to the breast, the synchronous or metachronous co-occurrence of primary breast and primary prostate cancers is quite unusual. Prostate cancer in men of African descent may have its own behavior with regards to its relationship with male breast cancer. Case presentation: Case 1: A 64 year old male presented to Chris Hani Baragwanath Hospital (CHBAH) with a 2 years history of a painless left breast lump. A core biopsy was confirmed breast carcinoma. Tamoxifen was started but, due to disease progression, he underwent left modified radical mastectomy followed by chemotherapy. Prostate biopsy was done for raised Prostate Specific Antigen (PSA) and suspicious prostate on digital rectal examination. A prostatic adenocarcinoma was subsequently diagnosed with bone metastasis on bone scan. He was started on Androgen deprivation therapy and followed up every 3 months. Case 2: A 68 year old male presented to CHBAH with a 1 year history of a painless right breast lump. A core biopsy confirmed breast cancer. Tamoxifen was started, followed by right modified radical mastectomy and chemotherapy for disease progression. A raised PSA and suspicious prostate on digital rectal examination prompted a prostate biopsy revealing a prostatic adenocarcinoma. Bone scan was negative for metastasis. He is currently on 3 monthly Androgen deprivation therapy and awaiting radiation. Conclusion: This clinical practice article not only presents this exceptionally rare duality but highlights that both cancers can coexist either as sporadic conditions, or as a result of genetic mutations. Thus, we suggest that men with prostate cancer be screened clinically, biochemically and genetically for breast cancer and vice versa.

scholarly journals Metachronous or synchronous male breast and prostate cancers a duality to lookout for.

F1000Research ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
pp. 1825 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alain Mwamba Mukendi ◽  
Eunice Van Den Berg ◽  
Sugeshnee Pather ◽  
Rushen Siva Padayachee
Keyword(s):  
Breast Cancer ◽  
Prostate Cancer ◽  
Prostate Biopsy ◽  
Bone Scan ◽  
Digital Rectal Examination ◽  
Radical Mastectomy ◽  
Modified Radical Mastectomy ◽  
Breast Lump ◽  
History Of ◽  
Prostate Cancers

Introduction: Breast cancer is well known as the stereotypical women's cancer, and prostate cancer represents the well-known stereotypical male counterpart. While prostate cancer carries the potential to metastasize to the breast, the synchronous or metachronous co-occurrence of primary breast and primary prostate cancers is quite unusual. Prostate cancer in men of African descent may have its own behaviour with regards to its relationship with male breast cancer. Case presentation: Case 1: A 64 year old male presented to Chris Hani Baragwanath Hospital (CHBAH) with a 2 years history of a painless left breast lump. A core biopsy was done and confirmed breast carcinoma. Tamoxifen was started but, due to disease progression, he underwent left modified radical mastectomy followed by chemotherapy. Prostate biopsy was done for raised Prostate Specific Antigen (PSA) and suspicious prostate on digital rectal examination. A prostatic adenocarcinoma was subsequently diagnosed with bone metastases on bone scan. He was started on Androgen deprivation therapy and followed up every 3 months. Case 2: A 68 year old male presented to CHBAH with a 1 year history of a painless right breast lump. A core biopsy confirmed breast cancer. Tamoxifen was started, followed by right modified radical mastectomy and chemotherapy for disease progression. A raised PSA and suspicious prostate on digital rectal examination prompted a prostate biopsy revealing a prostatic adenocarcinoma. Bone scan was negative for metastasis. He is currently on 3 monthly Androgen deprivation therapy and awaiting radiation. Conclusion: This clinical practice article not only presents this exceptionally rare duality but highlights that both cancers can coexist either as sporadic conditions, or as a result of genetic mutations. Thus, we suggest that men with prostate cancer be screened clinically, biochemically and genetically for breast cancer and vice versa.

scholarly journals Screening for prostate cancer: How to manage in 2006

2005 ◽  
Vol 52 (4) ◽  
pp. 19-21 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Lobel
Keyword(s):  
Prostate Cancer ◽  
High Risk ◽  
Prostate Biopsy ◽  
Specific Antigen ◽  
Digital Rectal Examination ◽  
Rectal Biopsy ◽  
High Risk Population ◽  
Major Question ◽  
Prostate Cancer Prevention ◽  
History Of

National Societies usually recommend screening for Prostate Cancer (PC) with Serum Prostate Specific Antigen (PSA) and digital rectal examination annually beginning at age 50. In high risk population including men with a family history of PC or African population screening should start at age of 45 years. PSA has been widely used to detect PC despite the fact that PSA is not specific for PC. Over the years serum PSA level of greater than 4,0ng/ml was considered the threshold to perform prostate biopsy, searching for PC. In 2005 the Prostate Cancer Prevention Trial (PCPT) demonstrated that the cut-off of 4,0ng/ml for PSA is not anymore adapted1 due to the fact that this survey found in 15% of men with PSA < or = 4,0ng/ml a prostate cancer on sextant biopsies. Today the value of PSA and the cut-off for Prostate biopsy is questioned suggesting that PSA level higher than 2,6ng/ml must be the case to propose Prostate Biopsy. Catalona confirms that approximately 25% to 30% of men with PSA 2,6 to 4,0ng/ml have prostate cancer2. Schr?der and Gosselaar3 assert that screening for PC at low PSA levels (<4,0ng/ml) risks to detect clinically insignificant cancers which are no threat to man. So far in the year 2006 screening for PC demonstrates accumulating evidences of efficacy but persistent uncertainty4. The major question for an urologist at work when facing a young men searching early diagnosis of PC is: at which level of PSA do we have to perform rectal biopsy ?.

scholarly journals Clinical diagnosis of prostate cancer using digital rectal examination and prostate-specific antigen tests: a systematic review and meta-analysis of sensitivity and specificity

2021 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nelson C. Okpua ◽  
Simon I. Okekpa ◽  
Stanley Njaka ◽  
Augusta N. Emeh
Keyword(s):  
Prostate Cancer ◽  
Prostate Specific Antigen ◽  
Sensitivity And Specificity ◽  
Specific Antigen ◽  
Digital Rectal Examination ◽  
Antigen Test ◽  
Rectal Examination ◽  
Prostate Specific Antigen Test ◽  
Prostate Cancers ◽  
Antigen Tests

Abstract Background Being diagnosed with cancer, irrespective of type initiates a serious psychological concern. The increasing rate of detection of indolent prostate cancers is a source of worry to public health. Digital rectal examination and prostate-specific antigen tests are the commonly used prostate cancer screening tests. Understanding the diagnostic accuracies of these tests may provide clearer pictures of their characteristics and values in prostate cancer diagnosis. This review compared the sensitivities and specificities of digital rectal examination and prostate-specific antigen test in detection of clinically important prostate cancers using studies from wider population. Main body We conducted literature search in PubMed, Medline, Science Direct, Wiley Online, CINAHL, Scopus, AJOL and Google Scholar, using key words and Boolean operators. Studies comparing the sensitivity and specificity of digital rectal examination and prostate-specific antigen tests in men 40 years and above, using biopsy as reference standard were retrieved. Data were extracted and analysed using Review manager (RevMan 5.3) statistical software. The overall quality of the studies was good, and heterogeneity was observed across the studies. The result comparatively shows that prostate-specific antigen test has higher sensitivity (P < 0.00001, RR 0.74, CI 0.67–0.83) and specificity (P < 0.00001, RR 1.81, CI 1.54–2.12) in the detection of prostate cancers than digital rectal examination. Conclusion Prostate-specific antigen test has higher sensitivity and specificity in detecting prostate cancers from men of multiple ethnic origins. However, combination of prostate-specific antigen test and standardized digital rectal examination procedure, along with patients history, may improve the accuracy and minimize over-diagnoses of indolent prostate cancers.

scholarly journals Integrated predictive model for prostatic cancer using clinical, laboratory and ultrasound data

2016 ◽  
Vol 43 (6) ◽  
pp. 430-437
Author(s):  
GUSTAVO DAVID LUDWIG ◽  
HENRIQUE PERES ROCHA ◽  
LÚCIO JOSÉ BOTELHO ◽  
MAIARA BRUSCO FREITAS
Keyword(s):  
Prostate Cancer ◽  
Predictive Model ◽  
Prostate Biopsy ◽  
Clinical Laboratory ◽  
Prostate Volume ◽  
Specific Antigen ◽  
Digital Rectal Examination ◽  
Roc Curves ◽  
Rectal Examination ◽  
Psa Density

ABSTRACT Objective: to develop a predictive model to estimate the probability of prostate cancer prior to biopsy. Methods: from September 2009 to January 2014, 445 men underwent prostate biopsy in a radiology service. We excluded from the study patients with diseases that could compromise the data analysis, who had undergone prostatic resection or used 5-alpha-reductase inhibitors. Thus, we selected 412 patients. Variables included in the model were age, prostate specific antigen (PSA), digital rectal examination, prostate volume and abnormal sonographic findings. We constructed Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curves and calculated the areas under the curve, as well as the model's Positive Predictive Value (PPV) . Results: of the 412 men, 155 (37.62%) had prostate cancer (PC). The mean age was 63.8 years and the median PSA was 7.22ng/ml. In addition, 21.6% and 20.6% of patients had abnormalities on digital rectal examination and image suggestive of cancer by ultrasound, respectively. The median prostate volume and PSA density were 45.15cm3 and 0.15ng/ml/cm3, respectively. Univariate and multivariate analyses showed that only five studied risk factors are predictors of PC in the study (p<0.05). The PSA density was excluded from the model (p=0.314). The area under the ROC curve for PC prediction was 0.86. The PPV was 48.08% for 95%sensitivity and 52.37% for 90% sensitivity. Conclusion: the results indicate that clinical, laboratory and ultrasound data, besides easily obtained, can better stratify the risk of patients undergoing prostate biopsy.

scholarly journals Multi-cohort modeling strategies for scalable globally accessible prostate cancer risk tools

2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Johanna Tolksdorf ◽  
Michael W. Kattan ◽  
Stephen A. Boorjian ◽  
Stephen J. Freedland ◽  
Karim Saba ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Prostate Cancer ◽  
Risk Factors ◽  
Family History ◽  
Cancer Risk ◽  
Risk Prediction ◽  
Prostate Biopsy ◽  
Prostate Cancer Risk ◽  
High Grade ◽  
Prediction Tools ◽  
History Of

Abstract Background Online clinical risk prediction tools built on data from multiple cohorts are increasingly being utilized for contemporary doctor-patient decision-making and validation. This report outlines a comprehensive data science strategy for building such tools with application to the Prostate Biopsy Collaborative Group prostate cancer risk prediction tool. Methods We created models for high-grade prostate cancer risk using six established risk factors. The data comprised 8492 prostate biopsies collected from ten institutions, 2 in Europe and 8 across North America. We calculated area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) for discrimination, the Hosmer-Lemeshow test statistic (HLS) for calibration and the clinical net benefit at risk threshold 15%. We implemented several internal cross-validation schemes to assess the influence of modeling method and individual cohort on validation performance. Results High-grade disease prevalence ranged from 18% in Zurich (1863 biopsies) to 39% in UT Health San Antonio (899 biopsies). Visualization revealed outliers in terms of risk factors, including San Juan VA (51% abnormal digital rectal exam), Durham VA (63% African American), and Zurich (2.8% family history). Exclusion of any cohort did not significantly affect the AUC or HLS, nor did the choice of prediction model (pooled, random-effects, meta-analysis). Excluding the lowest-prevalence Zurich cohort from training sets did not statistically significantly change the validation metrics for any of the individual cohorts, except for Sunnybrook, where the effect on the AUC was minimal. Therefore the final multivariable logistic model was built by pooling the data from all cohorts using logistic regression. Higher prostate-specific antigen and age, abnormal digital rectal exam, African ancestry and a family history of prostate cancer increased risk of high-grade prostate cancer, while a history of a prior negative prostate biopsy decreased risk (all p-values < 0.004). Conclusions We have outlined a multi-cohort model-building internal validation strategy for developing globally accessible and scalable risk prediction tools.

Sex Hormones and Prostate Cancer

2020 ◽  
Vol 71 (1) ◽  
pp. 33-45 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard J. Auchus ◽  
Nima Sharifi
Keyword(s):  
Prostate Cancer ◽  
Metastatic Prostate Cancer ◽  
Current Treatment ◽  
Castration Resistant Prostate Cancer ◽  
Castration Resistant ◽  
History Of ◽  
Prostate Cancer Research ◽  
Prostate Cancers ◽  
Androgen Independent ◽  
Transition Studies

The prostate is an androgen-dependent organ that develops only in male mammals. Prostate cancer is the most common nonskin malignancy in men and the second leading cause of cancer deaths. Metastatic prostate cancer initially retains its androgen dependence, and androgen-deprivation therapy often leads to disease control; however, the cancer inevitably progresses despite treatment as castration-resistant prostate cancer, the lethal form of the disease. Although it was assumed that the cancer became androgen independent during this transition, studies over the last two decades have shown that these tumors evade treatment via mechanisms that augment acquisition of androgens from circulating precursors, increase sensitivity to androgens and androgen precursors, bypass the androgen receptor, or a combination of these mechanisms. This review summarizes the history of prostate cancer research leading to the contemporary view of androgen dependence for prostate cancers and the current treatment approaches based on this modern paradigm.

scholarly journals EVALUATION OF POSTURE AND QUALITY OF LIFE IN FEMALES UNDERGONE MODIFIED RADICAL MASTECTOMY

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 3233-32337
Author(s):  
Shruti Deshpande
Keyword(s):  
Breast Cancer ◽  
Quality Of Life ◽  
Social Life ◽  
Radical Mastectomy ◽  
Improve Quality ◽  
Modified Radical Mastectomy ◽  
Social Domain ◽  
Common Cancer ◽  
Environment Domain

Breast cancer is most common cancer in females. Modified radical mastectomy is operation in female which affects social life and physical life. There is also slightly moderate in quality of life in female undergone modified radical mastectomy. The aim of the study was to find “Evaluation of Posture and Quality Of Life in Females undergone Modified Radical Mastectomy’’ This study was carried out in Physiotherapy OPD, Ravi Nair Physiotherapy College and AVBRH, Sawangi (Meghe), Wardha. The objectives included to evaluate posture in female’s undergone Modified radical mastectomy and to evaluate Quality of life. The present study titled “Evaluation of Posture and Quality of Life in females undergone Modified Radical Mastectomy” which comprised of 35 females. The present study showed that slight changes in posture in females undergone modified radical mastectomy and moderately hampered in social domain of quality of life. From the present study we concluded that there is slight changes in posture in female patients undergone MRM and there is good quality of life in physical , psychological , environment domain and moderate quality of life in social domain. This study will helps in evaluating posture and QOL after Modified radical mastectomy. Hence after every modified radical mastectomy conditions, therapists always follow ergonomics to prevent bad posture and improve quality of life. Hence, the evaluation of posture and QOL should be include in all assessment proformas related MRM conditions.

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