scholarly journals From Sementovskij to the 20th century. Notes on the Lutsis in the Latvian press

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 251-272
Author(s):  
Hannes Korjus
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Public Awareness ◽  
The State ◽  
Folk Culture ◽  
Language And Culture ◽  
Island Community ◽  
Field Notes ◽  
The Town ◽  
First Descriptions

The Lutsis, a historically South Estonian-speaking language island community located near the town of Ludza in southeastern Latvia, have come increasingly into public awareness in Latvia over the last decade with the release of books on Lutsi history and language suitable for both professional and lay audiences as well as other new works relating to Lutsi folk culture. However, even before this recent burst of activity, the Lutsis have been mentioned in the Latvian and Estonian press and have also appeared in the field notes of researchers whose work was connected with the Lutsis. This article traces the descriptions of the Lutsis in a variety of sources from the first descriptions in the mid-19th century, through the interwar independence of Latvia, and as late as the 1970s when important expeditions by Latvian researchers documented the impressions of the last Lutsi speakers on the state of their language and culture. Kokkuvõte. Hannes Korjus: Sementovskijst 20. sajandisse. Märkmeid lutsidest Läti ajakirjanduses. Kunagine lõunaeestikeelne lutside kogukond elas Kagu-Lätis Ludza linna ümbruses. Lätis on nad saanud suurema avaliku tähelepanu osalisteks alles viimastel kümnenditel, kui on ilmunud raamatuid nende ajaloo ja keele kohta nii asjatundjatele kui ka laiemale huvirühmale ning on hakatud elavdama lutsi rahvakultuuri. Siiski ka enne seda viimast aktiivsuse tõusu on lutsidest kirjutatud Läti ja Eesti ajakirjanduses ja on ilmunud välitööde märkmeid lutsidega seotud uurimuste tegijatelt. Antud artikkel jälgib lutside kirjeldusi erinevates allikates alates varastest mainimistest 19. sajandi keskel, jätkates maailmasõdadevahelise perioodiga ning jõudes viimaks 1970. aastateni, kui Läti uurijad dokumenteerisid oma ekspeditsioonidel viimaste lutsi kõnelejate keelelist ja kultuurilist olukorda.

“Old Civilized Asian States”: the Perception of Eurasian Space by Russian Public Figures and Publicists at the End of the 19th and Beginning of the 20th Centuries

2020 ◽  
Vol 58 ◽  
pp. 267-276
Author(s):  
Alexander Yu. Polunov
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Policy ◽  
Civil War ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
The State ◽  
Russian Foreign Policy ◽  
Christian Communities ◽  
Public Figures ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Public Leaders

The article analyzes the issue of conceptualization by Russian public leaders and publicists of the causes and goals of the turn of Russian foreign policy to the East at the end of the 19th century. In those years there took shape the idea of specific eastern mission of Russia that influenced later the configuring of Eurasian ideology. At the same time the ideological constructions of the publicists at the end of the 19th century were rather peculiar. In contrast to the Eurasians those authors paid special attention to the “old civilized states in Asia”, like Persia and China. The necessity to support the Celestial Empire and the Christian communities in Persia was determined, according to those publicists, by Russia’s duty to protect the weak. Besides, China was viewed as the state with established autocracy concept that was very important for Russia. At the beginning of the 20th century the ideas of the “orientalists” and other publicists contemplating Russia’s special mission in Asia, lost their former influence. Their distant echo can be found in the program of the prominent White movement leader baron R.F. Ungern, who brought forward the idea of establishing a Pan-Asian monarchy relying on China during Civil War.

scholarly journals The Frit Ceramic from the Tsarevskoye Settlement in Storage of the State Historical Museum

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (36) ◽  
pp. 93-106
Author(s):  
Ekaterina M. Boldyreva ◽  
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Main Idea ◽  
The State ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Frequency Of Use ◽  
Local Residents ◽  
Decorative Design

The article contains the results of analysis of frit ceramic and tiles, originating from the excavation and collections from the Tsarevskoye settlement, which are stored in the Golden Horde stock of the State Historical Museum. The accumulation of the materials occurred from the second half of 19th century until the second half of 20th century. There are gifts of local residents, purchases of the famous collectors of that time, items from the excavations of A.V. Tereshchenko and the materials of the Volga archaeological expedition. The main idea of this work is to bring together all frit ceramic of different time collections and analyze from the point of view of technological, morphological and decorative features of its production. It is necessary to consider how the composition of the frit dough affected the decorative design of the surface and the shape of the vessel, to identify the most stable combinations between the composition of the dough, the type and color of the covering glaze and decor. It is necessary to track the frequency of use of transparent and opaque glazes, their correlation with overglaze or underglaze decor or lack of it, to identify the most characteristic colors of glazes for the monument and ways to apply them. For this goal, all items were collected in a common database, where all the features were entered and a step-by-step analysis of each fragment was performed from at least eight positions.

scholarly journals Shaer yang di-Pertuan: Tinjuan Historis Relasi Umara dan Ulama di Brunei Darussalam

FIKRAH ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 157
Author(s):  
Izzah Naqibah Bin Kamis ◽  
Muhammed Sahrin Bin Haji Masri
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Significant Influence ◽  
The State ◽  
Brunei Darussalam ◽  
The 19Th Century

Umara and Ulama are two groups who are very influential and has very basic relationships on the State of Brunei Darussalam's growth. Basically, Ulama are known as someone who inherits Anbiya's character, they play a role as murshid in Malay society. This phenomenon has been explained by the importance of their names in some rare materials such as manuscripts, stones and artifacts, <em>hikayat</em> and so on. But The Ulama rarely present it as a poetic/syair approach. The work of "Shaer Yang Di-Pertuan" is one of the poems/syair ever written and can be considered as the most important part of Brunei Darussalam. This poems/syair was written by Pehin Royal Khatib Awang Abdul Razak bin Hasanuddin, a famous Ulama from Brunei, around the late 19th and early 20th centuries. This poems/syair was produced by Pehin Siraja Khatib Awang Abdul Razak bin Hasanuddin, a famous Brunei Ulama around the end of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century. There are many important events during the reign of Sultan Muhammad Jamalul Alam II (26th Sultan of Brunei) featured in this poems/syair. Based on it background, this study will explain some of the key components of the "Syaer Yang Di-Pertuan". In addition, there are some explanations of how the umara-ulama relationship works at the same time will highlight some of the ulama who involved directly. This is because they have a significant influence on the struggle that took place at that time, especially in spreading Islam in the NBD and its role in the development of nationalism and governance in Brunei Darussalam

scholarly journals Moscow in the Russian medallic art

2020 ◽  
pp. 116-125
Author(s):  
Ульяна Михайловна Волкова
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
War Of 1812 ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
The Town

В статье рассматриваются медали, созданные в Российской империи в XVIII – начале XX века, с изображением города Москвы. В течение XVIII века была отчеканена всего одна медаль с таким изображением – на основание Московского университета. Все памятники XIX – начала XX века с изображением древней столицы можно разделить на три типа – это виды Кремля, различные сооружения и персонифицированный образ города. Персонификация Москвы – самый увлекательный медальный образ старой столицы. С этой аллегорией существует всего три медали. Первая персонификация Москвы была показана на медали, посвященной Отечественной войне 1812 года – «Освобождение Москвы», отчеканенной в 1834 году и принадлежащей к серии графа Ф.П. Толстого. Одеяние аллегорического персонажа соответствует русской моде начала XIX века и включает стилизованный сарафан и кокошник. На примере трех проанализированных медалей с изображением персонификаций Москвы автор прослеживает основные изменения, произошедшие в отечественном медальерном искусстве – от первых попыток включить элементы традиционной культуры в европейское по своей сути искусство до композиций, созданных на основе исторических источников и научных трудов. The article deals with the images of Moscow in the Russian medallic art of the 18th – beginning of the 20th century. Only one medal with the view of Moscow Kremlin was struck during 18th century. It was a medal dedicated to the inauguration of the Moscow University in 1754 by Helvetian medallieur Jacques-Antoine Dassier. During 19th – beginning of the 20th century, there were three types of the images of Moscow on the Russian medals. Moscow Kremlin, some landmark buildings or personification of the town are the main images depicted on the medals. Personification of Moscow is the most fascinating medallic image of the old capital. There were only three medals with this allegory. First personification of Moscow was shown on a medal dedicated to the Patriotic war of 1812 – “Liberation of Moscow” belonging to the series of count F.P. Tolstoy, minted in 1834. Allegory was dressed according to the Russian fashion of the beginning of the 19th century. And wore stylized sarafan (Russian folk costume) and kokoshnik (traditional Russian headdress). Two other personification were depicted after the first one.

scholarly journals THE MIDDLE 19TH CENTURY – EARLY 21ST CENTURY FUNCTIONING OF LVIV’S HORONYMS

2017 ◽  
pp. 191-206
Author(s):  
Maryana Dolynska
Keyword(s):  
Early Modern ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Early Modern Period ◽  
Late 20Th Century ◽  
Early 21St Century ◽  
Retrospective Comparison ◽  
Administrative Units ◽  
The City ◽  
The Town

There are official and traditional names of places upon the territory of the town or the city. They have existed from the ancient times till contemporary days. The official ones have been given by the executive body, and the traditional names are describing the place by nearby locations, buildings or natural objects. Toponyms are divided into different classes and subclasses. Horonyms describe nonlinear structures (territories) and were used to call any places on the town’s area, except for streets or squares. Horonyms do not provide the information about the official administrative division of the contemporary time but were putting traditional names in use.In order to answer the question - how long this class of the city’s names lasted, one has to base on retrospective comparison of the pre-statistical source. The contemporary vocabulary of Lviv’s dialect (“Leksykon lvivskyy povazhno i na zhart”) have fixed 65 horonyms of Lviv’s area, which currentlyare being used by city dwellers. That was the basement of analysis by the retrospective method. This data was compared with such sources: late 19 c.-early 20 c. guidebooks and middle 19 c. maps with their accompaniment notes.The administrative units’ division of Lviv’s territory was applied in this article because during the long 19 century Lviv was a part of Austro-Hungary Empire. That’s why 4 groups of horonyms were excluded: 1. the names of the former city’s villages that are currently preserved as the city’s horonyms because those villages were absorbed into the city only during 20th century. (Today names of those former villages do not reflect the administrative units’ division); 2. village Sygnivka, which was founded only in the 20th years of 19thcentury on the area of the former suburb Halytskie of Lviv’s early modern period; 3. the names of villages, which surrounded town’s area, but were not under the rule of the town hall; 4. all names of objects, which were upon the area of these villages.So after the exclusion, we have 48 names (horonyms). The analysis showed that one name came into being in the late 20th century and eight other ones during its first half. Fifteen horonyms, as well, as their names were founded during the 19th century. So, that leaves us with twenty-four names, which were established during the earlier period and are being used now in the city. We need to continue research on a retrospective comparison of the named recorded in the early modern serial sources.

scholarly journals Pruskie Karkonosze — kilka słów o ideologizacji najwyższych gór Śląska w dobie rozkwitu turystyki masowej

2017 ◽  
Vol 10 ◽  
pp. 39-54
Author(s):  
Jan Pacholski
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
The State ◽  
Early 20Th Century ◽  
Mountain Range ◽  
The Enlightenment ◽  
The 19Th Century

The Prussian Giant Mountains — some remarks about the ideologisation of Silesia’s highest mountains during the flourishing of mass tourismThe author of the article examines the beginnings of the national or, more broadly, state ideologisation of the mountains, using as an example Karkonosze or the Giant Mountains, which undoubtedly come to the fore in the case of the popularisation of mountain tourism. Already in the second half of the 18th century a chapel dedicated to St. Lawrence was built on the summit of Śnieżka, becoming straight away a pilgrimage destination and launching tourism in this mountain range. Just as quickly the Giant Mountains were ideologised as border mountains unique in the state to which it partially belonged — the Kingdom of Prussia. Authors describing Silesia’s highest peaks in the Enlightenment period including J.T. Volkmar, J.E. Troschel, E.F. Buquoi and J.Ch.F. GutsMuths did refer to Swiss models, yet they showed the Giant Mountains as the highest range in Silesia and Prussia, stressing the exceptional role and nature of this mountain range. Throughout the 19th century the ideological appropriation of the Sudetes’ highest range continued, acquiring in the early 20th century a virtually grotesque dimension, a manifestation of which was the equation of the Spirit of the Mountains with the ancient pan-Germanic god Wotan, known from old tales and poems and, more recently, from Richard Wagner’s music dramas.

scholarly journals Serbian statehood in 1903–1914. The myth of the «age of Pericles»

2020 ◽  
pp. 185-213
Author(s):  
Yaroslav V. Vishnyakov ◽  
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
The State ◽  
Traditional Society ◽  
State Development ◽  
Early 19Th Century ◽  
European Economic ◽  
Progressive Development ◽  
Systemic Crises

The article is devoted to the analysis of the state development of Serbia in the early 19th century. It is shown that despite the myth prevailing in Serbian and Russian historiography about the progressive development of the country at the beginning of the 20th century and Serbia's adoption of European economic and political standards, the country was at a difficult stage of transformation of the structures of traditional society, which significantly affected its nationwide development, leading to serious systemic crises of power.

Criminal Underworlds

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Heather Shore
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Public Awareness ◽  
Early Modern Period ◽  
Media Representations ◽  
Western World ◽  
Penal Reform ◽  
The Press ◽  
Rogue Literature

The concept of the criminal underworld has played a powerful role in media representations of serious criminality from the early 20th century. Even before this period, the idea of a subterranean “otherworld” that mirrored and mimicked the more respectable “upperworld” can be identified in published texts across Western Europe and North America, and in the colonial cities of empire. Colorful terms such as the “netherworld,” “deeps,” “stews,” “sinks,” “rookeries,” “dens,” and “dives” described the slums that developed in many 19th-century cities. But by the 19th-century, slum life was increasingly correlated with criminality by the press, social investigators, fiction writers, and penal practitioners in the urban landscape. Earlier texts that described criminal types and ascribed to them a specific set of practices and values (languages, rituals, secret codes, the places in which they “congregated”) can be found in the 16th and 17th centuries. In England, dramatists such as Thomas Harman, Robert Greene, and Thomas Dekker described such villainy in a new genre that would become known as “rogue literature.” Other European countries also had traditions of rogue literature that became popular in the early modern period. From the 18th century, the emergence of penal reform and new systems of law enforcement in the Western world saw concerns about crime reflected in the expansion of print culture. A demand for crime themed texts, including broadsheets, criminal biographies, and crime novels, further popularized the notion of a distinct criminal underworld. However, it would be in the 20th century that the underworld moved more directly onto political agendas. From the 1920s, events in North American cities would explicitly shape the public awareness of the underworld and organized crime. Within a relatively short time of gang warfare breaking out in cities such as New York and Chicago, the “gangster” and the underworld that he (apparently) inhabited became the subject of a global popular crime culture. Film, cheap fiction, and villain/police memoirs from the early 1930s popularized the “gangster.” Paul Muni memorably evoked the life of Al Capone in his character, Antonio “Tony” Camonte in Scarface (1932). Since then, gangsters have rarely gone out of fashion. In the 21st century, the relationship between the underworld and upperworld continues to be portrayed in popular culture. Television dramas like Boardwalk Empire and Peaky Blinders successfully build on an unacknowledged consensus about the existence of the underworld. Indeed, the press, police, and politicians continue to refer to the criminal underworld in a way that gives it solid form. There are few attempts to critically engage in discussions about the underworld or to provide a more meaningful definition.

The Three Faces of the Mexican Family, 1872 to the Present

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elena Jackson Albarrán
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Catholic Church ◽  
Political Stability ◽  
The State ◽  
Domestic Sphere ◽  
Family Unit ◽  
The Family ◽  
Mexican Family ◽  
The Catholic Church

The shape, function, and social meaning of the Mexican family changed alongside its relationship to the state, the Catholic Church, and popularly held beliefs and customs over the course of the 20th century. Liberal reforms of the 19th century, and in particular the Penal Code of 1871 and the Civil Code of 1884, accelerated the intentionally political function of the family, as policymakers sought to bring the domestic sphere into the service of the state. Although domestic policies aimed to wrest influence over the private sphere from the Catholic Church, both the secularizing effects and economic impact of these efforts resulted in markedly unequal gender standards. The Mexican Revolution of 1910 wrought some dramatic demographic changes that had a long-term impact on family structure, gender roles within the family, and, perhaps most significantly, the resulting revolutionary government’s conception of the role that the family unit ought to play in nationalist development projects. The post-revolutionary decades saw the reinterpretation of late-19th-century liberalizing tendencies to align the family more consciously with a vision of a modern, collectively identified economic nationalist vision of the future. Men, women, and children saw their social roles reimagined in the rhetorical ideal, even as agrarian and educational reforms revised individuals’ relationships to the labor and socializing institutions that had come to define their identities. By the 1940s, economic growth, political stability, and technological advances in medicine and healthcare all contributed to the beginning of a surge in population growth that continued until the early 1970s. Coupled with a radical shift in population density to the urban areas, these changes contributed to transformations in family residence patterns, the division of labor, and the role of children and young people. But events in the 1970s conspired to bring a radical end to the high birth rate. These included the conscious domestic-policy reform of the Luís Echeverría administration (1970–1976); the availability of contraception and its tacit approval by the Mexican Catholic Church; the transnational feminist movement, culminating in the 1975 meeting in Mexico City of the United Nations’ Conference on Women to commemorate International Women’s Year; and, not least of these, preventive measures taken by citizens themselves to reduce the strain on the family unit. By the end of the 20th century and the beginning of the 21st, transnational migrations and remittances came to define an increasing percentage of families and kinship structures.

scholarly journals Трускавець на сторінках туристичних утівників та путівників курортами (1875–1914)

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. 336-347
Author(s):  
Маріанна Мовна ◽  
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Relevant Information ◽  
Health Resort ◽  
Long Period ◽  
Medical Infrastructure ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
The Town ◽  
Tourist Guides ◽  
Shed Light

The article analyses the image of the town Truskawiec as a famous balneological resort as seen from the perspective of tourist guides and health resort guides from the end of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century. The authors of the guides were usually experienced doctorsbalneologists, developing their practices over a long period of time in Truskawiec. For this reason they possessed considerable and through knowledge regarding the medical infrastructure of the town. The article focuses on the characteristic of the main editions of the guides, the contents of which include relevant information allowing the analysis of selected aspects of the mobility of the Galician society at the and of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century. Apart from the issues related to the translocation of population, they shed light on the development of tourism in the country.

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