scholarly journals M4 Muscarinic Receptors and Locomotor Activity Regulation

2017 ◽  
pp. S443-S455 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. MYSLIVECEK ◽  
V. FARAR ◽  
P. VALUSKOVA
Keyword(s):  
Locomotor Activity ◽  
Muscarinic Receptors ◽  
Current Evidence ◽  
Special Focus ◽  
Activity Regulation ◽  
Brain Areas ◽  
Hypothalamic Area ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
G Protein Coupled

M4 muscarinic receptors (M4 MR) represent a subfamily of G-protein coupled receptors serving a substantial role in spontaneous locomotor activity regulation, cognition and modulation of cholinergic system. With increasing body of literature discussing the role of M4 MR some controversies arose. Thus, we try here to summarize the current evidence regarding the M4 MR, with the special focus on their role in locomotor activity control. We review the molecular function of M4 MR in specific brain areas implicated in locomotor regulation, and shortly in other CNS processes that could be connected to locomotor activity. We also focus on brain areas implicated in locomotor activity biorhythm changes like suprachiasmatic nucleus, subparaventricular zone posterior hypothalamic area, striatum and thalamus. Gender-related aspects and differences in locomotor activity in males and females are discussed further.

Post-catheterisation arterial thrombosis in children – pathophysiology, prevention, and treatment

2014 ◽  
Vol 24 (5) ◽  
pp. 767-773 ◽  
Author(s):  
João Silva Marques ◽  
Cristina Gonçalves
Keyword(s):  
Treatment Strategies ◽  
Current Evidence ◽  
Special Focus ◽  
Limb Ischaemia ◽  
Review Of The Literature ◽  
Access Site ◽  
Arterial Access ◽  
Significant Disability ◽  
Surgical Thrombectomy

AbstractLower limb ischaemia is the most frequent complication of cardiac catheterisation in children. It is often overlooked, but it can cause significant disability and may limit arterial access sites to repeat diagnostic or interventional catheterisations. A narrative review of the literature on arterial access site thrombosis in children was carried out with a special focus on current evidence that supports preventive and treatment strategies. Anticoagulation, thrombolysis, and thrombectomy have been used successfully to treat arterial access site thrombosis. However, it is not completely established which is the role of each treatment modality and what is the most appropriate timing to deliver it. Therefore, diagnostic and therapeutic strategies have to be prospectively investigated, particularly for clarifying the role of new pharmacologic interventions and of percutaneous and surgical thrombectomy in the current era.

scholarly journals Naïve to expert: Considering the role of previous knowledge in memory

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
pp. 239821282094868
Author(s):  
Alejandra Alonso ◽  
Jacqueline van der Meij ◽  
Dorothy Tse ◽  
Lisa Genzel
Keyword(s):  
Memory Retrieval ◽  
Special Focus ◽  
Previous Knowledge ◽  
Research Subjects ◽  
Brain Areas ◽  
Memory Research ◽  
The World ◽  
Human Animal ◽  
Time Point

In humans, most of our new memories are in some way or another related to what we have already experienced. However, in memory research, especially in non-human animal research, subjects are often mostly naïve to the world. But we know that previous knowledge will change how memories are processed and which brain areas are critical at which time point. Each process from encoding, consolidation, to memory retrieval will be affected. Here, we summarise previous knowledge effects on the neurobiology of memory in both humans and non-human animals, with a special focus on schemas – associative network structures. Furthermore, we propose a new theory on how there may be a continuous gradient from naïve to expert, which would modulate the importance and role of brain areas, such as the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex.

scholarly journals Advances in the pathophysiology of adult-onset focal dystonias: recent neurophysiological and neuroimaging evidence

F1000Research ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
pp. 67 ◽  
Author(s):  
Antonella Conte ◽  
Giovanni Defazio ◽  
Marcello Mascia ◽  
Daniele Belvisi ◽  
Patrizia Pantano ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sensory Processing ◽  
Animal Studies ◽  
Focal Dystonia ◽  
Current Evidence ◽  
Adult Onset ◽  
Brain Areas ◽  
Sensory Abnormalities ◽  
Involuntary Muscle ◽  
Cerebellar Involvement

Focal dystonia is a movement disorder characterized by involuntary muscle contractions that determine abnormal postures. The traditional hypothesis that the pathophysiology of focal dystonia entails a single structural dysfunction (i.e. basal ganglia) has recently come under scrutiny. The proposed network disorder model implies that focal dystonias arise from aberrant communication between various brain areas. Based on findings from animal studies, the role of the cerebellum has attracted increased interest in the last few years. Moreover, it has been increasingly reported that focal dystonias also include nonmotor disturbances, including sensory processing abnormalities, which have begun to attract attention. Current evidence from neurophysiological and neuroimaging investigations suggests that cerebellar involvement in the network and mechanisms underlying sensory abnormalities may have a role in determining the clinical heterogeneity of focal dystonias.

Therapeutic Potentials of A2B Adenosine Receptor Ligands: Current Status and Perspectives

2019 ◽  
Vol 25 (25) ◽  
pp. 2741-2771 ◽  
Author(s):  
Balakumar Chandrasekaran ◽  
Sara Samarneh ◽  
Abdul Muttaleb Yousef Jaber ◽  
Ghadir Kassab ◽  
Nikhil Agrawal
Keyword(s):  
Potential Role ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Special Focus ◽  
Receptor Ligands ◽  
Drug Candidates ◽  
Inflammatory Conditions ◽  
Adenosine Receptor Ligands ◽  
Subtype Selective ◽  
G Protein Coupled

Background: Adenosine receptors (ARs) are classified as A1, A2A, A2B, and A3 subtypes belong to the superfamily of G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs). More than 40% of modern medicines act through either activation or inhibition of signaling processes associated with GPCRs. In particular, A2B AR signaling pathways are implicated in asthma, inflammation, cancer, ischemic hyperfusion, diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular diseases, gastrointestinal disorders, and kidney disease. Methods: This article reviews different disease segments wherein A2B AR is implicated and discusses the potential role of subtype-selective A2B AR ligands in the management of such diseases or disorders. All the relevant publications on this topic are reviewed and presented scientifically. Results: This review provides an up-to-date highlight of the recent advances in the development of novel and selective A2B AR ligands and their therapeutic role in treating various disease conditions. A special focus has been given to the therapeutic potentials of selective A2B AR ligands in the management of airway inflammatory conditions and cancer. Conclusions: This systematic review demonstrates the current status and perspectives of A2B AR ligands as therapeutically useful agents that would assist medicinal chemists and pharmacologists in discovering novel and subtype-selective A2B AR ligands as potential drug candidates.

scholarly journals Advances in the pathophysiology of adult-onset focal dystonias: recent neurophysiological and neuroimaging evidence

F1000Research ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
pp. 67
Author(s):  
Antonella Conte ◽  
Giovanni Defazio ◽  
Marcello Mascia ◽  
Daniele Belvisi ◽  
Patrizia Pantano ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sensory Processing ◽  
Animal Studies ◽  
Focal Dystonia ◽  
Current Evidence ◽  
Adult Onset ◽  
Brain Areas ◽  
Sensory Abnormalities ◽  
Involuntary Muscle ◽  
Cerebellar Involvement

Focal dystonia is a movement disorder characterized by involuntary muscle contractions that determine abnormal postures. The traditional hypothesis that the pathophysiology of focal dystonia entails a single structural dysfunction (i.e. basal ganglia) has recently come under scrutiny. The proposed network disorder model implies that focal dystonias arise from aberrant communication between various brain areas. Based on findings from animal studies, the role of the cerebellum has attracted increased interest in the last few years. Moreover, it has been increasingly reported that focal dystonias also include nonmotor disturbances, including sensory processing abnormalities, which have begun to attract attention. Current evidence from neurophysiological and neuroimaging investigations suggests that cerebellar involvement in the network and mechanisms underlying sensory abnormalities may have a role in determining the clinical heterogeneity of focal dystonias.

scholarly journals FFAR1/GPR40 Contributes to the Regulation of Striatal Monoamine Releases and Facilitation of Cocaine-Induced Locomotor Activity in Mice

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuko Sadamura ◽  
Shanta Thapa ◽  
Ryota Mizunuma ◽  
Yuki Kambe ◽  
Akira Hirasawa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Locomotor Activity ◽  
Functional Role ◽  
Acute Administration ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Free Fatty Acid Receptor ◽  
G Protein Coupled ◽  
Long Chain

The free fatty acid receptor 1 (FFAR1) is suggested to function as a G protein-coupled receptor (GPR40) for medium-to-long-chain free fatty acids. Previous studies on the expression of FFAR1 revealed that the nigrostriatal region is one of the areas which express abundant FFAR1 mRNA/protein in the central nervous system (CNS). However, the role of FFAR1 in the CNS has been still largely unclarified. Here, we examined a possible functional role of FFAR1 in the control of extracellular concentrations of striatal monoamines and cocaine-induced locomotor activity. Microdialysis analysis revealed that the basal level of extracellular dopamine (DA) was significantly elevated, while the basal serotonin (5-HT) level tended to be reduced in the striatum of FFAR1 knockout (−/−) mice. Interestingly, local application of a FFAR1 agonist, GW9508, markedly augmented the striatal 5-HT release in FFAR1 wild-type (+/+) mice, whereas topical application of a FFAR1 antagonist, GW1100, significantly reduced the 5-HT release. However, the enhanced 5-HT release was completely lost in −/− mice. Although acute administration of cocaine enhanced the locomotor activity in both +/+ and −/− mice, the magnitude of the enhancement was significantly reduced in −/− mice. In addition, intraperitoneal injection of GW1100 significantly decreased the cocaine-induced locomotor enhancement. These results suggest that FFAR1 has a facilitatory role in striatal 5-HT release, and the evoked 5-HT release might contribute to enhance cocaine-induced locomotor activity.

scholarly journals The role of epidermal growth factor-like module containing mucin-like hormone receptor 2 in human cancers

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Safaee ◽  
Michael E. Ivan ◽  
Michael C. Oh ◽  
Taemin Oh ◽  
Eli T. Sayegh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Tumor Grade ◽  
G Protein Coupled Receptors ◽  
Current Evidence ◽  
Small Subset ◽  
Human Cancers ◽  
N Terminus ◽  
Epidermal Growth ◽  
G Protein Coupled ◽  
Significant Size

G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) are among the most diverse and ubiquitous proteins in all of biology. The epidermal growth factorseven span transmembrane (EGF-TM7) subfamily of adhesion GPCRs is a small subset whose members are mainly expressed on the surface of leukocytes. The EGF domains on the N-terminus add significant size to these receptors and they are considered to be among the largest members of the TM7 family. Although not all of their ligands or downstream targets have been identified, there is evidence implicating the EGF-TM7 family diverse processes such as cell adhesion, migration, inflammation, and autoimmune disease. Recent studies have identified expression of EGF-TM7 family members on human neoplasms including those of the thyroid, stomach, colon, and brain. Their presence on these tissues is not surprising given the ubiquity of GPCRs, but because their functional significance and pathways are not completely understood, they are of tremendous clinical and scientific interest. Current evidence suggests that expression of certain EGF-TM7 receptors is correlated with tumor grade, confers a more invasive phenotype, and increases the likelihood of metastatic disease. In this review, we will discuss the structure, function, and regulation of these receptors. We also describe the expression of these receptors in human cancers and explore their potential mechanistic significance.

scholarly journals Odors as triggering and worsening factors for migraine in men

2011 ◽  
Vol 69 (2b) ◽  
pp. 324-327 ◽  
Author(s):  
A M Lima ◽  
G B Sapienza ◽  
V O Giraud ◽  
Y D Fragoso
Keyword(s):  
Patient Education ◽  
General Population ◽  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Cigarette Smoke ◽  
Special Focus ◽  
Related Factors ◽  
Triggering Factor ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
High Degree

OBJECTIVE: To assess the role of odors in triggering or worsening migraine in men. METHOD: Ninety-eight male migraineurs from the general population were assessed individually through questionnaires. Environmental factors relating to their migraine were reported, with special focus on the role of odors. RESULTS: Odors were the second most frequent triggering factor for migraine attacks (48%), behind stressful situations (59%). Likewise, odors were the second most frequent worsening factor (73%), just behind excessive light (74%). Thirty-three individuals (33.4%) stated that odors were both triggering and worsening factors for their migraine attacks. Perfume, cigarette smoke and cleaning products were the most frequent migraine-related odors reported by these male migraineurs. CONCLUSION: This was the first study to assess the role of odors in migraine exclusively in men. There was a high degree of odor-related migraine among these men, thus suggesting that patient education could alert such individuals to gender-related factors, since different triggering and worsening factors have been reported by males and females.

scholarly journals Lateral Hypothalamic Mc3R-Expressing Neurons Modulate Locomotor Activity, Energy Expenditure, and Adiposity in Male Mice

Endocrinology ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 160 (2) ◽  
pp. 343-358 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hongjuan Pei ◽  
Christa M Patterson ◽  
Amy K Sutton ◽  
Korri H Burnett ◽  
Martin G Myers ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Locomotor Activity ◽  
Energy Balance ◽  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Energy Homeostasis ◽  
Leptin Receptor ◽  
Balance Control ◽  
Melanocortin System ◽  
Brain Areas ◽  
Hypothalamic Area ◽  
Lateral Hypothalamic

Abstract The central melanocortin system plays a crucial role in the control of energy balance. Although the decreased energy expenditure and increased adiposity of melanocortin-3 receptor (Mc3R)–null mice suggest the importance of Mc3R-regulated neurons in energy homeostasis, the roles for specific subsets of Mc3R neurons in energy balance have yet to be determined. Because the lateral hypothalamic area (LHA) contributes to the control of energy expenditure and feeding, we generated Mc3rcre mice to determine the roles of LHA Mc3R (Mc3RLHA) neurons in energy homeostasis. We found that Mc3RLHA neurons overlap extensively with LHA neuron markers that contribute to the control of energy balance (neurotensin, galanin, and leptin receptor) and project to brain areas involved in the control of feeding, locomotion, and energy expenditure, consistent with potential roles for Mc3RLHA neurons in these processes. Indeed, selective chemogenetic activation of Mc3RLHA neurons increased locomotor activity and augmented refeeding after a fast. Although the ablation of Mc3RLHA neurons did not alter food intake, mice lacking Mc3RLHA neurons displayed decreased energy expenditure and locomotor activity, along with increased body mass and adiposity. Thus, Mc3R neurons lie within LHA neurocircuitry that modulates locomotor activity and energy expenditure and contribute to energy balance control.

FAITH–BASED COMMUNITIES AND POLITICS IN DULLSTROOM-EMNOTWENI: LOCAL STORIES OF IDENTITY

2016 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 45-57 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christina Landman
Keyword(s):  
Higher Education ◽  
Service Delivery ◽  
Special Focus ◽  
Traditional Role ◽  
Cultural Conflicts ◽  
Local Identities ◽  
Political Interests ◽  
Local Municipality ◽  
The Face

A majority of the black community of Dullstroom-Emnotweni in the Mpumalanga highveld in the east of South Africa trace their descent back to the southern Ndebele of the so-called ‘Mapoch Gronden’, who lost their land in the 1880s to become farm workers on their own land. A hundred years later, in 1980, descendants of the ‘Mapoggers’ settled in the newly built ‘township’ of Dullstroom, called Sakhelwe, finding jobs on the railways or as domestic workers. Oral interviews with the inhabitants of Sakhelwe – a name eventually abandoned in favour of Dullstroom- Emnotweni – testify to histories of transition from landowner to farmworker to unskilled labourer. The stories also highlight cultural conflicts between people of Ndebele, Pedi and Swazi descent and the influence of decades of subordination on local identities. Research projects conducted in this and the wider area of the eMakhazeni Local Municipality reveal the struggle to maintain religious, gender and youth identities in the face of competing political interests. Service delivery, higher education, space for women and the role of faith-based organisations in particular seem to be sites of contestation. Churches and their role in development and transformation, where they compete with political parties and state institutions, are the special focus of this study. They attempt to remain free from party politics, but are nevertheless co-opted into contra-culturing the lack of service delivery, poor standards of higher education and inadequate space for women, which are outside their traditional role of sustaining an oppressed community.

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