scholarly journals SAPROPEL AND ECOLOGICALLY SAFE TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PREVENTION OF COWS INFERTILITY

2018 ◽  
pp. 57-62
Author(s):  
Татьяна Белобороденко ◽  
Tat'iana Beloborodenko ◽  
Михаил Белобороденко ◽  
Mihail Beloborodenko ◽  
Анатолий Белобороденко ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Efficiency ◽  
Muscle Tone ◽  
Reproductive Organs ◽  
The Body ◽  
Economic Damage ◽  
Duration Of Treatment ◽  
Functional Changes ◽  
Copper Zinc ◽  
The Right ◽  
High Level

The aim of the study was to improve the herd reproduction and implement infertility prevention. High level of reproduction and milk productivity of cows is possible only for healthy animals. With year-round stall content, prolonged hypodynamia of cows there are significant hemodynamic disorders, morphological and functional changes in the reproductive organs and throughout the body. Specialists of farms and complexes often cull highly productive cows in the first, second lactation due to disruption of reproduction, diseases of the limbs and breast, it causes enormous economic damage. In cows with endometritis, observed a variety of clinical forms and varying degrees of severity of endometritis. Comparatively high efficiency was obtained with intrarectal application of sapropel. Sapropel – the lake silt formed from the remains of plant and animal organisms, colloidal silt greenish, olive, brown or gray color, greasy consistence. It contains organic nitrogen-containing substances up to 50%, carbohydrates up to 40% and bitumen compounds up to 10%, minerals, salts of calcium, magnesium, silicon, phosphorus, sodium, potassium, aluminum, iron; copper, zinc, manganese, cobalt, iodine, Nickel, molybdenum, etc., as well as vitamins (D, B1, B6, B12), hormone-like bacteriophages, antibiotics, humic acids, etc. Duration of treatment – up to 2 weeks. A significant number of sick cows was an increase in muscle tone of the uterus, the contraction of its walls, active secretion from the uterine exudate. The best results from treatment of endometritis (83.9%) were obtained with intrarectal application of sapropel in combination with vibroacoustic massage and infrared irradiation of cows bags. Only reasonable prevention of hypodynamia and the right approach in solving the problems will give the desired results and reduce the number of imported cattle.

scholarly journals Persepsi dan Tahap Pengetahuan Peserta Dan Agen Takaful Terhadap Pelaksanaan Zakat Takaful: Kajian Di Shah Alam, Selangor (Perceptions and Knowledge Levels of Takaful Participants and Agencies towards Implementation of Takaful Zakat: A Study In Shah Alam, Selangor)

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (2-2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nur Amirah Jaafar ◽  
Hairunnizam Wahid ◽  
Mohd Ali Mohd Noor
Keyword(s):  
Sampling Method ◽  
The Body ◽  
Permanent Disability ◽  
Level Of Knowledge ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Right ◽  
High Level ◽  
Push Factor ◽  
Knowledge And Acceptance

When it comes to zakat obligations, people only know certain types of zakat that are obligated to be issued. There are two types of zakat; zakat fitrah and zakat property. However, zakat’s division may vary according to the state's fatwa. In Selangor, Lembaga Zakat Selangor (LZS) is the body that governs the administration and implementation of Zakat. The breakdown of zakat property is Zakat on Income, Zakat on Business, Zakat on Savings, Zakat on Gold and Silver, Zakat on Investments and Shares, Zakat on KWSP, Zakat on Paddy, Zakat on Agriculture, Zakat on Wealth and Treasure, and the Zakat on Takaful. However, this study will only focus on Zakat Takaful. Under Zakat Takaful, there are several divisions which are Zakat Wang Takaful/Takaful Investment, Zakat on Maturity Policy, Takaful Compensation, Tabarruq Fund, Benefit of Total and Permanent Disability, and Compensation of Conventional Insurance Policy. Each of these sections has its calculation method which will be explained further. This study was conducted to identify the level of knowledge and acceptance of Takaful Muslim consumers on the implementation of Zakat Takaful that has been introduced by LZS. Besides, this study will also look at the knowledge of Takaful agents and their willingness to disseminate information of Zakat Takaful to their customers. This study was conducted by using the sampling method and descriptive data analysis. The study found that on average, respondents' knowledge on Zakat Takaful is low with a mean of 2.32. However, the mean for acceptance is 3.93 which is set at a high level thus showed a good acceptance of the survey respondents. Through this study, it can be concluded that knowledge and acceptance are both very important in achieving the objective of implementing Zakat Takaful. Knowledge by Takaful participants who are also assisted by agents who play the role of conveying knowledge of Zakat Takaful is directly perceived to have a more effective effect in addition to the behavior/attitude that forms the intention of Takaful participnts to accept the implementation and to pay Zakah Takaful. This study is also expected to be the push factor among the zakat agents to play a role in disseminating the right information about Zakat Takaful to their customers, which also can be regarded as one of the da'wah forms.

scholarly journals Causes of sudden cardiac death in athletes

2007 ◽  
Vol 60 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 61-65
Author(s):  
Dejana Popovic ◽  
Miodrag Ostojic ◽  
Nada Popovic ◽  
Stanimir Stojiljkovic ◽  
Ljiljana Scepanovic
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Sudden Cardiac Death ◽  
Cardiac Death ◽  
Vigorous Physical Activity ◽  
The Body ◽  
Functional Changes ◽  
Blunt Impact ◽  
Dilatative Cardiomyopathy ◽  
Physical Examinations ◽  
The Right

Introduction Sudden cardiac death in athletes is a growing problem, despite the huge existing knowledge in medicine and sports. Effects of vigorous physical activity In response to vigorous physical activity, the body undergoes profound morphologic and functional changes. These changes are usually healthy, but sometimes may gravitate to some cardiac diseases. But still, most sudden cardiac deaths are due to previous unknown diseases. Causes of sudden cardiac death The most common cause of sudden cardiac death in athletes is hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Other reasons are congenital coronary artery anomalies, myocarditis, dilatative cardiomyopathy, arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy of the right ventricle, sarcoidosis, mitral valve prolapse, aortic valve stenosis, atherosclerosis, long QT syndrome, and blunt impact to the chest. Conclusion Bearing in mind the above mentioned, more frequent physical examinations of athletes are recommended.

scholarly journals REMODELING PECULIARITIES OF ATRIAL ARTERY IN CONDITIONS OF POSTRESECTION PORTAL HYPERTENSION

2021 ◽  
pp. 38-43
Author(s):  
М. S. Hnatjuk ◽  
N. M. Gdanska ◽  
L. V. Tatarchuk ◽  
Т. І. Gargula ◽  
О. В. Jasinovsky
Keyword(s):  
Endothelial Cells ◽  
Portal Hypertension ◽  
Left Atrium ◽  
Blood Supply ◽  
The Body ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Outer Diameter ◽  
Functional Changes ◽  
The Media ◽  
The Right

It is known that structural and functional changes in the heart can be caused by various changes in hemodynamics, which include post resection portal hypertension. It should be noted that the structure of the atrial arteries in postresection portal hypertension has not been studied enough. The purpose of the study is to investigate the peculiarities of atrial artery remodeling in the conditions of post resection portal hypertension. Material and methods. The arteries of the atria of 34 male rats, which were divided into 2 groups, were studied by a complex of morphological methods. The group 1 consisted of 15 experimental intact animals; group 2 included 19 rats with post resection portal hypertension, which was simulated by removal of the left and right lateral lobes of the liver. Euthanasia of rats was performed by bloodletting under conditions of thiopental anesthesia one month after the start of the experiment. The outer and inner diameters of the atrial arteries of medium and small calibers, the thickness of the media and adventitial membrane, Wagenworth and Kernogan indices, the height of endothelial cells, the diameters of their nuclei, nuclear-cytoplasmic ratios in the studied endothelial cells, and relative volumes of damaged endotheliocytes were measured. Quantitative indicators were processed statistically. Results. It was established that in the conditions of post resection portal hypertension the arteries of small caliber of the atria changed more markedly. The outer diameter of these vessels of the left atrium increased by 4.2 %, the right - by 3.3 % (p <0.05), the thickness of the media and the adventitial membrane increased by 12.58 % and 45.7 % and respectively 11.8 % and 33.7 % (p <0.001, their lumen decreased by 13.5 % and 10.7 %, respectively) (p <0.001). The Wagenworth index of small caliber arteries increased markedly, and the Kernogan index decreased. Nuclear-cytoplasmic ratios in endotheliocytes of small arteries of the left atrium were changed by 7.6 %, and in the right - by 6.1 % (p<0.01), the relative volumes of damaged endotheliocytes respectively increased by 7.6 and 5, 2 times (p <0.001). Damage to a significant number of endothelial cells led to their dysfunction, blockade of NO synthase, decreased NO synthesis, activation of its degradation, which exacerbated spasm, narrowing of vessels and significantly impaired blood supply to the body and complicated by hypoxia.Histologically at post resection portal hypertension, there were pronounced vascular disorders, plethora, dilation of mainly venous vessels, perivasal edema and stroma edema, foci of dystrophic, necrobiotic, apoptotically altered endotheliocytes, stromal structures and cardiomyocytes. There was also swelling of endothelial cells, their dystrophy, necrobiosis, desquamation and proliferation. Conclusion. Post resection portal hypertension leads to severe remodeling of mainly small atrial arteries, which is characterized by thickening of their wall, narrowing of the lumen, changes in the Kernogan and Vaughanworth indices, endothelial cell damage, endothelial dysfunction, decreasing of organ blood supply, hypoxia, trophic disorders, dystrophic and necrobiolic changes of tissues and cells, infiltration, sclerosis.

scholarly journals Anatomical and Histological Structure of Reproductive Organs in Male Flying Squirrel Hylopetes Lepidus (Horsfield, 1822)

2019 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
pp. 31-36
Author(s):  
Shanghnesy Jovita Nirvana ◽  
Muhammad Ja’far Luthfi ◽  
Erna Ekasari ◽  
Lailatul Maghfiroh
Keyword(s):  
Prostate Gland ◽  
Reproductive Organs ◽  
Body Cavity ◽  
The Body ◽  
Histological Structure ◽  
Flying Squirrel ◽  
Histological Characteristics ◽  
Male Reproductive Organs ◽  
The Right ◽  
Short Diameter

Flying squirrel (Hylopetes lepidus) is an Eutherial mamal (placental mammal), belong to the order Rodentia and belong to the family Sciuridae. Hylopetes lepidus had gray cheek as its unique characteristics. The reproductive organs are the key to success in maintaining the new descendants. Male reproductive organs will produce the male sex cells or spermatozoa. The purpose of the research is to examine the anatomical structure, morphometry, histomorphometry, and histological structure of male reproductive organs (penis, testicle, vas deferens, bulbouretralis gland, prostate and seminal vesicles) of Hylopetes lepidus. The method used in examining histological characteristics is Hematoxyin–Eosin staining method. The histological structure of reproductive organs were observed using optilab microscope. The results of the study showed that the adult male flying squirrel weighed 104.28 ± 0.64 gram. Anatomically, it has oval white reddist testicle. The testicle is located side out of the body cavity in the scrotum. Morphometric observation testicular showed that the right testes has volume 0.35 ± 0.07 ml, and the left has volume 0.35 ± 0.07 ml, weight of the right testicular 0.19   ± 0.01 gram, weight of the left testicular 0.18 ± 0.01 gram, diameter of the right testicular 6.35 ± 0.21 mm, diameter of the left testicular 6.35 0.21 mm, short diameter of the right testicular 3.45 ± 0.21 mm, and short diameter of the left testicular 3.45 ± 0.21 mm. The diameter of tubulus seminiferus 261,4 ± 0.14 μm. The conclusion of this study compared to rodentia other testicular Hylopetes lepidus has a unique testicular bound by the connective tissue in the scrotum so that testicular included in class permanent descending testicular. The rhombus of the prostate gland are blunt, while histologically the sertoli cells in the seminiferus tubule shaped elongated, while in morphometry penis Hylopetes lepidus relatively longer than Mus musculus.

scholarly journals Bactericidal and Fungistatic Properties of LDPE Modified with a Biocide Containing Metal Nanoparticles

Materials ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (15) ◽  
pp. 4228
Author(s):  
Katarzyna Janczak ◽  
Daria Kosmalska ◽  
Daniel Kaczor ◽  
Aneta Raszkowska-Kaczor ◽  
Lauren Wedderburn ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Metal Nanoparticles ◽  
Legionella Pneumophila ◽  
High Efficiency ◽  
Optimal Solution ◽  
Polymeric Materials ◽  
Bacterial Strains ◽  
Aspergillus Brasiliensis ◽  
Uniform Dispersion ◽  
Copper Zinc ◽  
High Level

The aim of this study was to ascertain whether the combined action of metal nanoparticles (silver, copper, zinc oxide, iron oxide) would ensure the appropriate biocidal properties oflow-density polyethylene (LDPE) against pathogenic microorganisms. According to the research hypothesis, appropriately selected concentrations of the applied metal nanoparticles allow for a high level of biocidal activity of polymeric materials against both model and pathogenic bacterial strains (Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Legionella pneumophila, Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica) and fungi (Aspergillus brasiliensis, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Candida albicans, Penicilium expansum), whilst ensuring the safety of use due to the lack of migration of particles to the surrounding environment. Studies have shown that adding 4% of a biocide containing Ag, Cu, ZnO, and Fe2O3 nanoparticles is the most optimal solution to reduce the number of S. aureus, S. enterica,and P. aeruginosa by over 99%. The lowest effectiveness was observed against L. pneumophila bacteria. As for E. coli, a higher biocide content did not significantly increase the antibacterial activity. The results showed a high efficiency of the applied biocide at a concentration of 2% against fungal strains. The high efficiency of the obtained biocidal results was influenced by the uniform dispersion of nanoparticles in the material and their low degree of agglomeration. Furthermore, a slight migration of components to the environment is the basis for further research in the field of the application of the developed materials in industry.

scholarly journals Assessment of sperm production and reproductive organs of Wistar rats to long-term exposure of Caesalpinia ferrea

2010 ◽  
Vol 82 (4) ◽  
pp. 907-914 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leda M.F. Lucinda ◽  
Camila B. Rocha ◽  
Maycon M. Reboredo ◽  
Vinícius C. Faria ◽  
Rita C.S. Sá
Keyword(s):  
Reproductive System ◽  
Wistar Rats ◽  
Wistar Rat ◽  
Reproductive Organs ◽  
The Body ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Sperm Production ◽  
Male Wistar Rats ◽  
The Right

Caesalpinia ferrea Mart (Leguminosae) is a medicinal plant used to treat diabetes, among other therapeutic properties, but which is also reported to have hepatotoxic effects. Although it contains substances such as flavonoids and coumarin, which are known to have antifertility activity, no studies have apparently been conducted to evaluate the potential adverse side effects of this plant on the function of the reproductive system after a chronic treatment. Therefore, this investigation was carried out to evaluate the effect and safety of the long-term exposure to C. ferrea on male Wistar rats' vital organs, reproductive system and sperm production. Adult and immature male rats were treated with an aqueous extract of C. ferrea at a dose level of 300 mg/kg of body weight, administered during one or two spermatogenic cycles of this species. The reproductive and vital organs were analyzed, and sperm was collected from the epididymal secretion of the right epididymis cauda. The long-term administration of C. ferrea did not significantly alter the body, vital and reproductive organs weights. Gamete production was not affected either. The chronic assessment of C. ferrea suggests that this plant does not affect the normal functioning of the Wistar rat reproductive system.

scholarly journals “Knowing Your Body Well” Menggunakan Media Monopoli Sebagai Upaya Perlindungan Diri

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 49
Author(s):  
Boby Agil Prasetyo ◽  
Izza Lu’lu’ul Jannah ◽  
Tyas Ayu Putri Kiswanto ◽  
Yuniawatika Yuniawatika
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Violence ◽  
Reproductive Organs ◽  
The Body ◽  
Teaching Staff ◽  
Body Parts ◽  
Innovative Learning ◽  
Empowering Teachers ◽  
The Right ◽  
Selection Of ◽  
Sexual Body

Tujuan dari kegiatan pengabdian ini adalah tentang pengenalan anggota tubuh dan bagian-bagian yang perlu dijaga lewat media monopoli. Pemberian pengetahuan tentang anatomi tubuh, kesehatan seksual, fungsi organ reproduksi sangat dibutuhkan anak-anak, lebih tepatnya pada masa menyongsong pubertas. Karena pubertas, bagian tubuh seksual siswa mulai tumbuh. Hal itu menyebabkan risiko kekerasan seksual meningkat. Pemberdayaan guru untuk memberi penyuluhan tentang menjaga bagian tubuh seksual pada siswa sangat diperlukan sebagai langkah antisipatif untuk meminimalisir peluang terjadinya kekerasan seksual. Pemilihanmetode tepat diperlukan agar materi yang akan disampaikan dapat terintegrasi secara optimal. Maka dari itu kreativitas dan penguasaan dalam media pembelajaran sangat dibutuhkan dimana dalam program kali ini menggunakan game monopoli. Mekanisme dari pelaksanaan kegiatan program dibagi dalam beberapa tahap, (1) tahap persiapan, pengorganisasian, (2) survey, (3) pelaksanaan, dan (4) tahap evaluasi kegiatan program. Hasil dari program kerja ini adalah meningkatnya pengetahuan baik dari para staff pengajar lewat macam media pembelajaran inovatif maupun bagi para siswa terutama terhadap materi yang disampaikan terkait knowing your body well, antusiasme dan keaktifan peserta sebagai bentuk ketertarikan terhadap program, terciptanya media pembelajaran monopoli itu sendiri, dan publikasi pada media massa.  Kata kunci— Media Belajar, Menjaga Diri, Monopoli. Abstract The purpose of this program aims to introduction of limbs and parts that need to be maintained through monopoly media. Giving knowledge about the anatomy of the body, sexual health, the function of the reproductive organs is needed by children, more precisely during the period of puberty. Because of puberty, parts of a student's sexual body begin to grow. That causes the risk of sexual violence to increase. Empowering teachers to provide counseling about maintaining sexual body parts for students is needed as an anticipatory step to minimize opportunities for sexual violence. The selection of the right method is needed so that the material to be delivered can be optimally integrated. Therefore creativity and mastery in learning media are needed where in this program uses monopoly games. The mechanism of implementing program activities is divided into several stages, (1) the preparation, organizing, (2) surveys, (3) implementation, and (4) evaluation of program activities. The result of this work program is an increase in knowledge both from teaching staff through a variety of innovative learning media and for students, especially to the material delivered related to knowing your body well, enthusiasm and activeness of participants as a form of interest in the program, the creation of monopolistic learning media itself, and publication in mass media. Keywords— Learning Media, Guarding Yourself, Monopoly

Observational Analysis of Lateral Preference in Kumite Initiation: A Starting Point in the Longitudinal Programming of Formative Karate

2021 ◽  
pp. 003151252110391
Author(s):  
Vanessa Sastre ◽  
Daniel Lapresa ◽  
Javier Arana ◽  
Rafael Ibáñez ◽  
M. Teresa Anguera
Keyword(s):  
Ad Hoc ◽  
Generalizability Theory ◽  
The Body ◽  
Body Segment ◽  
Lateral Preference ◽  
Data Registration ◽  
Observation Instrument ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
The Right ◽  
High Level

We used observational methodology to analyze lateral conditioning in the technical-tactical performance of high level 8–9-year-old karatekas, specifically in relation to the guard action that supports the technical action and the body segment with which it is performed. We designed an ad hoc observation instrument to analyze lateral preference in the technical-tactical actions that take place during the kumite. We relied on LINCE software for data registration, and we found good inter-observer reliability, calculated with Cohen's Kappa coefficient. Generalizability Theory supported the homogeneity of the behavior deployed by these combatants. Our results represent a starting point in the longitudinal programming of karate. By relating our results and those of other studies that have addressed lateral performance in formative karate in the kumite modality, we are able to draw a roadmap of a karateka's path towards the equilaterality that is inherent in an elite competitor: (a) the 8-9 year old karateka must overcome a conditioned lateral prevalence by adopting a forward non-dominant leg guard so as to then attack with the dominant body segment; (b) the eqilateral use of the right or left fist must occur later, between the 12–13 year age group and the senior category; and (c) there will then be less decisive lateral conditioning in the execution of offensive leg techniques.

scholarly journals Analysis of muscle tone distribution in premature babies based on PodoBaby podoscope examination

2017 ◽  
Vol 31 (4) ◽  
pp. 69-77
Author(s):  
Jolanta Stępowska ◽  
Agata Pudłowska ◽  
Anna Matlęga ◽  
Małgorzata Łukowicz
Keyword(s):  
Prone Position ◽  
Premature Infants ◽  
Muscle Tone ◽  
Full Term ◽  
The Body ◽  
Support Surface ◽  
Term Infants ◽  
Student’S T ◽  
Loaded Side ◽  
The Right

Abstract Introduction: The aim of the study was to assess load surface with regard to muscle tone distribution of premature infants compared to full-term infants. Material and methods: Twenty-four infants aged 3-6 months (adjusted age) were examined, including 12 premature infants (born before 37 weeks) and 12 full-term infants. The study was carried out at the Children’s Memorial Health Institute in Warsaw in the period from January to June 2016. The study involved interviews with the infants’ parents and examinations of infants in a supine and prone position performed on PodoBaby digital podoscope. Support surface, i.e. the loading on the left and right side of the body and the length of trunk sides were analysed. Statistical analysis was performed with the use of Statistica v.12 software and Student’s t-test. Results: No significant differences between premature infants and full-term infants regarding the loading on the right side measured in a supine position were revealed (analogous lack of differences was noted on the left side and in a prone position). In a prone position, the correlation between support surface and the length of trunk sides was noted, i.e. the loaded side of the trunk was lengthened, while the unloaded side was shortened. Conclusions: Considerable asymmetry of the loads of trunk sides was noted in premature infants, while in the case of full-term infants, the values of loads were close to symmetry. An examination with the use of PodoBaby podoscope may be applied in early diagnostics in pediatric rehabilitation.

Effects of Stimulation of Front Tooth by Toothpick on Headache and Brain Tumor as well as other Malignant Tumors Malignant

2021 ◽  
Vol 46 (3) ◽  
pp. 239-245
Author(s):  
Yoshiaki Omura
Keyword(s):  
Malignant Tumors ◽  
Optimal Dose ◽  
The Body ◽  
Lower Jaw ◽  
Downward Pressure ◽  
Carcinoma Of Esophagus ◽  
The Right ◽  
High Level ◽  
Front Tooth ◽  
Stimulation Of

It has been found that pain in various parts of the body can be temporarily eliminated by mechanically suppressing or stimulating the front tooth. Some typical examples of this are described in this article. We know which teeth represent which organs, but we also have diagrams that show the cause of the pain, such as changes in certain areas of the electrocardiogram, and those possible areas are shown somewhere in the electrocardiogram. One minute downward pressure on the tip of any one of the front 3 teeth (1st incisor, 2nd incisor, and canine) at the right and left sides of the upper and lower jaw by a wooden toothpick induced temporary disappearance (20 min-4 hours) of abnormally increased pain parameters (pain grading, Substance P, & TXB2), and cancer parameters (Telomere, Integrin α5 β1, Oncogene C-fos Ab2, etc. of Astrocytoma, Glioblastoma, squamous cell carcinoma of esophagus, adenocarcinoma of lung, breast cancer, adenocarcinoma of colon, prostate cancer). The effect included temporary disappearance of headache, toothache, chest and abdominal pain, and backache, often with improved memory & concentration. Since these beneficial changes resembled the effects of giving one optimal dose of DHEA, increase of DHEA was measured. Above mechanical stimulation of one of these front teeth increased abnormally reduced DHEA levels of less than 10 ng to normal 100–130 ng BDORT units and normal cell (NC) telomeres from markedly reduced values to near normal values, and improved acetylcholine in the Hippocampus. Large organ representation areas for the Adrenal gland & Hippocampus may exist at these front teeth. This method can be used for emergency pain control and can explain the beneficial effect of bruxism and tooth brushing, through the increase of DHEA levels and activities of the Hippocampus by increasing Acetylcholine. Increasing NC telomere to optimally high level resulted in disappearance of pain and improvement or significant reduction of malignant tumor.

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