Methodical recommendations for the training of cadets of the universities of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia to work with formal and subordinate sentences in modern German

2018 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Наталья Башлуева ◽  
Natalya Bashlueva
Keyword(s):  
Subordinate Clauses ◽  
Internal Affairs ◽  
The Way

This article is an attempt to give methodological recommendations on the training of cadets of non-linguistic universities to work with formal and subordinate clauses in modern German, methods of their explanation and translation. These clauses, usually considered in grammar as a type of subordinate clauses, differ from the latter, in terms of the degree of communication with the main sentence and the way they are translated into Russian.

Mood

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul Portner
Keyword(s):  
Formal Analysis ◽  
Pragmatic Theory ◽  
Subordinate Clauses ◽  
Pragmatic Function ◽  
Verbal Mood ◽  
The Way

The category of mood is widely used in the description of languages and the formal analysis of their grammatical properties. It typically refers to features of a sentence’s form (or a class of sentences which share such features), either individual morphemes or grammatical patterns, which reflect how the sentence contributes to the modal meaning of a larger phrase or which indicates the type of fundamental pragmatic function it has in conversation. The first subtype, verbal mood, includes the categories of indicative and subjunctive subordinate clauses; the second sentence mood, encompasses declaratives, interrogatives, and imperatives. This work presents the essential background for understanding semantic theories of mood and discusses the most significant theories of both types. It evaluates those theories, compares them, draws connections between seemingly disparate approaches, and with the goal of drawing out their most important insights, it formalizes some of the literature’s most important ideas in new ways. Ultimately, this work shows that there are important connections between verbal mood and sentence mood which point the way towards a more general understanding of how mood works and its relation to other topics in linguistics, and it outlines the type of semantic and pragmatic theory which will make it possible to explain these relations.

Changing Patterns of African International Relations

1964 ◽  
Vol 58 (3) ◽  
pp. 632-641 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert C. Good
Keyword(s):  
International Relations ◽  
Addis Ababa ◽  
West African ◽  
African Unity ◽  
Organization Of African Unity ◽  
Changing Patterns ◽  
Internal Affairs ◽  
The Way

Whatever happened to the “radical,” “moderate,” and “conservative” African states we used to talk about not so long ago—say in early 1961? One wonders if the snapshot of African orientations, then in fair focus, has not become badly blurred.President Sekou Touré, once the radical foe of neo-colonialist African regimes, has more recently offered assurances that his nation opposed intervention in the internal affairs of other states and thus tacitly acknowledged the legitimacy of the states he had formerly condemned. Touré helped to prepare the way for the reconciliation of “radical” and “conservative” states at Addis Ababa, in May 1963, where the Organization of African Unity was formed. At that conference, another stormy petrel of West African radicalism, President Modibo Keita of Mali, observed that though the colonial system divided Africa, “it permitted nations to be born.” “African unity,” he declared, “requires full respect for the frontiers we have inherited from the colonial system.”

The Morse Committee Assignment Controversy: A Study in Senate Norms

1957 ◽  
Vol 51 (2) ◽  
pp. 313-329 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ralph K. Huitt
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
The United States ◽  
Leadership Positions ◽  
The Public ◽  
Committee Assignment ◽  
Internal Affairs ◽  
United States Senator ◽  
The Way

The Senate of the United States, like other institutionalized groups, operates in accordance with a complex of norms for members' behavior which are understood by few outsiders and perhaps not completely by all senators. Formal written rules governing the behavior of members take into account the division of functions between the two major parties and the operation of the Senate's institutionalized sub-groups, the committees. These are supplemented by unwritten rules that are often more consequential. Members have generally accepted notions of the way the Senate as a body ought to perform its public business and regulate its internal affairs, and the way members ought to behave toward the Senate and toward each other.Senatorial behavior would be difficult enough to study if this were all, but it is not. For one thing, the norms are by no means undifferentiated for the entire membership. Within the Senate a number of identifiable official and unofficial “statuses” (or “positions”) besides that of United States Senator can be distinguished, each carrying with it a “role” in the form of the behavior expected by the Senate and the public of the person occupying that status. The leadership positions in the two parties and the committee chairmanships come immediately to mind as examples of official statuses.

Exploring Interpretation and Misinterpretation of Garden-Path Sentences in Polish

2015 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 98-127
Author(s):  
Agnieszka Solska ◽  
Arkadiusz Rojczyk
Keyword(s):  
Noun Phrase ◽  
Thematic Roles ◽  
Garden Path ◽  
Subordinate Clauses ◽  
The Times ◽  
The Way

The paper reports on an experiment designed to investigate the interpretation and misinterpretation of Polish sentences such as Gdy Jan pisał list spadł z biurka (e.g. “While John was writing the letter fell off a desk”), paralleling English garden path sentences such as While John hunted the deer ran into the woods. The locally ambiguous NP-V-NP region in sentences of this sort may result in the key noun phrase being incorrectly interpreted as the object in the fronted temporal clause. The experiment was conducted using E-Prime software and involved comparing the participants’ comprehension of garden path sentences in three different conditions with their comprehension of equivalent non-garden path sentences. This was achieved by examining the participants’ performance on comprehension questions probing the interpretation of the subordinate clauses, establishing the times they needed to answer the questions and checking the level of their confidence in their responses. The goals of the experiment were to establish whether the Polish sentences in question force the comprehender to form erroneous interpretations which persist in his mind and to determine to what extent the persistence of the initial incorrect interpretation is influenced by the morphosyntactic properties peculiar to Polish. The results of the experiment indicate that though the Polish sentences under investigation do not trigger a particularly strong garden path effect, the information carried by the case endings and the thematic roles nouns are likely to have in specific contexts affect the way locally ambiguous sentences are analysed.

scholarly journals SOME ISSUES OF INTERACTION BETWEEN CIVIL SOCIETY AND THE POLICE

2021 ◽  
pp. 144-150
Author(s):  
Ерғали Қожабеков ◽  
Амира Марашева
Keyword(s):  
Civil Society ◽  
Law Enforcement ◽  
Law Enforcement Agencies ◽  
The Public ◽  
Internal Affairs ◽  
Police Activity ◽  
The Way

Полиция қызметінің сапасын арттыру бойынша жоспарланған іс-шаралар қарқын алуда. Ішкі істер органдарының жұртшылықпен өзара іс-қимыл жасасуында біршама өзгерістер бар. Құқық қорғау органдарының, оның ішіндегі, полиция органдарының қызметінің сапасын жақсартуға байланысты орын алып жатқан жаңғырту жұмыстары жалғасуда. Осымен сабақтас, кемшін тұстары да бар. Бұл мақалада осы кемшіліктердің орнын толтыру жолындағы авторлардың ұсыныстары мен уәждері келтіріледі. Плановые мероприятия по повышению качества деятельности полиции набирают обороты. Есть некоторые изменения во взаимодействии органов внутренних дел с общественностью. Набирает обороты проводимая модернизация, связанная с улучшением качества деятельности правоохранительных органов, в том числе органов полиции. Вместе с этим имеются определенные недостатки, которые нашли отражение в данной статье, где авторамиприводятся рекомендации и мотивы на пути к восполнению этих недостатков. Planned measures to improve the quality of police activity are gaining momentum. There are some changes in the interaction of the internal affairs bodies with the public. The ongoing modernization related to improving the quality of law enforcement agencies, including the police, is gaining momentum. Along with this, there are also disadvantages. This article presents the recommendations and motivations of the authors on the way to make up for these shortcomings.

scholarly journals PROBLEMS OF GENERAL THEORY AND METALANGUAGE OF COMPOSITE SENTENCES WITH AN INTRODUCTORY CLAUSE

2021 ◽  
pp. 52-64
Author(s):  
Muzaffar KHOSHIMOV
Keyword(s):  
General Theory ◽  
Main Body ◽  
Complicated Structure ◽  
Complex Sentences ◽  
Subordinate Clauses ◽  
Natural Surface ◽  
The Status ◽  
Simple Sentences ◽  
The Way

The article touches upon the problems of general theory and metalaguage of one more invariant type of the sentence, that is, a composite sentence with an introductory clause along with the three traditionally accepted structural-semantic (compound, complex and mixed /semi-composite/) types and the taxonomy of the latter in language. The main focus here is made on the so called parenthetical, rather introductory constructions represented by introductory words, phrases and sentences, specifically verbalizing the universal concept of subjective modal assessment” of the fact (action, quality, quantity, state, etc.) expressed in the main body of the sentences, to which the latter are canonically introduced. The author here makes an accent on the status of the so called simple sentences with an “introductory element”, expressed by a clause in language(s) which have been traditionally treated as “simple sentences of the complicated structure”, although they are characterized by their natural surface and deep structures like a composite sentence with at least two predicative units, each of which having its own grammatically expressed subjectpredicate structure. Critically approaching the treatment of such composite sentences as “complex sentences with a parenthetical clause” in special literature, the author considers them to be “composite sentences with an introductory clause”, for the latter can’t be segmented into principle and subordinate clauses, and proves his own approach by illustrating them through convincing examples from fiction materials, which paves the way to four–membered taxonomy of composite sentences replacing the traditional three –membered one.

Self-sacrifice for in-group's history: A diachronic perspective

2018 ◽  
Vol 41 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Babińska ◽  
Michal Bilewicz
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Psychology ◽  
Historical Events ◽  
Emotional Events ◽  
Reciprocal Process ◽  
The Way

AbstractThe problem of extended fusion and identification can be approached from a diachronic perspective. Based on our own research, as well as findings from the fields of social, political, and clinical psychology, we argue that the way contemporary emotional events shape local fusion is similar to the way in which historical experiences shape extended fusion. We propose a reciprocal process in which historical events shape contemporary identities, whereas contemporary identities shape interpretations of past traumas.

What is the purpose of cognition?

2020 ◽  
Vol 43 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aba Szollosi ◽  
Ben R. Newell
Keyword(s):  
Infinite Number ◽  
Human Cognition ◽  
The Way

Abstract The purpose of human cognition depends on the problem people try to solve. Defining the purpose is difficult, because people seem capable of representing problems in an infinite number of ways. The way in which the function of cognition develops needs to be central to our theories.

Peculiarity Parameters

1976 ◽  
Vol 32 ◽  
pp. 233-254
Author(s):  
H. M. Maitzen
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Field ◽  
Magnetic Fields ◽  
Theoretical Work ◽  
Observational Evidence ◽  
Rotator Model ◽  
Peculiar Behaviour ◽  
Field Spectrum ◽  
Oblique Rotator ◽  
Ap Stars ◽  
The Way

Ap stars are peculiar in many aspects. During this century astronomers have been trying to collect data about these and have found a confusing variety of peculiar behaviour even from star to star that Struve stated in 1942 that at least we know that these phenomena are not supernatural. A real push to start deeper theoretical work on Ap stars was given by an additional observational evidence, namely the discovery of magnetic fields on these stars by Babcock (1947). This originated the concept that magnetic fields are the cause for spectroscopic and photometric peculiarities. Great leaps for the astronomical mankind were the Oblique Rotator model by Stibbs (1950) and Deutsch (1954), which by the way provided mathematical tools for the later handling pulsar geometries, anti the discovery of phase coincidence of the extrema of magnetic field, spectrum and photometric variations (e.g. Jarzebowski, 1960).

The mensuration of interfaces

1992 ◽  
Vol 50 (1) ◽  
pp. 216-217
Author(s):  
W.M. Stobbs
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
50Th Anniversary ◽  
Numerical Data ◽  
Industrial Applications ◽  
Dynamical Theory ◽  
Large Strains ◽  
Reasonable Approach ◽  
Lattice Resolution ◽  
Analogue To Digital ◽  
The Way

I do not have access to the abstracts of the first meeting of EMSA but at this, the 50th Anniversary meeting of the Electron Microscopy Society of America, I have an excuse to consider the historical origins of the approaches we take to the use of electron microscopy for the characterisation of materials. I have myself been actively involved in the use of TEM for the characterisation of heterogeneities for little more than half of that period. My own view is that it was between the 3rd International Meeting at London, and the 1956 Stockholm meeting, the first of the European series , that the foundations of the approaches we now take to the characterisation of a material using the TEM were laid down. (This was 10 years before I took dynamical theory to be etched in stone.) It was at the 1956 meeting that Menter showed lattice resolution images of sodium faujasite and Hirsch, Home and Whelan showed images of dislocations in the XlVth session on “metallography and other industrial applications”. I have always incidentally been delighted by the way the latter authors misinterpreted astonishingly clear thickness fringes in a beaten (”) foil of Al as being contrast due to “large strains”, an error which they corrected with admirable rapidity as the theory developed. At the London meeting the research described covered a broad range of approaches, including many that are only now being rediscovered as worth further effort: however such is the power of “the image” to persuade that the above two papers set trends which influence, perhaps too strongly, the approaches we take now. Menter was clear that the way the planes in his image tended to be curved was associated with the imaging conditions rather than with lattice strains, and yet it now seems to be common practice to assume that the dots in an “atomic resolution image” can faithfully represent the variations in atomic spacing at a localised defect. Even when the more reasonable approach is taken of matching the image details with a computed simulation for an assumed model, the non-uniqueness of the interpreted fit seems to be rather rarely appreciated. Hirsch et al., on the other hand, made a point of using their images to get numerical data on characteristics of the specimen they examined, such as its dislocation density, which would not be expected to be influenced by uncertainties in the contrast. Nonetheless the trends were set with microscope manufacturers producing higher and higher resolution microscopes, while the blind faith of the users in the image produced as being a near directly interpretable representation of reality seems to have increased rather than been generally questioned. But if we want to test structural models we need numbers and it is the analogue to digital conversion of the information in the image which is required.

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