Changes in the Cortex Neurons in Single and Fractional Gamma Radiation

2021 ◽  
Vol 66 (4) ◽  
pp. 18-24
Author(s):  
I. Ushakov ◽  
Vladimir Fyodorov
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Cerebral Cortex ◽  
Radiation Exposure ◽  
Comparative Assessment ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Fractionated Irradiation ◽  
Radiation Induced ◽  
Post Radiation ◽  
Induced Changes ◽  
The Brain

Purpose: Comparative assessment of radiation-induced changes in neurons of the cerebral cortex after a single and fractionated exposure to ionizing radiation in doses of 0.1 – 1.0 Gy. Material and methods. The study was carried out in compliance with the rules of bioethics on 180 white outbred male rats at the age of 4 months. by the beginning of the experiment, exposed to a single or fractionated exposure to γ-quanta of 60Co in total doses of 0.1; 0.2; 0.5 and 1.0 Gy. Neuromorphological and histochemical methods were used to assess morphometric and tinctorial parameters of nerve cells, as well as changes in the content of protein and nucleic acids in neurons in the early and late periods of the post-radiation period. Using one-way analysis of variance, a comparative assessment of neuromorphological indicators under various modes of radiation exposure is given. Results: In the control and irradiated animals throughout their life, undulating changes in the indicators of the state of the neurons of the brain occur with a gradual decrease by the end of the experiment. Despite a number of features of the dynamics of neuromorphological parameters, these irradiation regimes do not cause functionally significant changes in the neurons of the cortex. However, in some periods of the post-radiation period, the changes under the studied irradiation regimes were multidirectional and did not always correspond to age control. Significant differences in the response of neurons to these modes of radiation exposure in the sensory and motor areas of the cerebral cortex have not been established. Conclusion: No functionally significant radiation-induced changes in neurons were found either with single or fractionated irradiation. At the same time, different modes of irradiation in general caused the same type of changes in neurons. However, in some periods of observation, changes in neuromorphological parameters under the studied irradiation regimes were not unidirectional and differed from age control, which indicates a possible risk of disturbances in the functioning of the nervous system against the background of other harmful and dangerous factors.

Radiation-Induced Changes in Nucleic Acids of Brain Neurons

2021 ◽  
Vol 66 (1) ◽  
pp. 5-12
Author(s):  
I. Ushakov ◽  
Vladimir Fyodorov
Keyword(s):  
Nucleic Acids ◽  
Physiological State ◽  
Statistical Processing ◽  
Nerve Cells ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Brain Neurons ◽  
Radiation Induced ◽  
Time Changes ◽  
Induced Changes ◽  
The Brain

Purpose: Study of radiation-induced changes in the content of nucleic acids in neurons of the brain after exposure to ionizing radiation in doses of 0.1 – 1.0 Gy. Material and methods. The study was carried out in compliance with the rules of bioethics on 240 white outbred male rats at the age of 4 months. by the beginning of the experiment, exposed to a single exposure to γ-radiation of 60Co in doses of 0.1–1.0 Gy. Neuromorphological methods were used to assess morphometric and tinctorial parameters of nerve cells, as well as the dynamics of changes in the content of nucleic acids in neurons during the entire life span of animals. Statistical processing of the results was carried out using the Statistica 6.1 software packages, using parametric criteria. Results: In control and irradiated animals throughout their life, there are undulating changes in the content of nucleic acids in the neurons of the brain with a gradual decrease in indicators by the end of the experiment. At the same time, changes in the level of DNA in the nuclei and RNA in the nucleoli are usually associated with changes in the size of the structures of their localization, and the RNA content in the cytoplasm is apparently associated with changes in the physiological state of neurons (rest, excitation, inhibition) and the corresponding structural and functional rearrangement of nerve cells. Nucleic acid changes do not have a linear dose and time dependence on the factors investigated. At the end of the experiment, when death of both irradiated and control animals is observed, the content of nucleic acids in neurons is statistically significantly reduced in all groups, and to a greater extent in irradiated animals. Conclusion: No functionally significant radiation-induced changes in the content and topochemistry of the products of histochemical reactions were revealed in the detection of nucleic acids in the structures of brain neurons. However, in some periods of observation, the content of nucleic acids in neurons in irradiated animal’s changes to a greater extent than in animals of age control.

Glucuronyl 3-sulfate occurs exclusively on distal unmyelinated terminals of selected sensory neurons in the peripheral nervous system

1995 ◽  
Vol 53 ◽  
pp. 958-959
Author(s):  
S.S. Spicer ◽  
B.A. Schulte
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Cerebral Cortex ◽  
Peripheral Nervous System ◽  
Sensory Neurons ◽  
Sensory Nerves ◽  
Tissue Antigens ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Leu 7

Generation of monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) against tissue antigens has yielded several (VC1.1, HNK- 1, L2, 4F4 and anti-leu 7) which recognize the unique sugar epitope, glucuronyl 3-sulfate (Glc A3- SO4). In the central nervous system, these MAbs have demonstrated Glc A3-SO4 at the surface of neurons in the cerebral cortex, the cerebellum, the retina and other widespread regions of the brain.Here we describe the distribution of Glc A3-SO4 in the peripheral nervous system as determined by immunostaining with a MAb (VC 1.1) developed against antigen in the cat visual cortex. Outside the central nervous system, immunoreactivity was observed only in peripheral terminals of selected sensory nerves conducting transduction signals for touch, hearing, balance and taste. On the glassy membrane of the sinus hair in murine nasal skin, just deep to the ringwurt, VC 1.1 delineated an intensely stained, plaque-like area (Fig. 1). This previously unrecognized structure of the nasal vibrissae presumably serves as a tactile end organ and to our knowledge is not demonstrable by means other than its selective immunopositivity with VC1.1 and its appearance as a densely fibrillar area in H&E stained sections.

Developmental Overview of Central Neuroanatomy

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peggy Mason
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Cerebrospinal Fluid ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Cerebral Cortex ◽  
Neural Tube ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Dorsal Telencephalon ◽  
Adult Spinal Cord ◽  
The Brain

The central nervous system develops from a proliferating tube of cells and retains a tubular organization in the adult spinal cord and brain, including the forebrain. Failure of the neural tube to close at the front is lethal, whereas failure to close the tube at the back end produces spina bifida, a serious neural tube defect. Swellings in the neural tube develop into the hindbrain, midbrain, diencephalon, and telencephalon. The diencephalon sends an outpouching out of the cranium to form the retina, providing an accessible window onto the brain. The dorsal telencephalon forms the cerebral cortex, which in humans is enormously expanded by growth in every direction. Running through the embryonic neural tube is an internal lumen that becomes the cerebrospinal fluid–containing ventricular system. The effects of damage to the spinal cord and forebrain are compared with respect to impact on self and potential for improvement.

scholarly journals The autonomic nervous system regulates pancreatic β-cell proliferation in adult male rats

2019 ◽  
Vol 317 (2) ◽  
pp. E234-E243
Author(s):  
Valentine S. Moullé ◽  
Caroline Tremblay ◽  
Anne-Laure Castell ◽  
Kevin Vivot ◽  
Mélanie Ethier ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Proliferation ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Autonomic Nervous System ◽  
Adrenergic Receptors ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Pancreatic Β Cell ◽  
Β Cell ◽  
Nonesterified Fatty Acids ◽  
Autonomic Nervous ◽  
The Brain

The pancreatic β-cell responds to changes in the nutrient environment to maintain glucose homeostasis by adapting its function and mass. Nutrients can act directly on the β-cell and also indirectly through the brain via autonomic nerves innervating islets. Despite the importance of the brain-islet axis in insulin secretion, relatively little is known regarding its involvement in β-cell proliferation. We previously demonstrated that prolonged infusions of nutrients in rats provoke a dramatic increase in β-cell proliferation in part because of the direct action of nutrients. Here, we addressed the contribution of the autonomic nervous system. In isolated islets, muscarinic stimulation increased, whereas adrenergic stimulation decreased, glucose-induced β-cell proliferation. Blocking α-adrenergic receptors reversed the effect of epinephrine on glucose + nonesterified fatty acids (NEFA)-induced β-cell proliferation, whereas activation of β-adrenergic receptors was without effect. Infusion of glucose + NEFA toward the brain stimulated β-cell proliferation, and this effect was abrogated following celiac vagotomy. The increase in β-cell proliferation following peripheral infusions of glucose + NEFA was not inhibited by vagotomy or atropine treatment but was blocked by coinfusion of epinephrine. We conclude that β-cell proliferation is stimulated by parasympathetic and inhibited by sympathetic signals. Whereas glucose + NEFA in the brain stimulates β-cell proliferation through the vagus nerve, β-cell proliferation in response to systemic nutrient excess does not involve parasympathetic signals but may be associated with decreased sympathetic tone.

Neurologic Disorders Categorized by Anatomical Involvement

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brian A. Crum ◽  
Eduardo E. Benarroch ◽  
Robert D. Brown
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Cerebral Cortex ◽  
Contralateral Side ◽  
The Body ◽  
Neurologic Symptom ◽  
Visuospatial Deficits ◽  
Neurologic Disorders ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Symptoms And Signs ◽  
Cardiovascular Functions

Neurological disorders of the brain, spine, and peripheral nervous system are examined. Symptoms and signs related to disorders of the cerebral cortex may lead to alterations in cognition and consciousness. Unilateral neurologic symptoms involving a single neurologic symptom commonly localize to the cerebral cortex. Abnormalities of speech and language are localized to the dominant cerebral hemisphere, whereas abnormalities of the nondominant hemisphere may lead to visuospatial deficits, confusion, or neglect of the contralateral side of the body. The hypothalamus is important in many functions that affect everyday steady-state conditions, including temperature regulation, hunger, water regulation, sleep, endocrine functions, cardiovascular functions, and regulation of the autonomic nervous system. Cortical and subcortical abnormalities may also lead to visual system deficits, usually homonymous visual defects of the contralateral visual field. Sensory levels, signs of anterior horn cell involvement, and long-tract signs in the posterior columns or corticospinal tract suggest a spinal cord lesion.

Effect of Two Graded Doses of Whole-Body X-Irradiation and Radioprotection by the Use of S-Phenethyl Formamidino 4 (N-Ethyl Isothioamide) Morpholine Dihydrochloride

1983 ◽  
Vol 22 (05) ◽  
pp. 237-245 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. K. Chaturvedi ◽  
S. N. Pandeya ◽  
S. S. Hasan
Keyword(s):  
Radiation Effects ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
X Irradiation ◽  
Radiation Induced ◽  
Induced Changes ◽  
The Brain

The protection offered by a newly synthesized compound (S-phenethyl-formamidino-4(N-ethyl isothioamide) morpholine dihydrochloride) against radiation effects on DNA, RNA and protein biosynthetic processes in the brain, and on metabolites of 5-HT and nor-adrenalin, i.e., 5-HIAA and VMA, in the urine, including the radiobiological damage to thyroid and testes, was evaluated. The use of the compound prior to irradiation prevented radiation-induced changes in the thyroid and testes. The radiation-induced alterations in the pattern of DNA, RNA, protein in the brain, and in 5-HIAA and VMA in urine could be averted by treatment with this compound prior to each dose of X-irradiation.

Neuronal Development-Related miRNAs as Biomarkers for Alzheimer's Disease, Depression, Schizophrenia and Ionizing Radiation Exposure

2020 ◽  
Vol 28 (1) ◽  
pp. 19-52 ◽  
Author(s):  
Renu Chandra Segaran ◽  
Li Yun Chan ◽  
Hong Wang ◽  
Gautam Sethi ◽  
Feng Ru Tang
Keyword(s):  
Alzheimer’S Disease ◽  
Alzheimer's Disease ◽  
Radiation Exposure ◽  
Brain Tissue ◽  
Neuronal Development ◽  
Radiation Induced ◽  
The Common ◽  
Ionizing Radiation Exposure ◽  
Brain Radiation ◽  
The Brain

Radiation exposure may induce Alzheimer's disease (AD), depression or schizophrenia. A number of experimental and clinical studies suggest the involvement of miRNA in the development of these diseases, and also in the neuropathological changes after brain radiation exposure. The current literature review indicated the involvement of 65 miRNAs in neuronal development in the brain. In the brain tissue, blood, or cerebral spinal fluid (CSF), 11, 55, or 28 miRNAs are involved in the development of AD respectively, 89, 50, 19 miRNAs in depression, and 102, 35, 8 miRNAs in schizophrenia. We compared miRNAs regulating neuronal development to those involved in the genesis of AD, depression and schizophrenia and also those driving radiation-induced brain neuropathological changes by reviewing the available data. We found that 3, 11, or 8 neuronal developmentrelated miRNAs from the brain tissue, 13, 16 or 14 miRNAs from the blood of patient with AD, depression and schizophrenia respectively were also involved in radiation-induced brain pathological changes, suggesting a possibly specific involvement of these miRNAs in radiation-induced development of AD, depression and schizophrenia respectively. On the other hand, we noted that radiationinduced changes of two miRNAs, i.e., miR-132, miR-29 in the brain tissue, three miRNAs, i.e., miR- 29c-5p, miR-106b-5p, miR-34a-5p in the blood were also involved in the development of AD, depression and schizophrenia, thereby suggesting that these miRNAs may be involved in the common brain neuropathological changes, such as impairment of neurogenesis and reduced learning memory ability observed in these three diseases and also after radiation exposure.

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