scholarly journals The Frit Ceramic from the Tsarevskoye Settlement in Storage of the State Historical Museum

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (36) ◽  
pp. 93-106
Author(s):  
Ekaterina M. Boldyreva ◽  
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Main Idea ◽  
The State ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Frequency Of Use ◽  
Local Residents ◽  
Decorative Design

The article contains the results of analysis of frit ceramic and tiles, originating from the excavation and collections from the Tsarevskoye settlement, which are stored in the Golden Horde stock of the State Historical Museum. The accumulation of the materials occurred from the second half of 19th century until the second half of 20th century. There are gifts of local residents, purchases of the famous collectors of that time, items from the excavations of A.V. Tereshchenko and the materials of the Volga archaeological expedition. The main idea of this work is to bring together all frit ceramic of different time collections and analyze from the point of view of technological, morphological and decorative features of its production. It is necessary to consider how the composition of the frit dough affected the decorative design of the surface and the shape of the vessel, to identify the most stable combinations between the composition of the dough, the type and color of the covering glaze and decor. It is necessary to track the frequency of use of transparent and opaque glazes, their correlation with overglaze or underglaze decor or lack of it, to identify the most characteristic colors of glazes for the monument and ways to apply them. For this goal, all items were collected in a common database, where all the features were entered and a step-by-step analysis of each fragment was performed from at least eight positions.

“Old Civilized Asian States”: the Perception of Eurasian Space by Russian Public Figures and Publicists at the End of the 19th and Beginning of the 20th Centuries

2020 ◽  
Vol 58 ◽  
pp. 267-276
Author(s):  
Alexander Yu. Polunov
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Policy ◽  
Civil War ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
The State ◽  
Russian Foreign Policy ◽  
Christian Communities ◽  
Public Figures ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Public Leaders

The article analyzes the issue of conceptualization by Russian public leaders and publicists of the causes and goals of the turn of Russian foreign policy to the East at the end of the 19th century. In those years there took shape the idea of specific eastern mission of Russia that influenced later the configuring of Eurasian ideology. At the same time the ideological constructions of the publicists at the end of the 19th century were rather peculiar. In contrast to the Eurasians those authors paid special attention to the “old civilized states in Asia”, like Persia and China. The necessity to support the Celestial Empire and the Christian communities in Persia was determined, according to those publicists, by Russia’s duty to protect the weak. Besides, China was viewed as the state with established autocracy concept that was very important for Russia. At the beginning of the 20th century the ideas of the “orientalists” and other publicists contemplating Russia’s special mission in Asia, lost their former influence. Their distant echo can be found in the program of the prominent White movement leader baron R.F. Ungern, who brought forward the idea of establishing a Pan-Asian monarchy relying on China during Civil War.

From Maine de Biran to the ‘Motor Theory’ of speech

1996 ◽  
Vol 23 (3) ◽  
pp. 347-364
Author(s):  
Federico Albano Leoni ◽  
Francesca M. Dovetto
Keyword(s):  
Speech Perception ◽  
General Theory ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Motor Theory ◽  
Ferdinand De Saussure ◽  
Articulatory Movements ◽  
Theory Of Language ◽  
The 19Th Century

Summary The basic idea of the modern Motor Theory of Speech Perception (Liberman et al. 1963) is that “the perception of speech is tightly linked to the feedback from the speaker’s own articulatory movements”. In this paper we try to show how the same idea was already formulated by the French philosopher Maine de Biran (1805) and taken up in the second half of the 19th century by psychologists (like Steinthal) and linguists (like Kruszewski and Paul). However, whereas in the 19th century the articulatory point of view was not only dominant, but also the only one incorporated in a general theory of language, in the 20th century the articulatory perspective is supplemented by the acoustic one (cf. Malmberg 1967). This was only hinted at by Ferdinand de Saussure in the Cours, but fully expressed in Jakobson & Halle (1956). In this respect, Liberman’s Motor Theory is to be considered much less original than it has been claimed.

scholarly journals To the Problem of Attribution of the Albums Ten Landscapes and Travelling Along the River [Painted by] Shitao

2021 ◽  
pp. 122-139
Author(s):  
P.S. Odinokova ◽  
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Qing Dynasty ◽  
Original Work ◽  
The State ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Visual Evaluation ◽  
Scientific Discussion ◽  
The Qing Dynasty ◽  
State Museum ◽  
The Subject

The article is devoted to the albums Ten Landscapes and Travelling Along the River [Painted by] Shitao, attributed to Shitao (1642–1707), a famous Chinese artist and theorist of painting in beginning of the Qing dynasty (1644–1911). The aim of the article is to estab- lish authenticity of the albums. The album Ten Landscapes is in the collection of the State Museum of Oriental Art (Moscow). In 2015 one leaf from it was displayed at the exhibition Classical Painting of China. After visual evaluation and the analysis of painting, calligraphy and seals the author came to conclusion that the album Ten Landscapes could not be the original work of Shitao. It is probably the copy of another album Travelling Along the River [Painted by] Shitao. The latter was very famous among the connoisseur’s circles at the beginning of the 20th century. Therefore, its authenticity is also the subject of scientific discussion. Some of Chinese experts and researchers regard the album Travelling Along the River [Painted by] Shitao as the best example of Shitao’s painting. Others question its authenticity. The author of the article gives arguments to confirm the latter point of view.

scholarly journals Heuristic Potential of Sammy Smooha Ethnic Democracy Concept

2021 ◽  
Vol 39 (68) ◽  
pp. 243-250
Author(s):  
Vladimir Dubrovin ◽  
Yulia Solovarova ◽  
Aigul Zaripova ◽  
Aidar Zakirov
Keyword(s):  
Ethnic Minority ◽  
National Development ◽  
Main Idea ◽  
The State ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Political Regime ◽  
Conditions Of Stability ◽  
Ethnic Nation ◽  
The Right ◽  
Key Aspects

The article next to the hermeneutic methodology examines the key aspects of a special model of political regime: the "ethnic democracy" of S. Smooha, which is based on the idea of the development of an ethnic nation in a state. According to this author's point of view, the main idea of this form of stability is the absolute control of the ethnic majority over the minority. It examines the reasons for the emergence of "ethnic democracy", the characteristics of its implementation in practice and the conditions of stability. When this model is implemented in practice, the State pursues the objective of central ethnic-national development in the country, as well as its isolation from other ethnic groups. Under the concept of "ethnic democracy" the ethnic minority is granted limited rights, the state constantly monitors its scope, considering the interests of the "main" nation. It is concluded that the implementation of the "ethnic democracy" model deliberately violates the right to self-identification of a part of the population (ethnic minority), therefore "ethnic democracy" is an element of state policy that addresses inequality or a desire for total assimilation.

Spain in Europe

1976 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 143-155
Author(s):  
Manuel Medina
Keyword(s):  
European Country ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Constitutional Government ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Geographical Point

SPAIN IS A EUROPEAN COUNTRY, AT LEAST FROM A GEOGRAPHICAL point of view. Culturally and historically it is part of Western Europe. During most of the 19th century and the first third of the 20th century it enjoyed constitutional government in one form or another. The liberal revolution of 1820 was the first outbreak of rebellion against the legitimist order imposed by the Holy Alliance in continental Europe. Men, institutions and parties of the Spanish Republic of 1931–36 were of European stature.

scholarly journals Shaer yang di-Pertuan: Tinjuan Historis Relasi Umara dan Ulama di Brunei Darussalam

FIKRAH ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 157
Author(s):  
Izzah Naqibah Bin Kamis ◽  
Muhammed Sahrin Bin Haji Masri
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Significant Influence ◽  
The State ◽  
Brunei Darussalam ◽  
The 19Th Century

Umara and Ulama are two groups who are very influential and has very basic relationships on the State of Brunei Darussalam's growth. Basically, Ulama are known as someone who inherits Anbiya's character, they play a role as murshid in Malay society. This phenomenon has been explained by the importance of their names in some rare materials such as manuscripts, stones and artifacts, <em>hikayat</em> and so on. But The Ulama rarely present it as a poetic/syair approach. The work of "Shaer Yang Di-Pertuan" is one of the poems/syair ever written and can be considered as the most important part of Brunei Darussalam. This poems/syair was written by Pehin Royal Khatib Awang Abdul Razak bin Hasanuddin, a famous Ulama from Brunei, around the late 19th and early 20th centuries. This poems/syair was produced by Pehin Siraja Khatib Awang Abdul Razak bin Hasanuddin, a famous Brunei Ulama around the end of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century. There are many important events during the reign of Sultan Muhammad Jamalul Alam II (26th Sultan of Brunei) featured in this poems/syair. Based on it background, this study will explain some of the key components of the "Syaer Yang Di-Pertuan". In addition, there are some explanations of how the umara-ulama relationship works at the same time will highlight some of the ulama who involved directly. This is because they have a significant influence on the struggle that took place at that time, especially in spreading Islam in the NBD and its role in the development of nationalism and governance in Brunei Darussalam

scholarly journals Pruskie Karkonosze — kilka słów o ideologizacji najwyższych gór Śląska w dobie rozkwitu turystyki masowej

2017 ◽  
Vol 10 ◽  
pp. 39-54
Author(s):  
Jan Pacholski
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
The State ◽  
Early 20Th Century ◽  
Mountain Range ◽  
The Enlightenment ◽  
The 19Th Century

The Prussian Giant Mountains — some remarks about the ideologisation of Silesia’s highest mountains during the flourishing of mass tourismThe author of the article examines the beginnings of the national or, more broadly, state ideologisation of the mountains, using as an example Karkonosze or the Giant Mountains, which undoubtedly come to the fore in the case of the popularisation of mountain tourism. Already in the second half of the 18th century a chapel dedicated to St. Lawrence was built on the summit of Śnieżka, becoming straight away a pilgrimage destination and launching tourism in this mountain range. Just as quickly the Giant Mountains were ideologised as border mountains unique in the state to which it partially belonged — the Kingdom of Prussia. Authors describing Silesia’s highest peaks in the Enlightenment period including J.T. Volkmar, J.E. Troschel, E.F. Buquoi and J.Ch.F. GutsMuths did refer to Swiss models, yet they showed the Giant Mountains as the highest range in Silesia and Prussia, stressing the exceptional role and nature of this mountain range. Throughout the 19th century the ideological appropriation of the Sudetes’ highest range continued, acquiring in the early 20th century a virtually grotesque dimension, a manifestation of which was the equation of the Spirit of the Mountains with the ancient pan-Germanic god Wotan, known from old tales and poems and, more recently, from Richard Wagner’s music dramas.

scholarly journals Serbian statehood in 1903–1914. The myth of the «age of Pericles»

2020 ◽  
pp. 185-213
Author(s):  
Yaroslav V. Vishnyakov ◽  
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
The State ◽  
Traditional Society ◽  
State Development ◽  
Early 19Th Century ◽  
European Economic ◽  
Progressive Development ◽  
Systemic Crises

The article is devoted to the analysis of the state development of Serbia in the early 19th century. It is shown that despite the myth prevailing in Serbian and Russian historiography about the progressive development of the country at the beginning of the 20th century and Serbia's adoption of European economic and political standards, the country was at a difficult stage of transformation of the structures of traditional society, which significantly affected its nationwide development, leading to serious systemic crises of power.

scholarly journals From Sementovskij to the 20th century. Notes on the Lutsis in the Latvian press

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 251-272
Author(s):  
Hannes Korjus
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Public Awareness ◽  
The State ◽  
Folk Culture ◽  
Language And Culture ◽  
Island Community ◽  
Field Notes ◽  
The Town ◽  
First Descriptions

The Lutsis, a historically South Estonian-speaking language island community located near the town of Ludza in southeastern Latvia, have come increasingly into public awareness in Latvia over the last decade with the release of books on Lutsi history and language suitable for both professional and lay audiences as well as other new works relating to Lutsi folk culture. However, even before this recent burst of activity, the Lutsis have been mentioned in the Latvian and Estonian press and have also appeared in the field notes of researchers whose work was connected with the Lutsis. This article traces the descriptions of the Lutsis in a variety of sources from the first descriptions in the mid-19th century, through the interwar independence of Latvia, and as late as the 1970s when important expeditions by Latvian researchers documented the impressions of the last Lutsi speakers on the state of their language and culture. Kokkuvõte. Hannes Korjus: Sementovskijst 20. sajandisse. Märkmeid lutsidest Läti ajakirjanduses. Kunagine lõunaeestikeelne lutside kogukond elas Kagu-Lätis Ludza linna ümbruses. Lätis on nad saanud suurema avaliku tähelepanu osalisteks alles viimastel kümnenditel, kui on ilmunud raamatuid nende ajaloo ja keele kohta nii asjatundjatele kui ka laiemale huvirühmale ning on hakatud elavdama lutsi rahvakultuuri. Siiski ka enne seda viimast aktiivsuse tõusu on lutsidest kirjutatud Läti ja Eesti ajakirjanduses ja on ilmunud välitööde märkmeid lutsidega seotud uurimuste tegijatelt. Antud artikkel jälgib lutside kirjeldusi erinevates allikates alates varastest mainimistest 19. sajandi keskel, jätkates maailmasõdadevahelise perioodiga ning jõudes viimaks 1970. aastateni, kui Läti uurijad dokumenteerisid oma ekspeditsioonidel viimaste lutsi kõnelejate keelelist ja kultuurilist olukorda.

Frei Luís de Sousa d’Almeida Garrett. Pour une approche pragmatique du texte dramatique

2020 ◽  
Vol 65 (2) ◽  
pp. 173-186
Author(s):  
Vlad Dobroiu
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Interpersonal Relationship ◽  
Historical Context ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Short Introduction ◽  
Main Interest ◽  
Pragmatic Analysis ◽  
The 19Th Century

"Frei Luís de Sousa by Almeida Garrett: a pragmatic analysis of the theatre dialogue. In this article, we analyse, from a pragmatic point of view, the dialogue of the play Frei Luís de Sousa by Almeida Garrett and its translation made by Maxime Formont at the beginning of the 20th century and published in Livourne. We focus on the strategies used by the participants in the theatre discourse in order to consolidate and sometimes even to renegotiate their interpersonal relationship. Our main interest concerns the use of nouns and pronouns in the 1st Act. For a better understanding of the socio-historical context of this play, we propose a short introduction to the 19th century, in Portugal. We also present and analyse some important para-textual pieces of information that accompany the translation made by Maxime Formont. Keywords: translation, theatre discourse, politeness, pragmatics, Almeida Garrett."

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