The Polish adaptation of the Life Events Checklist (LEC-5) for PTSD criteria from DSM-5

Background It has been suggested that countries with more resources and better healthcare have populations with a higher risk of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Norway is a high-income country with good public healthcare. Aims To examine lifetime trauma exposure and the point prevalence of PTSD in the general Norwegian population. Method A survey was administered to a national probability sample of 5500 adults (aged ≥18 years). Of 4961 eligible individuals, 1792 responded (36%). Responders and non-responders did not differ significantly in age, gender or urban versus rural residence. Trauma exposure was measured using the Life Events Checklist for the DSM-5. PTSD was measured with the PTSD Checklist for the DSM-5. We used the DSM-5 diagnostic guidelines to categorise participants as fulfilling the PTSD symptom criteria or not. Results At least one serious lifetime event was reported by 85% of men and 86% of women. The most common event categories were transportation accident and life-threatening illness or injury. The point prevalence of PTSD was 3.8% for men and 8.5% for women. The most common events causing PTSD were sexual and physical assaults, life-threatening illness or injury, and sudden violent deaths. Risk of PTSD increased proportionally with the number of event categories experienced. Conclusions High estimates of serious life events and correspondingly high rates of PTSD in the Norwegian population support the paradox that countries with more resources and better healthcare have higher risk of PTSD. Possible explanations are high expectations for a risk-free life and high attention to potential harmful mental health effects of serious life events. Declaration of interest None.

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Depression is more than the sum score of its parts: individual DSM symptoms have different risk factors

Psychological Medicine ◽

10.1017/s0033291713002900 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 44 (10) ◽

pp. 2067-2076 ◽

Cited By ~ 90

Author(s):

E. I. Fried ◽

R. M. Nesse ◽

K. Zivin ◽

C. Guille ◽

S. Sen

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Life Events ◽

Stressful Life Events ◽

Disease Model ◽

Work Hours ◽

Stressful Life ◽

Childhood Stress ◽

Dsm 5 ◽

Patient Health ◽

Sum Scores

BackgroundFor diagnostic purposes, the nine symptoms that compose the DSM-5 criteria for major depressive disorder (MDD) are assumed to be interchangeable indicators of one underlying disorder, implying that they should all have similar risk factors. The present study investigates this hypothesis, using a population cohort that shifts from low to elevated depression levels.MethodWe assessed the nine DSM-5 MDD criterion symptoms (using the Patient Health Questionnaire; PHQ-9) and seven depression risk factors (personal and family MDD history, sex, childhood stress, neuroticism, work hours, and stressful life events) in a longitudinal study of medical interns prior to and throughout internship (n = 1289). We tested whether risk factors varied across symptoms, and whether a latent disease model could account for heterogeneity between symptoms.ResultsAll MDD symptoms increased significantly during residency training. Four risk factors predicted increases in unique subsets of PHQ-9 symptoms over time (depression history, childhood stress, sex, and stressful life events), whereas neuroticism and work hours predicted increases in all symptoms, albeit to varying magnitudes. MDD family history did not predict increases in any symptom. The strong heterogeneity of associations persisted after controlling for a latent depression factor.ConclusionsThe influence of risk factors varies substantially across DSM depression criterion symptoms. As symptoms are etiologically heterogeneous, considering individual symptoms in addition to depression diagnosis might offer important insights obfuscated by symptom sum scores.

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The Temperamental Determinants of Stressors as Life Changes

European Psychologist ◽

10.1027//1016-9040.6.4.287 ◽

2001 ◽

Vol 6 (4) ◽

pp. 287-295 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Adam Sobolewski ◽

Jan Strelau ◽

Bogdan Zawadzki

Keyword(s):

Life Events ◽

Structural Equation ◽

Genetic Factor ◽

Structural Equation Models ◽

Genetic Model ◽

Life Changes ◽

Personal Variables ◽

Independent Life ◽

Polish Adaptation ◽

Negative Subject

Behavioral genetic studies have demonstrated the heritability of many variables taken to be measures of environment and previously thought to be determined only by environment. It has been also shown that personal variables may determine the appearance of stressors understood as life changes (events). The hypothesis underlying this study predicted that the genetic factor does not contribute to the variance of subject-independent stressors, whereas in case of subject-dependent stressors the contribution of the genetic factor is essential. Further, it was hypothesized that temperamental traits that moderate the intensity of experienced stressors account for a considerable portion of the genetic variance of subject-dependent stressors. The study was conducted on 245 pairs of MZ and 219 pairs of DZ twins aged from 19 to 66. Stressors were assessed with the Polish adaptation of the Rahe 's Recent Life Changes Questionnaire. Based on two preliminary studies, life events were divided into three following categories: subject-independent life events, negative subject-dependent life events, and challenges. Temperament traits were measured by means of the Formal Characteristics of Behavior-Temperament Inventory. The data, based on structural equation models and multivariate genetic analysis, allowed for the following conclusions: (1) The variance of independent stressors can be explained by environment only, whereas the additive genetic model best fits the subject-dependent stressors. (2) Heritability of negative, subject-dependent stressors is lower than in case of challenges. (3) Temperament variables, among them especially activity, explain only one type of stressors challenges. (4) Additional analysis of data confirm the role of activity as a moderator that increases the risk of environmental effects and evokes challenges.

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Typology of people in middle and late adulthood based on the profile of coping with everyday life events

Kwartalnik Naukowy Fides et Ratio ◽

10.34766/fetr.v48i4.989 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 48 (4) ◽

pp. 404-426

Author(s):

Adam Falewicz ◽

Stanisława Steuden

Keyword(s):

Coping Strategies ◽

Everyday Life ◽

Life Events ◽

Three Dimensional ◽

Proactive Coping ◽

Measurement Scale ◽

Late Adulthood ◽

Oriented Structure ◽

Study Results ◽

Polish Adaptation

Introduction. The purpose of this study was to construct a typology of the proactive coping profiles of individuals in middle and late adulthood. The conceptual layer refers to the theory of proactive coping as defined by Ralf Schwarzer and Steffen Taubert. It means such an approach to everyday life in which problems are treated as a challenge rather than as a great unknown that limits to only reactive responses to emerging difficulties. An attempt was also made to compare the obtained subtypes in terms of wisdom and resilience. According to Ardelt's research, wisdom, understood as a composite of cognitive, reflective, and emotional components, may be a resource characterizing adults who use mature coping strategies, particularly proactive coping. Building resilience in people helps to prevent stress, hence it can be considered as a resource important in proactive coping. Method. A group of 166 people in middle (N=80) and late adulthood (N=86) was surveyed. The Proactive Coping Inventory (Polish Adaptation) by Sęk, Pasikowski, Taubert, Greenglass and Schwarzer, Three-Dimensional Wisdom Scale (3D-WS) by Ardelt, adapted by Steuden, Brudek and Izdebski and Resilience Measurement Scale (SPP-25) by Oginska-Bulik and Juczynski were used in the study. Results. Four coping types were obtained: runaway, proactive, autonomous and support-seekers. Individuals belonging to particular profiles of coping differed significantly in the level of wisdom and resilience. Conclusions.The study showed that in a group of people in middle and late adulthood it is possible to distinguish consistent profiles of using coping strategies, which differ in the degree of proactivity. Additionally, wisdom and resilience were shown to characterize individuals with a more proactive, goal-oriented structure of coping strategies.

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Measurement of pathological personality traits according to Section III of the DSM-5: A Polish adaptation of PID-5. Part II – Empirical results

Psychiatria Polska ◽

10.12740/pp/onlinefirst/86478 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 53 (1) ◽

pp. 23-48 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Tomasz Rowiński ◽

Monika Kowalska-Dąbrowska ◽

Włodzimierz Strus Strus ◽

Jan Cieciuch ◽

Iwona Czuma ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Personality Traits ◽

Empirical Results ◽

Dsm 5 ◽

Polish Adaptation ◽

Pathological Personality Traits

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Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder in People with Visual Impairment Compared with the General Population

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health ◽

10.3390/ijerph19020619 ◽

2022 ◽

Vol 19 (2) ◽

pp. 619

Author(s):

Tore Bonsaksen ◽

Audun Brunes ◽

Trond Heir

Keyword(s):

General Population ◽

Visual Impairment ◽

Life Events ◽

Post Traumatic Stress Disorder ◽

Traumatic Stress ◽

Vision Loss ◽

Stress Disorder ◽

Post Traumatic Stress ◽

Dsm 5 ◽

Post Traumatic

Background: People with a visual impairment appear to have an increased risk of experiencing potentially traumatizing life events and possibly also subsequently developing post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). This study investigated the point prevalence of PTSD in people with a visual impairment compared with the general population of Norway and examined factors associated with PTSD among people with a visual impairment. Methods: A telephone-based survey was administered to a probability sample of 1216 adults with a visual impairment. Of these, 736 (61% response rate) participated. A probability sample from the general population served as a reference (n = 1792, 36% response rate). PTSD was measured with the PTSD Checklist for the DSM-5 (PCL-5), based on the currently most bothersome event reported from the Life Events Checklist for DSM-5 (LEC-5). We used the DSM-5 diagnostic guidelines to categorize participants as fulfilling the PTSD symptom criteria or not. Results: The prevalence of PTSD was higher among people with a visual impairment than in the general population, both for men (9.0% vs. 3.8%) and women (13.9% vs. 8.5%). The prevalence rates of PTSD from the illness or injury that had caused the vision loss (men 3.9%, women 2.2%) accounted for a considerable part of the difference between the populations. For women, PTSD related to sexual assaults also contributed significantly to a higher PTSD prevalence in the visually impaired versus the general population (5.2% vs. 2.2%), while for men there were no other event categories which resulted in significant differences. Among people with a visual impairment, the higher risk of PTSD was associated with lower age, female gender, having acquired the vision loss, and having other impairments in addition to the vision loss. Conclusion: The higher prevalence of PTSD in people with a visual impairment suggests that vulnerability to mental health problems is associated with serious life events. The higher incidence than in the general population is partly due to the illness or injury that had led to the vision loss and partly due to people with vision loss appearing to be more vulnerable through exposure to other types of potentially traumatizing events, such as sexual abuse.

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