Development of accounting of the population of the Russian Empire (XVIII-XIX centuries)

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Наталья Борщик ◽  
Natal'ya Borschik ◽  
Артем Пархоменко ◽  
Artem Parhomenko

The monograph covers a wide range of issues related to the study of the mechanism of state registration of subjects of the Russian Empire. The causes of the transition to the poll tax form residents of the country in the early eighteenth century, traced the evolution of the census office, its complication and improvement. The audits were supplemented by numerous population surveys conducted at the initiative of individual ministries and departments, regional authorities, local governments, were associated with the beginning of registration of natural population movement by the Russian Orthodox Church, etc. The role of demographic information in the formation of the main directions of the internal policy of the state is shown. It is addressed to all readers interested in the demographic history of our country.

2020 ◽  
Vol 19 (4) ◽  
pp. 793-809
Author(s):  
Yuliya A. Lysenko ◽  
Marina N. Efimenko

As a contribution to the history of the institutional development of the Russian Orthodox Church in the Central Asian parts of the Russian Empire, the present article analyzes the emergence of missionary structures in the Orenburg diocese. The research is based on a wide range of administrative documents of the Orenburg diocese (preserved in the State Archive of the Orenburg region), and on materials published in the Orenburg Diocesan Gazette. The contribution explores the reasons for the creation of the regional Committee of the Orthodox Missionary Society and the Kyrgyz Mission, and identifies the stages of their activities. It also highlights the features of the organization of Orthodox missionary work among the Kazakhs of the Urals and Turgay regions. The authors argue that Orthodox missionary work in the Steppe was meant to exclude the Kazakhs from the ongoing all-Russian Muslim consolidation. The strategy that the Russian state chose to control regions with a dense inorodtsy (non-Russians) population was acculturation, to control the respective populations by inclu- ding them into the cultural and religious Russian-Orthodox space. On the spot, however, the officials of the Kyrgyz Mission faced a whole range of obstacles, including particular attitudes of the Kazakhs about aspects of the Christian dogma. Also, there was already well-funded Islamic missionary work in the Ural and Turgai steppes. The Orthodox parish system remained weak, and state financing of missionary work was considered insufficient. The resettlement of peasants into the region required that employees of the Kirghiz mission changed their emphasis from missionary work to the ordinary duties of parish priests. All this allows the authors to conclude that the efficiency of Orthodox missionary structures among the Kazakhs of the Orenburg diocese was low.


Author(s):  
Yu.A. Lysenko

The article analyzes the structure and information potential of the annual reports on the conditions of the Orenburg and Omsk dioceses to the Holy Synod, prepared science 1870 to 1917. It is emphasized that this set of paperwork is a unique source on the history of the Russian Orthodox Church in the Central Asian outskirts of the Russian Empire and reflects virtually all spheres of life and activities of the dioceses, their institutional and administrative-territorial development, processes of the deanery, church, parish, church and monastery construction. The information capabilities of the reports make it possible to reconstruct a whole range of social, economic, demographic, and migration processes that took place within the boundaries of a particular diocese. That is why the author assigns diocesan reports to the type of “mixed type” paperwork on the basis that they contain information of a normative, narrative and statistical nature. Analysis of reports on the state of the Orenburg and Omsk dioceses allow us to conclude that the 1880s the first decade of the 20th century began a period of active development in the Steppe Territory institutions, the administrative-territorial management system of the Russian Orthodox Church. This was largely due to a sharp increase in the number of Orthodox population in the region, mediated by mass peasant migration.


Author(s):  
L. S. Gushchian ◽  

The mechanisms of formation of the Iranian funds of the Russian Ethnographic Museum are analyzed in the article. The series of collections acquired at the beginning of the 20th century for this collection, indicates the relevant interest towards the multi-ethnic culture of Iran, in which female images, with an outstandingly exotic character for Europeans, have a special place. The accompanying archival materials of the collections, in particular, the correspondence between expeditionist-collector S.  Ter-Avetisyan, a student of the Imperial St. Petersburg university, and the curator of the museum K. Inostrantsev, demonstrate, on the one hand, the wide range of research programs of the orientalist s tudents at the beginning of the last century, and on the other, a researcher’s high status in the Russian Empire


Author(s):  
S. P. Bychkov ◽  
◽  
O. V. Gefner ◽  

The article is devoted to the problem of changing the view of the historian of the Russian Orthodox Church Anton V. Kartashev on the peculiarities of the existence of Orthodoxy in the historical period of the Russian Empire. By comparing pre-revolutionary articles and publications of the 1930s and 1950s, the key positions of these changes are determined, and the factors that contributed to the evolution of the historian's scientific views are identified. The author concludes that Kartashev turns from an active critic of church shortcomings into an apologist of the Russian Church of the imperial period, and reveals many positive features of the existence of Orthodoxy during the period of Synodal administration. Russian Russian Orthodox Church, A.V. Kartashev, The Concept of Russian Church History, Synodal administration.


Author(s):  
Yu.A. Lysenko ◽  
M.V. Rygalova ◽  
Y.N. Yegorenkova

The problem of homogeneity and integrity of the Russian Empire state territories became topical in the se-cond half of the 19th century. Its resolution was reflected in the administrative and legal integration, based on the policy of Russification and introduction of the Russian language in all spheres of life of the society. The purpose of this article is to reconstruct the mechanisms and particularities of the implementation of this policy in the Central Asian outskirts of the Russian Empire — the Governor-Generalship of the Steppes. The study is based on a wide range of hsitorical sources — regulations and paperwork, most of which have been identified in archives and in-troduced into the scientific discourse for first time. It has been revealed that the implementation of the Russifica-tion policy in the Steppe Territory followed two directions. The first one involved the introduction of paperwork management in Russian language into the local governments system. This process iniciated very actively in the beginning of the 20th century after the settlement of the legal status of the Russian language in the Russian Em-pire. Applicants for the positions of volost, aul and kishlak rulers, which were elective, were required to pass an exam on Russian language knowledge the prior to the ballot. Failure in the exam would immediately disqualify the candidate from further electoral process. The second important direction of expanding the influence of the Rus-sian language in the Steppe Territory was the educational policy related to the formation of a secular school edu-cation system and the mandatory inclusion of the Russian language course into the educational process. A net-work of Russian-Kyrgyz, Russian-aul, and missionary schools, Cyrillic-based alphabets for regional languages, educational-methodological literature in Russian were created in the region. The Russian language course be-came compulsory in programs of Muslim metebas and madrassas to raise the effectiveness of the Russification policy. Until the end of the imperial period, regional authorities failed to form a staff of ethnic officials who could speak Russian. The level of knowledge of the Russian language in the rest of the indigenous population remained extremely low, which was due to unpopularity of the Russian school system. Thus, it can be stated that the poten-tial of the Russian language as a means of integration into the common empire space was not fully utilized. At the same time, it cannot be denied, that Russian culture, historically close to Muslim peoples of the Central Asian region, embodied in the imperial educational system, played a positive role, acting as a conductor of their in-volvement in the achievements of European civilization.


Author(s):  
Inna Shikunova

We consider the historiographical traditions of both domestic and foreign historiography on the study of the childhood history, children’s daily life, the history of motherhood and childhood, social welfare and charity of “children of misfortune” both in the capital and at the provincial level in the first third of the 20th century. Based on the analysis of methodological approaches and research practices, we identify the most successful, complex and effective, including consider-ation of various poorly studied aspects of the claimed scientific problem. We reveal the regional features of the social protection system study that are significantly different from the works of the capital’s historians. We refine the approaches and interpretation in the study of the role and place of the social state in the Russian Empire and the policy of Soviet authorities in relation to orphans. We reveal the main posed questions of the prospects of historiographical study of a wide range of childhood history problems. We draw conclusions about the results of the study of social protec-tion and charity of orphans system in both pre-revolutionary and Soviet Russia. We pay attention to the importance of taking into account the regional specifics and specific historical manifesta-tions of social policy in the study of charitable support and private public initiative of the period under review. We reveal the stereotypical approaches and assessments in relation to the system development of social charity and welfare for “children of misfortune” in imperial and Soviet Russia.


2019 ◽  
pp. 221-231
Author(s):  
Владислав Дзюбинский

Подольские епархиальные ведомости - это один из журналов, которые начали издаваться в середине XIX века в каждой епархии Русской Православной Церкви. Эти издания имеют огромную историческую ценность для современного историка, так как достаточно дают возможность глубоко познакомиться с бытом, проблемами и интересами православного духовенства и мирян провинциальной России середины XIX - начала XX века. Данная статья является кратким исследованием по истории церковного журнала «Подольские епархиальные ведомости» - официального периодического издания Подольской епархии. Территориально епархия находилась на юго-западе Российской империи и была создана после раздела Речи Посполитой и присоединения этого края к России. В журнале помещались официальные указы Синода и правящего архиерея, епархиальная хроника, печатались статистические данные церквей, приходов и монастырей, заметки по истории и богословию, помещались лучшие проповеди духовенства, обсуждались вопросы духовного образования, богослужебные вопросы, бытовые, сельскохозяйственные и многое другое. Авторами журнала были как правящий архиерей, так и сельские священники, которые также получили возможность поднимать вопросы, непосредственно касающиеся их приходского служения. В контексте общего состояния печати в Российской империи, в данной статье исследуется цель издания, история создания программы, тематика и рубрикация статей «Подольских епархиальных ведомостей», прослеживается вклад правящих архиереев в процесс их издания, освещаются имена главных редакторов и основных авторов журнала. Podolsk diocesan Gazette is one of the journals that began to be published in the mid-19th century in every diocese of the Russian Orthodox Church. These publications are of great historical value to the modern historian, as they provide an opportunity to get acquainted with the life, problems and interests of Orthodox clergy and laity of provincial Russia in the middle of XIX - early XX centuries. This article is a brief study of the history of the church magazine "Podolsk diocesan Gazette" - the official periodical of the Podolsk diocese. Territorially the diocese was located in in the southwestern part of the Russian Empire and was created after the partition of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth and the annexation of this territory to Russia. The magazine contained official decrees of the Synod and the ruling bishop, a diocesan chronicle, and statistical data on churches, parishes, and monasteries, notes on history and theology, the best sermons of the clergy, discussed spiritual education, liturgical issues, domestic, agricultural issues, and more. The magazine's authors included both the ruling bishop and village priests, who also had an opportunity to raise issues directly related to their parish ministry. In the context of the general state of the press in the Russian Empire, this article examines the purpose of the publication, the history of the program, the themes and rubrication of articles of the Podolsk eparchial gazette, traces the contribution of the ruling bishops in the process of their publication, and highlights the names of the editors and the main authors of the magazine.


Author(s):  
O. O. Borisova ◽  
N. A. Merenkova

There is considered the experience of trusteeship of people’s sobriety in organizing free public libraries and reading rooms, in conducting educational activities in Orel province in late XIX - early XX century. Since late nineteenth century the Russian State and the Russian Orthodox Church, realizing that the main cause of alcoholism is the low level of spiritual and moral life of the nation, have joined their forces to address this problem. Together they built an integrated system of education and upbringing of people in the spirit of sobriety and piety by creating trusteeships of national sobriety. Analysis of data on the number of libraries organized by the trusteeships of people’s sobriety on the territory of the Russian Empire in 1902-1910, allows to conclude that the greatest number of the trusteeship libraries functioned in the years 1905-1906. In 1906-1909, their number decreased. Among 3915 trusteeship libraries in 1910, 70% were affiliated at different institutions, 11% were placed in specially hired premises and 19% at guardianship institutions, mainly in teahouses. In total, there are identified 128 libraries, opened by trusteeships in the Orel province. Library and educational activity of trusteeships of people’s sobriety in the Russian Empire in late XIX - early XX century gives the possibility of using the historical experience for interaction of the local governments, social movements, and libraries for the purpose of maintenance of temperance in modern conditions.


2018 ◽  
Vol 45 (2-3) ◽  
pp. 196-230
Author(s):  
Vladimir Prokhorovich Buldakov

V.P. Buldakov explores the emotional overheating in the Russian Empire, but also of the entire European cultural milieu during the era of Great War, Revolution, Civil War and beyond. Exploring a wide range of sources, archival, philosophical, literary, journalism, epistolary, memoirs and diaries, he calls for a new (socio)-psychological history of the Russian Revolution that integrates the irrational, the energy of negation, impulsiveness, atavisms and aggression and the importance of myth and rumor- in other words the full panoply of the emotions as manifested in social movements and politics.


2020 ◽  
pp. 199-213
Author(s):  
Марина Петровна Войтеховская ◽  
Светлана Анатольевна Кочурина ◽  
Наталия Игоревна Сухачёва

Вопросы введения всеобщего начального обучения в деятельности Государственной думы Российской империи долгое время не были в поле зрения исследователей, интересКочурина к теме возрос в связи с восстановлением парламентских традиций и глубоким реформированием системы образования. На основе исторических источников показано, что в начале XX в. данный вопрос был, пожалуй, единственным, не вызывавшим разногласий между политическими партиями. Но он так и не был решен из-за длившихся на протяжении шести лет дискуссий между фракциями в Государственной думе, Думой и Государственным советом, парламентом и правительством по сопутствующим проблемам – об обязательности или предоставлении права получения начального образования, о размерах финансирования и характере управления министерскими и церковными школами, о языке преподавания в начальной школе в местностях с нерусским населением, о роли органов местного самоуправления в развитии школьного дела и др. Первая Государственная дума в силу кратковременного существования не сумела приступить к рассмотрению законопроекта о введении всеобщего начального обучения, Государственная дума II созыва – приступила, но ее досрочный роспуск не позволил принять сколько-нибудь существенных решений по вопросу. Третья Государственная дума оказалась единственной в дореволюционной истории России, выдержавшей полный срок полномочий. Результаты ее деятельности в области просвещения закрепили за ней название «Дума народного образования». Было рассмотрено более 300 законодательных инициатив в области науки и образования, в том числе 15 законопроектов по начальному образованию, дополнительные ассигнования на начальную школу выросли почти на 40 млн руб. в год. Но принятый Думой законопроект о введении всеобщего начального обучения не прошел в Государственном совете. Депутаты четвертого созыва вновь дискутировали по содержанию проекта, разработанного Третьей Думой. Главной причиной конфликтов был вопрос о церковно-приходских школах. В последний раз в истории Думы законопроект был внесен министром народного просвещения П. Н. Игнатьевым 28 августа 1916 г., но решение по нему так и не было принято. Вместе с тем за годы работы Государственных дум на развитие начального образования, подготовку педагогов, заработную плату учителей и строительство новых школ были выделены невиданные до того времени средства, а статьи государственных расходов на школьное дело увеличились почти вдвое. The introduction of universal primary education in the activities of the State Duma of the Russian Empire was for a long time not under the attention of the researchers, and interest in the topic increased due to the restoration of parliamentary traditions and deep reform of the education system. Historical sources show that at the beginning of the XX century, this issue was probably the only one that did not cause disagreements between political parties. But it was never resolved because of the six years of discussions between the factions in the State Duma, the Duma and the Council of State, the Parliament and the Government on related issues – the mandatory or granting of the right to receive primary education, the amount of funding and the nature of the management of Ministerial and Church schools, the language of teaching in primary schools in areas with non-Russian populations, about the role of local governments in the development of school Affairs, and others. The First State Duma, owing to its short existence, was unable to consider the draft law on the introduction of universal primary education, the Second Duma began its work, but its early dissolution did not allow any significant decisions to be taken on the issue. The Third State Duma was the only one in the pre-revolutionary history of Russia that lasted a full term of office, and the results of its activities in the field of education gave it the name “Duma of national education”. More than 300 legislative initiatives in the field of science and education were considered, including 15 draft laws on primary education, and additional allocations for primary schools increased by almost 40 million rubles a year. But the bill passed by the Duma on the introduction of universal primary education did not pass in the State Council. The Deputies of the fourth convocation again discussed the content of the draft developed by the Third Duma. The main cause of the conflicts was the issue of parochial schools. The last time in the history of the Duma a bill was introduced by the Minister of Public Education, P. N. Ignatiev, on 28 August 1916, but the decision on it was never made. However, during the years of operation of the State Duma, unprecedented resources have been allocated for the development of primary education, the training of teachers, the salaries of teachers and the construction of new schools, and public spending on schools almost doubled.


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