Subacute Course of Chronic Radiation Syndrome Caused External Non-Uniform Radiation Exposure of Lost Source

2021 ◽  
Vol 66 (4) ◽  
pp. 62-69
Author(s):  
I. Galstyan ◽  
A. Bushmanov ◽  
Nelya Metlyaeva ◽  
V. Solov'ev ◽  
L. Mershin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bone Marrow ◽  
Ionizing Radiation ◽  
Acute Leukemia ◽  
Radiation Exposure ◽  
Total Dose ◽  
Tooth Enamel ◽  
Radiation Dermatitis ◽  
Radiation Beam ◽  
Red Bone Marrow ◽  
Chronic Radiation

Purpose: To analyze the features of the clinical course of chronic radiation syndrome (CRS) due to external non-uniform chronic exposure to prolonged household contact with a lost source of ionizing radiation. Material and methods: Analysis of 2 clinical observations of patients who developed subacutecourse of CRS and chronic radiation dermatitis due to external non-uniform exposure of the lost sources of ionizing radiation are presented. Results: Boy A. K. from the age of 1 year for 7 years was external radiation exposed (for 1.5 years non-uniform exposure ) to the total dose according EPR tooth enamel about 6.3 Gy, according to the data of retrospective dose recovery on red bone marrow using voxel modeling – 26 (19–37) Gy. F. V. V., male, 38 years, was external non-uniform radiation exposed for 5 months, the total dose according cytogenetic studies of 7.9 Gy (dose rate about 0.035 Gy/h). During the examination in the hospital, the patients were diagnosed with CRS. Within the framework of the bone marrow syndrome, deep thrombocytopenia, moderate leuko- and neutropenia, and moderate anemic syndrome were observed. The latter is not typical for the typical course of CRS and is a criterion indicating a subacute course of the disease. In addition, signs of chronic radiation dermatitis were found in the projection of the action of the ionizing radiation beam. After stopping the radiation exposure, the patients did not recover their hematopoietic function, and in the period of immediate consequences, they developed myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) with further transformation into acute leukemia. Conclusion: 1. Accidental prolonged household or criminal contact with a source of ionizing radiation can lead to the formation of CRS with an atypical subacute course and the formation of MDS with transformation to acute leukemia in the outcome of the disease or in the period of its consequences. 2. It can be assumed that with external non-uniform radiation exposure, leading to the development of CRS and chronic radiation damage to the skin, agranulocytosis in the subacute course of CRS may be absent. 3. Adverse prognostic signs for the development of MDS and leukemia in the outcome or in the period of the consequences of subacute CRS with non-uniform exposure are long-lasting deep thrombocytopenia and anemic syndrome after the end of radiation exposure.

scholarly journals New pharmacological means of radiation protection (literature review)

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nataliya Uzlenkova
Keyword(s):  
Bone Marrow ◽  
Ionizing Radiation ◽  
Literature Review ◽  
Radiation Exposure ◽  
Progenitor Cells ◽  
Radiation Protection ◽  
Acute Radiation ◽  
Biologically Active ◽  
Pharmacological Agents ◽  
Methodological Approaches

The review systematized the current data on new classes of pharmacological compounds and biologically active substances in the field of radiation protection in Ukraine, as well as abroad. Methodological approaches and the importance of using appropriate animal models in the development of new pharmacological drugs for radiation protection are described, specifically in the cases when it is impossible to conduct full clinical trials on patients. Current views on the division of pharmacological agents into radioprotectors, radiomitigators, and therapeutic radiation protection agents are examined. The changes in the hematopoietic tissue, gastrointestinal tract and neurovascular system that occur after acute radiation exposure are also described. Particular attention is paid to pharmacological agents that can protect against acute exposure to ionizing radiation by limiting the risk of radiation mortality from the hematological and gastrointestinal forms of radiation syndrome. Results of the effectiveness of tolerant antioxidants with a wide spectrum of biological activity as promising agents for the prevention of acute and delayed radiation-induced pathology, in particular, in lung tissue, are presented. Possible molecular mechanisms of the radioprotective effect of pharmacological compounds on experimental models of total and local radiation exposure are discussed. The effectiveness of the therapeutic use of growth factors and recombinant cytokines in acute bone marrow suppression аfter accidental radiation exposure is shown. The possibilities of cell therapy with myeloid progenitor cells mobilized by tocopherol succinate hematopoietic/progenitor cells and bone marrow mesenchymal stromal cells in acute radiation injuries are shown. Special attention is paid to the importance of improving such methodological approaches and regulatory requirements when introducing into practice new radiation protection facilities in Ukraine. Key words: radiation protection, ionizing radiation, pharmacological agents, acute radiation syndrome. For citation: Uzlenkova NE. New pharmacological means of radiation protection (literature review). Journal of the National Academy of Medical Sciences of Ukraine. 2019;25(3) :268–77

scholarly journals GENETIC EFFECTS IN CHILDREN EXPOSED IN PRENATAL PERIOD TO IONIZING RADIATION AFTER THE CHORNOBYL NUCLEAR POWER PLANT ACCIDENT

2016 ◽  
Vol 38 (4) ◽  
pp. 271-275
Author(s):  
Ye I Stepanova ◽  
V Yu Vdovenko ◽  
Zh A Misharina ◽  
V I Kolos ◽  
L P Mischenko
Keyword(s):  
Bone Marrow ◽  
Power Plant ◽  
Nuclear Power Plant ◽  
Ionizing Radiation ◽  
Nuclear Power ◽  
In Utero ◽  
Genetic Effects ◽  
Radiation Doses ◽  
Prenatal Period ◽  
Red Bone Marrow

Aim: To study the genetic effects in children exposed to radiation in utero as a result of the Chornobyl nuclear power plant accident accounting the total radiation doses and equivalent radiation doses to the red bone marrow. Materials and Methods: Incidence of minor developmental anomalies was studied in children exposed to radiation in utero (study group) and in the control group (1144 subjects surveyed in total). Cytogenetic tests using the method of differential G-banding of chromosomes were conducted in 60 children of both study and control groups (10–12-year-olds) and repeatedly in 39 adolescents (15–17-year-olds). Results: A direct correlation was found between the number of minor developmental anomalies and fetal dose of radiation, and a reverse one with fetal gestational age at the time of radiation exposure. Incidence of chromosomal damage in somatic cells of 10–12-year-old children exposed prenatally was associated with radiation dose to the red bone marrow. The repeated testing has revealed that an increased level of chromosomal aberrations was preserved in a third of adolescents. Conclusion: The persons exposed to ionizing radiation at prenatal period should be attributed to the group of carcinogenic risk due to persisting increased levels of chromosome damage. This article is a part of a Special Issue entitled “The Chornobyl Nuclear Accident: Thirty Years After”.

scholarly journals Squamous Cell Carcinoma (SCC) and Chronic Radiation Dermatitis Associated with Childhood Ionizing Radiation Exposure: Case Report with Review of the Literature

2021 ◽  
Vol In Press (In Press) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kai-Lou C. Yue ◽  
Isabelle Lombardi ◽  
Lohit Sodagum ◽  
Dennis Porto
Keyword(s):  
Squamous Cell Carcinoma ◽  
Skin Cancer ◽  
Ionizing Radiation ◽  
Cell Carcinoma ◽  
Squamous Cell ◽  
Radiation Dermatitis ◽  
Chronic Radiation ◽  
History Of ◽  
High Index Of Suspicion ◽  
Ionizing Radiation Exposure

Introduction: Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) is one of the most common types of skin cancer in Caucasians, but the role played by ionizing radiation (IR) exposure in its etiology is unclear. Case Presentation: This study presents a patient with SCC, actinic keratoses, and radiation dermatitis of the feet with a distant history of IR exposure from a shoe-fitting fluoroscope. It is likely the fluoroscope’s IR contributed to the etiology of these manifestations. Conclusions: Patients with a history of repeated IR exposure, particularly from older, unregulated sources such as a shoe-fitting fluoroscope, should be monitored with a high index of suspicion for skin cancer and other related problems.

"Subacute" course of chronic radiation syndrome

2021 ◽  
Vol 61 (9) ◽  
pp. 572-579
Author(s):  
Irina A. Galstyan ◽  
Nelya A. Metlyaeva ◽  
Mikhail V. Konchalovsky ◽  
Vladimir Yu. Nugis ◽  
Olga V. Shcherbatykh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ionizing Radiation ◽  
Radiation Exposure ◽  
Dose Rate ◽  
Chronic Exposure ◽  
Prolonged Exposure ◽  
Production Factor ◽  
Clear Understanding ◽  
Dose Rates ◽  
Chronic Radiation ◽  
Radiation Material

Introduction. The use of ionizing radiation as a production factor in the late 1940s - early 1950s. began in the absence of a clear understanding of the permissible radiation doses for workers, as well as knowledge of diagnostic criteria and developed therapeutic measures for developing chronic radiation sickness (CRS). Since then, a great deal of experience has been accumulated in the diagnosis and treatment of CRS. Currently, there are no conditions at the workplace for chronic exposure of workers in doses exceeding the permissible ones. However, taking into account the constant expansion of the scope of using sources of ionizing radiation, it is necessary to remember about the possibility of CRS development due to prolonged exposure in case of violation of their storage or their loss. The study aimed to explore the formation of radiation bone marrow syndrome (RBS) due to chronic exposure in doses that exceed the maximum permissible, accumulated with different dose rates of radiation. Material and methods. We selected the medical records of 27 people (24 men and 3 women) who had RBS as a result of chronic professional gamma radiation exposure. The selection criteria were the diagnosis of grade II-III chronic radiation syndrome (CRS) in the presence of agranulocytosis or anemic syndrome in the period of the disease formation and, especially, in the development of myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) or aplastic anemia in the period of the CRS consequences. Identified clinical and dosimetric CRS features of 27 patients exposed to chronic irradiation with a dose rate of 0.0002-0,009 Gy/h and the summary dose of 1.7 and 9.6 Gy, accumulated over a period of 6 to 96 months were compared the characteristics of 84 patients CRS exposed a lower dose rates (less than 0,0003 Gy/h) and 26 patients with acute radiation syndrome moderate (II) severity as a result of irradiation the dose rates of 0.14-3,7 Gy/h, total dose of 2 to 4 Gy. Results. The criteria of atypical subacute CRS course are identified: the rate of chronic radiation exposure - not less than 0.001-0.009 Gy/h with a summary dose of 1.7-9.6 Gy accumulated over a period of 6-96 months, the presence of agranulocytosis in the period of CRS formation and anemic syndrome in the periods of CRS formation and outcomes. These signs predict the development MDS in 60% of the patients in the period of the CRS consequences. Conclusion. Retrospective study determined that long-term human exposure to a dose rate of 0.001-0,009 Gy/h (0,005-0,05 Gy/day) and more in the accumulation of a summary dose of 1.7 and 9.6 Gy and duration of contact 6-96 months in 60% of cases can be expected development CRS with a subacute clinical course RBS. The main factor determining this feature of the course of RBS is the dose rate exceeding 0.001 Gy / h (2 Gy/year). In the subacute course of CRS, the early outcome in MDS is essentially deterministic. The development of agranulocytosis and anemic syndrome are typical signs of the subacute course of CRS.

Hiatus in Infant Acute Leukemia Incidence rates in Belarus: Adaptation-to-Low-Dose-Radiation Phenomenon?

Blood ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 118 (21) ◽  
pp. 507-507
Author(s):  
Vadim Ivanov ◽  
Tatiana Terehovich ◽  
Eugene Ivanov
Keyword(s):  
Ionizing Radiation ◽  
Acute Leukemia ◽  
Radiation Exposure ◽  
Low Dose ◽  
Incidence Rates ◽  
Low Dose Radiation ◽  
Infant Leukemia ◽  
Dose Radiation ◽  
Group 1

Abstract Abstract 507 The question of whether child acute leukemia (ChAL) incidence has changed as a result of Chernobyl is of great scientific and public interest. Our initial report (Nature, 1993) showed no increase in the incidence rates (IR) of ChAL in Belarus in the whole group of children (0–14 y.o.) 5 years (1986 – 1991) after accident. This data were confirmed in several European countries. As concerns infant's AL (0–1 y.o.), Petridou et al. reported 2.6 times increase of AL in Greek infants, exposed in utero to Chernobyl radiation. No significant difference in IR was found among children aged 1 – 4 y.o. or older. All epidemiological data concerning separate analysis of infant (0–1 y.o.) ChL was concentrated on the first decade after Chernobyl and no any systematic data is available after 1996. Since 1979 the occurrence of leukemia has been documented accurately through the Registry of Blood diseases. The patients had to be inhabitants of Belarus and were grouped by age at diagnosis. AL diagnostic accuracy was confirmed by the international experts. Rates were standardized directly to the standard world population. We present the age-cohort-period analyses of IR trends of ChAL from 1979 to 2006 in Belarus. It comprised 1077 ChAL cases (0–4 y.o.). Number of cases and equivalent doses of whole body radiation exposure was tabulated by age at diagnosis and period of observation (seven pre-accident years, 1979–1985) and post-accident 7-year periods: 1986–1992, 1993–1999 and 2000–2006. During first 7 years after the accident (1986–1992) the IR of infant AL (0–1 y.o.) increased significantly – from 49 (IR=4.33) before Chernobyl to 67 cases (IR=6.36) in 1986–1992 (RR=1.47; p=0.04). Older age group (1–4 y.o.) did not show any increase in ChAL rates. Following 7-years period (1993–1999) revealed the statistically significant decrease of incidence of infant leukemia: from 49 (IR=4.33) before Chernobyl to 16 cases (IR=2.29) in 1993–1999 years (RR=0.53; p=0.024). Surprisingly, during the next 7 years (2000–2006) we found a further decrease of the incidence of infant leukemia with only 3 cases (IR=0.47) in 7 years. It is highly significant when compared with 49 cases (IR=4.33) before Chernobyl (p= 0.0000053, RR=0.11) and 67 cases (IR=6.36) appeared during first 7 years following Chernobyl accident (p < 0.0000001, RR=0.04). As concerns the older group (1–4 y.o.) we did not find any decrease of IR into the second (1993–1999) and third (2000–2006) 7-year periods. Actually we are working on the next time period (2007–2010) and new upgraded data will be presented. Long-term analysis of incidence of post-Chernobyl childhood acute leukemia permitted to discover the biphasic dynamics of infant's AL incidence rate. Significant increase into the first 7-year period followed by dramatic decrease between year +8 and year + 21. From radiological point of view it is relatively simpler to explain the increase into the first 7 years, because ionizing radiation is one of the few exposures for which the casual relationship with childhood leukemia has been established. Much more difficult to explain following after decrease in incidence rate of infant leukemia in Belarus. Can we speculate about the “adaptation-to-radiation” mechanisms? Over the past decades the growing body of data from cell cultures, experimental animals and humans suggests that low-dose ionizing radiation may have some beneficial (hormetic or adoptive) effect. Several epidemiological studies (India, China, Japan, USA) of a long-term low dose environmental irradiation are in favor of the hypothesis of radiation hormesis or adaptation. The carcinogenic effects of low dose radiation exposure may be restricted to children exposed in utero or in early infancy (0-12 months) during the first years after explosion. Following after dramatic decrease of IRs of infant leukemia might be explained by the developing of adaptive response to chronic low dose ionizing radiation exposure. The presented data may be one of the first clinical evidence concerning human ability of adaptation to long-term low dose radiation. Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.

scholarly journals Influence of Age, Sex and Calendar Year on Lifetime Accumulated Red Bone Marrow Dose from Diagnostic Radiation Exposure

PLoS ONE ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 8 (11) ◽  
pp. e78027 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wolfgang Hoffmann ◽  
Merle Friederike Meiboom ◽  
Kerstin Weitmann ◽  
Claudia Terschüren ◽  
Heiner von Boetticher
Keyword(s):  
Bone Marrow ◽  
Radiation Exposure ◽  
Red Bone Marrow ◽  
Diagnostic Radiation ◽  
Diagnostic Radiation Exposure

scholarly journals Leukemia risk and the pattern of dose accumulation. Part 1: Characteristics of the study group of the Mayak Production Association personnel

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 18-28 ◽  
Author(s):  
Svetlana F. Sosnina ◽  
Pavel V. Okatenko ◽  
Aleksandr M. Yurkin ◽  
Susanna A. Rogacheva ◽  
Elena A. Gruzdeva ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bone Marrow ◽  
Radiation Exposure ◽  
Myeloid Leukemia ◽  
Production Association ◽  
Lymphoid Leukemia ◽  
Hematological Cancer ◽  
Red Bone Marrow ◽  
Cancer Pathology ◽  
Mayak Production Association ◽  
Hemopoietic System

Results of development of the database “Leukemia in the cohort of workers of the Mayak Production Association employed in 1948-1958” that was developed in the Laboratory of Radiation Epidemiology of Southern Urals Biophysics Institute were presented. The database contains hematological, clinical and dosimetric information for the workers of main plants of the first production facility of Soviet atomic industry employed in the period of production development – 1948-1958. The computer database contains information for two groups of Mayak Production Association workers: main group of workers with leukemia as the main cause of death (n=84) and group of personnel without hematological cancer pathology for comparison (n=300). The comparison group was composed in such a way to allow 3-4 controls of corresponding gender, age of exposure start, accumulated dose of external gamma-exposure to red bone marrow for each leukemia case. Methods of data collection and sources of medical data were described. Characteristics of software developed for the database was presented. The database containing a total of 19593 results of blood tests reflects dynamics of hematological values in atomic facility personnel due to prolonged radiation exposure. The range of accumulated absorbed doses of external gamma-exposure to red bone marrow in the group of personnel with leukemia diagnoses was 0.001-4.96 Gy; average dose for males was 1.24 Gy and 0.61 Gy – for females. Similar range is observed in the group of personnel without leukemia outcomes. Alongside differences in accumulation rates of external radiation exposure doses is evident: in the group of workers with hematological cancer pathology the average period of radiation exposure at production facility was 14.3 years for males and 12.1 years for females; in the comparison group – 20.4 and 13.9 years, respectively. Most leukemia cases were diagnosed in the workers of radiochemical facility (54.8%). Myeloid leukemia prevailed (47.6%) in the leukemia structure; among them acute myeloid leukemia made more than a half of the cases; lymphoid leukemia was diagnosed in 14.3% cases with prevailing role of chronic lymphoid leukemia. Acute and chronic monocytic leukemia were the rarest types of malignant neoplasms of hematopoietic tissue. Possible correlation between hematological values with individual doses of external gamma- and internal alpha-exposure (incorporated Pu-239) distributed over time was stated. The database allows calculating integrated leukocytic indices reflecting response of hemopoietic system to radiation exposure, tracking changes in hemopoiesis in proportion to accumulated dose to red bone marrow, analyzing specific characteristics of rehabilitation of hematological alterations after occupational contact to ionizing radiation is terminated. Information on acute and chronic diseases available for the workers in the database allows excluding non-specific response of hemopoietic system caused by associated pathology. A revision of leukemia risk estimated in the relation to dose rate for personnel exposed to chronic radiation could be regarded as one of perspective trends in using the database.

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