scholarly journals Advances in the pathophysiology of adult-onset focal dystonias: recent neurophysiological and neuroimaging evidence

F1000Research ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
pp. 67
Author(s):  
Antonella Conte ◽  
Giovanni Defazio ◽  
Marcello Mascia ◽  
Daniele Belvisi ◽  
Patrizia Pantano ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sensory Processing ◽  
Animal Studies ◽  
Focal Dystonia ◽  
Current Evidence ◽  
Adult Onset ◽  
Brain Areas ◽  
Sensory Abnormalities ◽  
Involuntary Muscle ◽  
Cerebellar Involvement

Focal dystonia is a movement disorder characterized by involuntary muscle contractions that determine abnormal postures. The traditional hypothesis that the pathophysiology of focal dystonia entails a single structural dysfunction (i.e. basal ganglia) has recently come under scrutiny. The proposed network disorder model implies that focal dystonias arise from aberrant communication between various brain areas. Based on findings from animal studies, the role of the cerebellum has attracted increased interest in the last few years. Moreover, it has been increasingly reported that focal dystonias also include nonmotor disturbances, including sensory processing abnormalities, which have begun to attract attention. Current evidence from neurophysiological and neuroimaging investigations suggests that cerebellar involvement in the network and mechanisms underlying sensory abnormalities may have a role in determining the clinical heterogeneity of focal dystonias.

scholarly journals Advances in the pathophysiology of adult-onset focal dystonias: recent neurophysiological and neuroimaging evidence

F1000Research ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
pp. 67 ◽  
Author(s):  
Antonella Conte ◽  
Giovanni Defazio ◽  
Marcello Mascia ◽  
Daniele Belvisi ◽  
Patrizia Pantano ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sensory Processing ◽  
Animal Studies ◽  
Focal Dystonia ◽  
Current Evidence ◽  
Adult Onset ◽  
Brain Areas ◽  
Sensory Abnormalities ◽  
Involuntary Muscle ◽  
Cerebellar Involvement

Focal dystonia is a movement disorder characterized by involuntary muscle contractions that determine abnormal postures. The traditional hypothesis that the pathophysiology of focal dystonia entails a single structural dysfunction (i.e. basal ganglia) has recently come under scrutiny. The proposed network disorder model implies that focal dystonias arise from aberrant communication between various brain areas. Based on findings from animal studies, the role of the cerebellum has attracted increased interest in the last few years. Moreover, it has been increasingly reported that focal dystonias also include nonmotor disturbances, including sensory processing abnormalities, which have begun to attract attention. Current evidence from neurophysiological and neuroimaging investigations suggests that cerebellar involvement in the network and mechanisms underlying sensory abnormalities may have a role in determining the clinical heterogeneity of focal dystonias.

The Role of Air Pollution in Adult-Onset Asthma: A Review of the Current Evidence

2012 ◽  
Vol 33 (06) ◽  
pp. 606-619 ◽  
Author(s):  
Benedicte Jacquemin ◽  
Tamara Schikowski ◽  
Anne Carsin ◽  
Anna Hansell ◽  
Ursula Krämer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Air Pollution ◽  
Current Evidence ◽  
Adult Onset

Questionable role of adult-onset focal dystonia among sporadic dystonia patients

1998 ◽  
Vol 44 (6) ◽  
pp. 984-985 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Leube ◽  
G. Auburger
Keyword(s):  
Focal Dystonia ◽  
Adult Onset

scholarly journals Vitamin K, Vascular Calcification, and Chronic Kidney Disease: Current Evidence and Unanswered Questions

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (9) ◽  
Author(s):  
M Kyla Shea ◽  
Sarah L Booth
Keyword(s):  
Chronic Kidney Disease ◽  
Kidney Disease ◽  
Vitamin K ◽  
Animal Studies ◽  
Arterial Calcification ◽  
Current Evidence ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
The Us

ABSTRACTMore than 15% of the US population is currently >65 y old. As populations age there is a concomitant increase in age-related chronic diseases. One such disease is chronic kidney disease (CKD), which becomes more prevalent with age, especially over age 70 y. Individuals with CKD are at increased risk of cardiovascular disease, in part because arterial calcification increases as kidney function declines. Vitamin K is a shortfall nutrient among older adults that has been implicated in arterial calcification. Evidence suggests CKD patients have low vitamin K status, but data are equivocal because the biomarkers of vitamin K status can be influenced by CKD. Animal studies provide more compelling data on the underlying role of vitamin K in arterial calcification associated with CKD. The purpose of this review is to evaluate the strengths and limitations of the available evidence regarding the role of vitamin K in CKD.

scholarly journals The Role of Microglia in Cerebral Traumatic Injury and its Therapeutic Implications

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (02) ◽  
pp. 069-073
Author(s):  
Huber S. Padilla-Zambrano ◽  
Harsh Deora ◽  
Mohamed Arnout ◽  
Romario Mendoza-Florez ◽  
Wiston Eduardo Cardenas-Chavez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Animal Studies ◽  
Traumatic Injury ◽  
Microglia Activation ◽  
Current Evidence ◽  
Therapeutic Implications ◽  
Synaptic Remodeling ◽  
Damage Repair ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Pharmacological Manipulations

AbstractMicroglia have a variety of functions in the brain such as synaptic remodeling, damage repair of the central nervous system (CNS), and CNS’ inflammatory response to peripheral infections. The response depends on the type of insult and infection and includes a range of variety of activation states, the duration of which will decide the outcome. In response to traumatic brain injury (TBI), early activation can lead to early restoration of function, while prolonged and continuous activation can cause neurodegeneration states. Current evidence, however, states that this may not be the case. In this article, we discuss this seldom understood topic of microglia response to TBI, and analyze their distribution, function and possible sites of manipulation. Animal studies have allowed genetic and pharmacological manipulations of microglia activation, in order to define their role. Microglia activation can be remote to the site of injury, and thus their manipulation may play a significant role in the response to any trauma.

scholarly journals M4 Muscarinic Receptors and Locomotor Activity Regulation

2017 ◽  
pp. S443-S455 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. MYSLIVECEK ◽  
V. FARAR ◽  
P. VALUSKOVA
Keyword(s):  
Locomotor Activity ◽  
Muscarinic Receptors ◽  
Current Evidence ◽  
Special Focus ◽  
Activity Regulation ◽  
Brain Areas ◽  
Hypothalamic Area ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
G Protein Coupled

M4 muscarinic receptors (M4 MR) represent a subfamily of G-protein coupled receptors serving a substantial role in spontaneous locomotor activity regulation, cognition and modulation of cholinergic system. With increasing body of literature discussing the role of M4 MR some controversies arose. Thus, we try here to summarize the current evidence regarding the M4 MR, with the special focus on their role in locomotor activity control. We review the molecular function of M4 MR in specific brain areas implicated in locomotor regulation, and shortly in other CNS processes that could be connected to locomotor activity. We also focus on brain areas implicated in locomotor activity biorhythm changes like suprachiasmatic nucleus, subparaventricular zone posterior hypothalamic area, striatum and thalamus. Gender-related aspects and differences in locomotor activity in males and females are discussed further.

scholarly journals A Systematic Review of Brainstem Contributions to Autism Spectrum Disorder

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ala Seif ◽  
Carly Shea ◽  
Susanne Schmid ◽  
Ryan A. Stevenson
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Autism Spectrum Disorder ◽  
Sensory Processing ◽  
Animal Studies ◽  
Neurodevelopmental Disorder ◽  
Sensorimotor Gating ◽  
Autism Spectrum ◽  
Spectrum Disorder ◽  
Functional Implications

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder that affects one in 66 children in Canada. The contributions of changes in the cortex and cerebellum to autism have been studied for decades. However, our understanding of brainstem contributions has only started to emerge more recently. Disruptions of sensory processing, startle response, sensory filtering, sensorimotor gating, multisensory integration and sleep are all features of ASD and are processes in which the brainstem is involved. In addition, preliminary research into brainstem contribution emphasizes the importance of the developmental timeline rather than just the mature brainstem. Therefore, the purpose of this systematic review is to compile histological, behavioral, neuroimaging, and electrophysiological evidence from human and animal studies about brainstem contributions and their functional implications in autism. Moreover, due to the developmental nature of autism, the review pays attention to the atypical brainstem development and compares findings based on age. Overall, there is evidence of an important role of brainstem disruptions in ASD, but there is still the need to examine the brainstem across the life span, from infancy to adulthood which could lead the way for early diagnosis and possibly treatment of ASD.

Using serum biomarkers for identifying unstable carotid plaque: update of current evidence

2020 ◽  
Vol 26 ◽  
Author(s):  
Areti Sofogianni ◽  
Konstantinos Tziomalos ◽  
Triantafyllia Koletsa ◽  
Apostolos G. Pitoulias ◽  
Lemonia Skoura ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Risk ◽  
Great Proportion ◽  
Current Literature ◽  
Early Identification ◽  
Carotid Plaque ◽  
Potential Role ◽  
Carotid Atherosclerosis ◽  
Serum Biomarkers ◽  
Current Evidence

: Carotid atherosclerosis is responsible for a great proportion of ischemic strokes. Early identification of unstable or vulnerable carotid plaques and therefore of patients at high risk for stroke is of significant medical and socioeconomical value. We reviewed the current literature and discuss the potential role of the most important serum biomarkers in identifying patients with carotid atherosclerosis who are at high risk for atheroembolic stroke.

Patent Foramen Ovale, the Role of Antiplatelet Therapy Alone or Anticoagulant Therapy Alone Versus Device Closure for Cryptogenic Stroke: A Review of the Literature and Current Recommendations

2020 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 135-150
Author(s):  
Harsha S. Nagarajarao ◽  
Chandra P. Ojha ◽  
Archana Kedar ◽  
Debabrata Mukherjee
Keyword(s):  
Patent Foramen Ovale ◽  
Cryptogenic Stroke ◽  
Narrow Channel ◽  
Paradoxical Embolism ◽  
Current Evidence ◽  
Foramen Ovale ◽  
The Right ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Current Guidelines

: Cryptogenic stroke and its relation to the Patent Foramen Ovale (PFO) is a long-debated topic. Recent clinical trials have unequivocally established the relationship between cryptogenic strokes and paradoxical embolism across the PFO. This slit-like communication exists in everyone before birth, but most often closes shortly after birth. PFO may persist as a narrow channel of communication between the right and left atria in approximately 25-27% of adults. : In this review, we examine the clinical relevance of the PFO with analysis of the latest trials evaluating catheter-based closure of PFO’s for cryptogenic stroke. We also review the current evidence examining the use of antiplatelet medications versus anticoagulants for stroke prevention in those patients with PFO who do not qualify for closure per current guidelines.

The application of virtual reality in health professions� digital education: a narrative review (Preprint)

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lorraine Tudor Car ◽  
Bhone Myint Kyaw ◽  
Josip Car
Keyword(s):  
Virtual Reality ◽  
Professional Education ◽  
Health Professions ◽  
Health Professions Education ◽  
Narrative Review ◽  
Current Evidence ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Educational Content ◽  
Potential Applications

BACKGROUND Digital technology called Virtual Reality (VR) is increasingly employed in health professions’ education. Yet, based on the current evidence, its use is narrowed around a few most applications and disciplines. There is a lack of an overview that would capture the diversity of different VR applications in health professions’ education and inform its use and research. OBJECTIVE This narrative review aims to explore different potential applications of VR in health professions’ education. METHODS The narrative synthesis approach to literature review was used to analyse the existing evidence. RESULTS We outline the role of VR features such as immersion, interactivity and feedback and explain the role of VR devices. Based on the type and scope of educational content VR can represent space, individuals, objects, structures or their combination. Application of VR in medical education encompasses environmental, organ and micro level. Environmental VR focuses on training in relation to health professionals’ environment and human interactions. Organ VR educational content targets primarily human body anatomy; and micro VR microscopic structures at the level of cells, molecules and atoms. We examine how different VR features and health professional education areas match these three VR types. CONCLUSIONS We conclude by highlighting the gaps in the literature and providing suggestions for future research.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document