UK–Zimbabwean Relations: the Past and the Present

The author traces the stages of development of British–Zimbabwean relations over the past four decades. The work analyzes not only the history, but also the current state of relations between Great Britain and Zimbabwe and assesses the prospects for their development. The author set the task of showing how political cooperation between the former metropolis and its colony developed, the importance of the change of governments and the personality of the heads of state. A special attention is paid to the first president of Zimbabwe, Robert Mugabe, who ruled the country for 37 years. An attempt has been made to identify the causes of the crisis in bilateral relations and to assess the attempts to overcome and to move in a progressive development. In addition, the author considers the problem of how the context of the colonial past, economic development, the land issue and the internal policy of Zimbabwe influenced the official London’s position in relation to Harare. Zimbabwe is one of the key states in southeast Africa, traditionally viewed by the UK as a sphere of its interests. Using itsexample, certain conclusions can be drawn about London's foreign policy approach to African countries, as well as the contradictions which become obstacles to the relations’ normalization.

Tax Compliance: Approaches to Understanding

The paper is aimed at researching tax compliance from various theoretical points of view. It was determined that at present tax compliance is considered most often in the context of a narrow and wide interpretation of this term. In the first case, we are talking about tax risk management, and in the second— complying with tax laws. In this regard, we can draw a conclusion about an economic and legal understanding of the institution under consideration. However, it should be borne in mind that tax compliance is aimed at implementing an effective tax policy both at the micro level and at the national level. The study of foreign experience led to the conclusion that in domestic practice of tax relations more attention should be paid to the psychological comfort of taxpayers, which will contribute to their more legitimate behavior, as well as successful interaction with tax authorities.The author summarizes that the importance of tax revenues to the budget of any state determines the development of an effective tax policy of the state in order to comply with tax legislation. Understanding of tax compliance is diverse. It is based on either a broad or narrow interpretation of this term, on the emphasis made on either its legal or economic aspect. It can be interpreted as an internal policy of a taxpayer related to the payment of taxes and fees, as well as an assessment of tax risks or compliance with tax legislation by all participants in the relevant relationship. The effectiveness of tax compliance largely depends upon interaction between taxpayers and tax authorities. Achieving a similar effect is possible by studying and using the experience of other countries that provide tax authorities with more functions to advice taxpayers.

The Roles and Activities of Tatar Mullahs in Kazakhstan, 18th to Mid-21st Century

This article is devoted to the study of the functions by the Institute of Tatar mullahs in Kazakhstan at different historical periods. The author examines the activities of clergymen in the region, analyzes the internal policy of the Russian and later Soviet state, which regulated their activities by legislative acts, creating certain political contexts. Research interest is also caused by the internal policy of the state, which regulated Tatar mullahs activities by legislative acts and it created certain political contexts. The sources for writing the work were materials of personal origin and office work, legislative and regulatory documents stored in the archives of Kazakhstan and Russia. In the initial period of the Kazakhstan's colonization the institute of Tatar mullahs was integrated into the management system of the newly-joined territory. In these conditions, the Tatar clergy had rather large powers in the Kazakh steppe. They conducted civil proceedings, document management, taught the Kazakhs literacy and agriculture, participated in government decisions, and carried out diplomatic missions. Their work gave legitimacy to the actions of the empire for the Kazakhs and promoted loyalty to the new government. In the middle of the 19th century, the attitude of the tsarist officials towards the mullahs changed dramatically. Activity of Tatar clergy was significantly limited by the Temporary Provision of 1868. Despite the prohibitions being undertaken, the political and religious influence of the ulama on the Kazakhs remained quite strong. In Soviet times, a significant part of the Tatar clergy was destroyed and completely removed from the legal field. However, although they were in an illegal situation, they continued to perform religious functions. After some religious relaxation during the Great Patriotic War, they made a significant contribution to the formation of Kazakhstani Kaziyat. The author considers that Tatar mullahs were the elite of the mobilized diaspora оn the basis of the analyzed material. Tatar ulemahs conspicuous influence was until the middle of the 19th century and occurred outside the religious sphere as well.

The analysis of internal policy implementation on the behaviour of government officer

This article aims to analyse the implementation of internal policy on Civil Servant Officer work performance at IAIN Sultan Amai Gorontalo. Internal policy is an urgent item in leading an institution because it guarrantes the individual work performance. The workers will get their good work performance since the internal policy lies on worker side. The method of this research was qualitative descriptive by using field observation and interview as data collection. The data were analyzed into three steps, namely data reduction, data display, and data conclusion. The participants of this research were five administration staff, three lecturers, and five students. It used purposive sampling. The result showed that the implementation of internal policy at IAIN Sultan Amai Gorontalo was not effective. It caused by three problems. Firstly, it is lack of evaluation during the internal policy implemented and after it was implemented. Secondly, it is lack of coordination among stakeholders and the workers (administration staff, lecturers, and the students). Thirdly, it is lack of collaboration among stakeholder and staffs.

Chaotic Order

This chapter explores how order emerges from chaos in China’s innovation machine. It emphasizes how innovation is emergent, evolutionary, and complex and cannot be centrally planned and controlled. Innovation involves experimentation, the initial growth of which requires some protection, but the scale and scope of which can be rapidly amplified in an interdependent digital economy. The challenges facing the innovation machine are outlined. These include the impact of the Covid-19 pandemic, and the impending clash of political ideology between China and the West manifested by a technology cold war over issues such as technological standards. The chapter argues that, despite numerous shortcomings, China’s innovation machine is remarkably successful and robust and can even strengthen as result of external pressures. It does, however, face specific internal policy challenges, including whether the government can maintain the pragmatism of recent policies with continued development of the market, and strengthened transparency on the nature and purpose of China’s approach to innovation, and the nation’s greater assumption of leadership roles in international forums. How China handles these challenges will significantly impact the future of global economic development and political cooperation.

Lekcja realizmu

In April 1978 Romanian President Nicolae Ceaușescu visited the United States. He met with his counterpart Jimmy Carter and discussed current bilateral and multilateral issues. Romanian agenda for that visit was to strengthen the country’s independence in the Soviet Bloc and to increase the international recognition of its leader. US agenda was to diversify the Soviet Bloc and to influence Romanian leadership to orient its internal policy towards respecting the human rights.This point was not reached. US achieved only the goals that could be described as belonging to “political realism”. Ceaușescu was not open for any idealistic principles and avoided the human rights topics. It was the last visit in the US of any leader of the Soviet Bloc countries before Gorbachev came to power.

The Impact of the State Policy of Regional Development on the Socio-Economic Alignment of the Regions of the Russian Federation

The state policy of regional development, being part of the internal policy of the state, has its own priorities, principles, goals and objectives aimed, inter alia, at reducing regional inequality. The authors of the study pay special attention to the consideration of public-private partnership mechanisms.

Mobilization against Sexual Harassment in the European Parliament: The MeTooEP campaign

The international #MeToo campaign against sexual harassment constitutes the most prominent contemporary campaign against sexual harassment worldwide. It exposed the issue by undermining the ‘culture of silence’ prevailing in several contexts, including political institutions. This article analyses one specific variant of #MeToo, the campaign MeTooEP that emerged in the European Parliament (EP). MeTooEP is unique in many ways: it was the first collective action against sexual harassment in parliaments emerging in the #MeToo aftermath and it was the first collective action within the EP led by members of the staff, which eventually drove some internal policy changes. Using a unique, large interview dataset, the analysis shows how the actors behind MeTooEP were crucial in shaping the campaign. Their knowledge of institutional rules, practices and daily presence in the EP facilitated their advocacy and transformed the Parliament into an enabling platform for their actions. With the help of Feminist Institutionalism, the analysis demonstrates how the formal and informal institutional EP bodies with their rules and regulations shaped MeTooEP in ways that constrained and empowered it.

Multi-Regional Input–Output Tables for Macroeconomic Simulations in Poland’s Regions

The capacity of multi-regional input–output tables (MRIOTs) to investigate linkages across structures and subnational regions within a country makes them a useful and solid tool of various types of simulations. This study develops MRIOTs for the Polish regions that can be subsequently employed to macroeconomic simulations, including assessing internal policy impulse responses or testing the regional economic resilience to external shocks. For this purpose, we build three macro-regions, discuss how their structural features validate their use to study differentials in economic policy effects or regional economic resilience, and finally, describe the process of constructing the MRIOTs.

DEVELOPING UKRAINIAN HYDROGEN ENERGY: INTERNAL POLICIES AND ENERGY DIPLOMACY

The development of hydrogen energy is a crucial task for Ukrainian policymakers due to numerous security, economic and political reasons. Ukraine’s preparation for the development of the hydrogen economy is concentrated in three main dimensions: technical evaluation of possibilities for incorporation hydrogen to country’s energy mix; internal policy measures aimed at developing an effective legal regime for the emerging industry; international cooperation for finding needed financial resources for transferring knowledge and expertise from the foreign corporate players and state agencies. The uncertain character of the international environment and the possibility of inefficient internal governance are basic factors that need to be taken into account while elaborating the coherent Ukrainian hydrogen policy strategy.