Simulating the «Law of Supply» Formulation to Evaluate Its Accuracy

10.12737/5996 ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 45-58
Author(s):  
Юсим ◽  
Vyacheslav Yusim
Keyword(s):  
Real World ◽  
Economic Science ◽  
The Real ◽  
Price Growth ◽  
The Law

The paper shows, why frequently occuring phenomenon of supply growth as a consequence of price growth should not be considered a manifestation of the Law of Supply. Further the author provides evidence, that business companies should not base their practices on the so-called “Law of Supply” because of its invalidity. To find out, why Economic science has adopted and up to now continues to back and promote the concept, expressed by the Law of Supply, the author makes an attempt to simulate the very process, through which the Law of Supply was coined, and to reveal the real reasons of its adoption. After investigating various ideas and hypotheses put forward by economists to prove the Law of Supply accuracy, the paper concludes, that the Law of Supply introduction to the domain of Economic science can be explained by nothing else, but determination of he, who has formulated the Law, to provide relevant arguments explaining the phenomenon of market economy equilibrium, notwithstanding the inconsistency of the Law itself with real-world practice.

scholarly journals Biomarker testing strategies in non-small cell lung cancer in the real-world setting: analysis of methods in the Prospective Central Lung Cancer Biomarker Registry (LungPath) from the Spanish Society of Pathology (SEAP)

2021 ◽  
pp. jclinpath-2021-208034
Author(s):  
Javier Martín-López ◽  
Federico Rojo ◽  
Antonio Martínez-Pozo ◽  
Teresa Hernández-Iglesias ◽  
David Carcedo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lung Cancer ◽  
Small Cell Lung Cancer ◽  
Cell Lung Cancer ◽  
Real World ◽  
Small Cell ◽  
Small Cell Lung ◽  
The Real ◽  
Biomarker Testing ◽  
Lung Cancer Biomarker

AimsThe aim of this study is to extend the analysis of the Lung Cancer Biomarker Testing Registry (LungPath), by analysing the techniques used in the determination of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK), c-ros oncogene 1 (ROS1) and programmed death ligand-1 (PD-L1) for the diagnostic of patients with advanced non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC).MethodsInformation of the technique used for the determination of EGFR, ALK, ROS1 and PD-L1 was recorded from March 2018 to January 2019 from 44 centres, but only 34 centres matched with the 38 centres previously analysed, allowing to analyse the techniques used in 8970 matched determinations of EGFR, ALK, ROS1 and PD-L1. Therefore, a by-centre analysis studied the level of implementation of the techniques in the 44 centres, while a by-determination analysis made it possible to assess the overall frequency of the techniques used on the 9134 matched samples.ResultsBy-centre analysis showed that only 46.5% and 25.6% of the centres used reflex strategies for ALK and ROS1 determination, respectively. By-determination analysis showed that 94.4% of EGFR determinations were performed by PCR, 80.7% of ALK determinations were performed by IHC with clone D5F3, while 55.7% of ROS1 determinations were performed by IHC with clone D4D6. 22C3 were the PD-L1 clone more used (43.5%) followed by SP263 clone (31.1%).ConclusionsThe real-world evidence obtained from LungPath shows the effort of Spanish hospitals in performing biomarker determination in NSCLC with different methodologies despite that next-generation sequencing (NGS) utilisation in the year of the analysis was low. Biomarker determination results could be optimised with the incorporation of sequencing methods such as NGS in pathology departments.

Rejoinder-a plea for excuses

Legal Studies ◽  
1991 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 207-210
Author(s):  
William Wilson
Keyword(s):  
Real World ◽  
The Real ◽  
Legal Rules ◽  
The Law

Professor Williams calls me a malcontent. I believe I have an excuse. The law of murder does not do what it should do. Present doctrine allows some who do not deserve the stigma of murder to be convicted, and allows others who do deserve the stigma to avoid it. This, in my view, is a failure of justice - of fairness. It is the result of judges, academics, and others believing that problems in the real world cannot be resolved by internally consistent legal rules. They are pragmatists. My plea for rationality in murder is nothing more pretentious than a repudiation of such pragmatism. It is a plea that the substantive purposes of the law of murder should find expression in formally rational doctrine.

Domanda di inflazione come «bene pubblico» e regimi di indicizzazione dei redditi*

1985 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 159-171
Author(s):  
Mario Ferrero
Keyword(s):  
Public Good ◽  
Real World ◽  
Decision Process ◽  
Traditional Approach ◽  
Free Riding ◽  
Political Decision ◽  
The Real ◽  
Inflation Tax ◽  
Natural Way

Abstract The traditional approach to inflation as a tax does not take any account of the state of indexation of the economy, as if universal «implicit» indexation of individual incomes to inflation by adjustment of inflationary expectations prevailed. This article shows that if - as is the case in much of the real world today - explicit indexation through wage escalator clauses and the like is sufficiently widespread but does not cover all individuals in the economy, then it may become feasible and attractive for a coalition of voters to pass inflationary budgets. Since budget choices and the determination of the associated inflation tax are outcomes of a collective (political) decision process while indexation is privately negotiated in the market, indexed voters may try to make non-indexed voters pay the bill of budget benefits to themselves through the inflation tax. Inflation thus becomes a peculiar, negative public good with a private exit: the inflation tax can now be individually avoided through indexation, and a demand for inflation in the literal meaning can manifest itself through the electoral process. Various properties of this perverse budget-inflation game are discussed, showing that the only natural way out of it appears to be universal indexation, which would eliminate the incentive to free-riding behavior by the indexed voters, though at some transitional cost to society.

Gender and Theatrical Realism: The Problem of Clyde Fitch

2008 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 325-352
Author(s):  
David Sehat
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Real World ◽  
Close Connection ◽  
Literary Value ◽  
The Real ◽  
Early Twentieth Century ◽  
Scholarly Attention

Clyde Fitch was the most famous playwright of the early twentieth century, but today no one studies him. The disconnect between his fame in his lifetime and his obscurity after death points to a major historiographical problem, a problem that began in Fitch's own day. Fitch's numerous contemporary critics, many of whom were early proponents of theatrical realism, criticized his plays as effeminate, bound by the narrow conventions of the legitimate theater that relied on women as its predominant patrons. By contrast, realism, as the critics under-stood it, was masculine, bringing the gritty reality of what contemporary commentators regarded as the real world to the stage. Criticizing Fitch's feminine dramatic sensibilities became a way of prodding him toward a strained realism in his own plays. Fitch's story illustrates the close connection of realism to the gendered hierarchy that became an unconscious element in the determination of literary value. In dismissing Fitch as worthy of scholarly attention, current theatrical historians have followed Fitch's contemporary critics. Even as they have eviscerated the gendered standards of the early twentieth century, present-day scholars have retained the critical judgments and the generic categories that the gendered standards produced.

Virtual borders: The interdependence of real and virtual worlds

First Monday ◽  
2006 ◽  
Author(s):  
James Grimmelmann
Keyword(s):  
Virtual Worlds ◽  
Real World ◽  
Real Life ◽  
Real Money ◽  
The Real ◽  
Online Spaces ◽  
The Law

The flourishing trade of virtual items for real–life money suggests that virtual worlds will sometimes welcome the intervention of real–life law. At first glance, this possibility seems to undermine the Law and Borders thesis that online spaces should enjoy independence from real–life law. These ideas are compatible, however, because they start from a common premise: that these new communities are developing their own distinctive values. The lesson of the real–money trade is that preserving those values requires recognizing the interdependence of virtual worlds and the real world.

Deviance as a Method of Coping

1976 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-16 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexander B. Smith ◽  
Harriet Pollack
Keyword(s):  
Alcohol Consumption ◽  
Drug Use ◽  
Real World ◽  
Social Practices ◽  
Sexual Practices ◽  
Violent Crimes ◽  
The Real ◽  
Property Crimes ◽  
The Law

A deviant person is one who does something we would not do. Thus defined, deviance is subjective. But not all deviant conduct is culturally relative. Acts malum in se such as rape, murder, and assault are almost universally considered to be crimes. Noncriminal deviance, however, frequently exists more in the eye of the beholder than in the real world. Deviant conduct may be divided into three categories: crime, sin, and poor taste. Crime refers to those acts which are objectively and measurably harmful to the community and which cannot be tolerated by any society that wishes to continue as a stable organism. Violent crimes against the person and serious property crimes fall into this category. Sin refers to those actions which were originally prohibited by the dominant religion or religions of the community and which at various times may have been incorporated into secular law. Prostitution, gambling, drug use, alcohol consumption, and obscenity are examples of conduct that does no measurable damage to an unwilling victim; when such conduct breaks the law, it is frequently referred to as victimless crime. Poor taste refers to a whole host of social practices which are unpleasant and abrasive and which may or may not be symbolic of conduct that society may wish to prohibit. Overt public sexual practices, peculiar methods of dress, and the wearing of unpopular political symbols all fall into this category. Most deviants recognize that their conduct is personally destructive and may be socially harmful as well. Yet they continue to deviate from the socially prescribed norms because this conduct enables them to cope with the stresses that a highly organized society imposes on their personalities. Many forms of deviant conduct are tension relievers. Some create a short-lived euphoria, and some are acts of rebellion against socially pre scribed norms impossible to reach. In coping with deviance society must first look at what the deviant is attempting to tell us through his conduct. If other ways of relieving stress can be provided for him, he can be persuaded to conform. If he cannot conform and his conduct is violent, we must physically restrain him; if he is nonconforming and nonviolent, we should let him alone.

Solving Fuzzy Error Matrix Equation based on Runge Kutta Method

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (5) ◽  
pp. 2146-2157
Author(s):  
Jing Meng
Keyword(s):  
Real World ◽  
Matrix Equation ◽  
Transformation Matrix ◽  
Kutta Method ◽  
Error Matrix ◽  
The Real ◽  
Runge Kutta Method ◽  
The Law ◽  
Runge Kutta ◽  
Transformation Methods

Fuzzy error logic represents the object in the real world with (u, x) as <inline-formula><mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline" id="M2"><mml:mrow><mml:mfenced close="}" open="{"><mml:mrow><mml:mfenced close="]" open="["><mml:mrow><mml:mi>U</mml:mi><mml:mo>,</mml:mo><mml:mi>S</mml:mi><mml:mfenced><mml:mi>t</mml:mi></mml:mfenced><mml:mo>,</mml:mo><mml:mtext> </mml:mtext><mml:mover><mml:mi>p</mml:mi><mml:mi>r</mml:mi></mml:mover><mml:mo>,</mml:mo><mml:mi>T</mml:mi><mml:mfenced><mml:mi>t</mml:mi></mml:mfenced><mml:mo>,</mml:mo><mml:mi>L</mml:mi><mml:mfenced><mml:mi>t</mml:mi></mml:mfenced></mml:mrow></mml:mfenced><mml:mo>,</mml:mo><mml:mfenced close="]" open="["><mml:mrow><mml:mi>x</mml:mi><mml:mfenced><mml:mi>t</mml:mi></mml:mfenced><mml:mo>=</mml:mo><mml:mi>f</mml:mi><mml:mfenced><mml:mrow><mml:mi>u</mml:mi><mml:mfenced><mml:mi>t</mml:mi></mml:mfenced><mml:mo>,</mml:mo><mml:mi>p</mml:mi></mml:mrow></mml:mfenced><mml:mo>,</mml:mo><mml:mi>G</mml:mi><mml:mi>u</mml:mi><mml:mfenced><mml:mi>t</mml:mi></mml:mfenced></mml:mrow></mml:mfenced></mml:mrow></mml:mfenced></mml:mrow></mml:math></inline-formula>, Fuzzy error transformation matrix can be used to express six transformation methods, such as decomposition, similarity, addition, replacement, destruction and unit transformation. Based on solving equation XA=B and decomposition of p, this paper studies the solution of error matrix equation based on Runge Kutta method, in order to explore the law of error transformation from the perspective of solving matrix equation.

The Nature of Legal Philosophy

2021 ◽  
pp. 7-17
Author(s):  
Robert Alexy
Keyword(s):  
Real World ◽  
Legal Philosophy ◽  
The Real ◽  
The Third ◽  
Normative System ◽  
Law And Morality ◽  
Systematic Reflection ◽  
The Law ◽  
The Relationship

Philosophy is general and systematic reflection about what there is, what ought to be done or is good, and how knowledge about both is possible. Legal philosophy raises these questions with respect to the law. In so doing, legal philosophy is engaged in reasoning about the nature of law. The arguments addressed to the question of the nature of law revolve around three problems. The first problem addresses the question: in what kinds of entities does the law consist, and how are these entities connected such that they form the overarching entity we call ‘law’? The answer is that law consists of norms as meaning contents which form a normative system. The second problem addresses the question of how norms as meaning contents are connected with the real world. The third problem addresses the correctness or legitimacy of law, and, by this, the relationship between law and morality.

Beyond Griefing

2010 ◽  
pp. 183-197
Author(s):  
Angela Adrian
Keyword(s):  
Criminal Law ◽  
Virtual Worlds ◽  
Real World ◽  
Criminal Activity ◽  
The Real ◽  
The Law ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Rules Of The Game ◽  
Better Than

Because there is so much money involved in virtual worlds these days, there has been an increase in criminal activity in these worlds as well. The gaming community calls people who promote conflict “griefers”. Griefers are people who like nothing better than to kill team-mates or obstruct the game’s objectives. Griefers scam, cheat and abuse. Recently, the have begun to set up Ponzi schemes. In games that attempt to encourage complex and enduring interactions among thousands of players, “griefing” has evolved from being an isolated nuisance to a social disease. Much in the same way crime has become the real world’s social disease. Grief is turning into crime. Some consider virtual worlds to be a game and therefore outside the realms of real law and merely subject to the rules of the game. However, some virtual worlds have become an increasingly important as a method of commerce and means of communication. In most circumstance the law is reluctant to intrude into the rules of the game, but it will do if necessary. (Lastowka & Hunter, 2004) Criminal law applies in virtual worlds as it does in the real world, but not necessarily in the manner that a player would expect or want. The law looks at the real consequences of actions, not the on-screen representations. (Kennedy, 2009)

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