Attitudes, Subjective Norms, and Perceived Control Versus Contextual Factors Influencing the Entrepreneurial Intentions of Students From Poland

Purpose: The article analyses the influence of personal and contextual variables on entrepreneurial intentions of students from Poland. The article presents a structural model that has been developed from a set of student perceptions. Chosen variables included in the model allows explaining and managing the formation of the intention in the context of higher education. This study provides answers to the following questions: What role and which personal variables do play importance in the formation of entrepreneurship intention in the case of young people? Which and how contextual variables are important to enhance personal variables for entrepreneurial intentions? Methodology: The research was carried out by using critical literature analysis as well as statistical research. In carrying out this work, a causal quantitative methodology (structural equation modeling) was applied using the Amos program. Factor analysis has also been used in a descriptive methodological context. The empirical research was conducted in first quarter of 2020. Findings: Research conducted on a sample of over 330 Polish students has shown that not all personal factors are statistically significant in assessing the entrepreneurial intentions of young people. As the results show, subjective norms do not play a significant role in the intention to take up self-employment. External (contextual) factors related to the broadly understood environment supporting the future entrepreneur play an important role, but much less clear than the factors at the individual level and generally indirectly influence entrepreneurial intentions, strengthening the entrepreneur's personal factors. Practical Implications: The results suppose a theoretical and practical contribution to the promotion of entrepreneur intentions of university students inside and outside the educational context. Entrepreneurship promotion programmes run by universities must focus on developing the attitude of the potential entrepreneurs, conveying the message that, despite all the obstacles that exist when launching a business, the entrepreneurship route can be an interesting alternative. Originality/Value: In the study, the personal and contextual factors influencing the entrepreneurial intentions of students were taken into account. The causal model generated on a sample of 332 Polish respondents shows the importance of individual factors on entrepreneurial intentions and the impact of contextual constructs on personal factors. Contextual variables (i.e. education, public policy, supporting entrepreneurial environments) were found to have a positive impact on personal variables as well as entrepreneurial intentions.

Differences in Career Preparation Behavior According to Personal Variables of College Students Majoring in Hairdressing

This study was conducted for the purpose of providing realistic data necessary for successful career development and job guidance for college students majoring in hair design. For this study, 250 questionnaires were distributed to college students majoring in hairdressing in Daegu and Gyeongsangbuk-do from April 15 to May 30, 2021, and a total of 243 copies were used for analysis, excluding inaccurate responses. For the analysis, the SPSS 26.0K statistical program was used, and factor analysis, t-tset, and one-way batch variance analysis were performed. The analysis results are as follows. It was analyzed that female students had a higher level of preparation behavior than male students. The level of career preparation behavior was high for those with major certificates, those with experience in industrial sites, and those with more than one year of experience in player learning. In addition, the level of career preparation behavior of the group who chose the career path according to their aptitude and the group who thought positively about the job prospects was high.

Women Objectification in Context of Pakistani Advertisements: Role of Personal Variables

The present study was conducted to investigate the role of personal factors on self-objectification that is encouraged by Pakistani advertisements. The objective of the study was to find out the differences in perception of women on Pakistani advertisement based on personal variables i.e. age, family structure, education and employment status. Convenience sampling technique and a sample of 430 unmarried women with the age bracket of 18 to 25 years were included in the study. The self-objectification was measured through the Self-Objectification-Trait Scale (Dahl, 2014). ANOVA analysis and t test were used through the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) v 21 for analysis. The findings indicated that there was no significant difference in self-objectification of women, under the influence of Pakistani advertisements, based on their ages and education levels. However, there was a significant difference in self-objectification of women, under the influence of Pakistani advertisements, based on their family structures and employment statuses. The study would contribute to further research to reduce the negative impact of self-objectification on young women.

The Effect of Auditors' Use of Analytical Procedures in the Light of ISA 520 on Audit Quality: Evidence from Jordan

This study aims to demonstrate the effect of auditors' use of analytical procedures in the light of audit standard 520 (ISA 520) on the audit quality from the point of view of external auditors in Jordan. Moreover, the study sought to make valuable recommendations to develop audit methods and address weaknesses to take advantage of financial analysis methods. To achieve the objectives of the study, questionnaire was developed included (35) questions distributed to a sample of auditors practitioners of the audit profession and numbered (64) auditors, have been recovered, (60) of them were collected, and all of them, were used in analysis; One sample t-test was used to test the hypotheses of the study. the researcher found: There is a statistically significant impact of auditors' use of analytical procedures on the quality of audit for both: the auditor 's use of financial ratios and the comparing financial ratios and extracted information with predetermined standards (financial analysis standards), also there are no statistically significant differences on the impact of auditors' use of analytical procedures on the quality of audit attributable to personal variables (educational qualification, specialization, duration of service). Finally, researchers Finally, the researcher made some recommendations to develop the audit process, the most important of them: The supervisory authorities shall ensure that Audit offices and auditors should comply with international auditing standards in general and in the field of analytical procedures based on the International Auditing Standard (520), as well as Standard No. (220) on Quality Auditing in particular. and professional standards and meet the wishes of users of financial statements to achieve quality control and be subject to peer review.

Longitudinal Effects of Distress and Its Management During COVID-19 Lockdown in Spain

Introduction: The COVID-19 pandemic that hit Spain during March 2020 forced the strict confinement of the population for 2 months. The objectives of this study were (a) to assess the magnitude and duration of the influence of confinement on people’s Distress, (b) to study the temporal sequence of stress, and (c) to show how different day-to-day activities and personal variables influence perceived Distress levels.Method: A daily registration was completed by 123 people, with ages ranging from 21 to 75 years old (X¯ = 43, SD = 10 years), of which there were 40 men (32%) and 83 females (68%). During 45 days of lockdown, from March 19th to May 3rd, participants were asked to respond to a socio-demographic survey and make daily records comprising the MASQ-D30 and some day-to-day behaviors. Pooled time series was applied to establish what effect time had on the dependent variable.Results: Distress has a 14-day autoregressive function and gender, physical activity, sexual activity, listening to music, and teleworking also influence Distress. It has been hypothesized that the intercept presents variability at level 2 (individual), but it has not been significant. Interactions between Gender—Telecommuting, and Gender—Physical Activity were observed. Approximately 66% of the variance of Distress was explained (R2 = 0.663).Discussion: At the beginning of the lockdown, the average levels of Distress were well above the levels of the end (z = 3.301). The individuals in the sample have followed a very similar process in the development of Distress. During the lockdown, the “memory” of Distress was 2 weeks. Our results indicate that levels of Distress depend on activities during lockdown. Interactions exist between gender and some behavioral variables that barely influence Distress in men but decrease Distress in women. The importance of routine maintenance and gender differences must be considered to propose future interventions during confinement.

Technostress and its impact on job satisfaction: Evidences during COVID-19 pandemic among faculty members in higher education in Karnataka

Teachers in schools, colleges, and universities have utilized Information and Communication Technology (ICT) based learning and teaching in the present COVID-19 pandemic situation. Teachers, students, and all other stakeholders have been stressed as a result of this abrupt paradigm shift in education. In recent years, teaching has become a difficult job (Saras, 2018), Instructors are expected to quickly adapt and incorporate technological innovations into their teaching while also participating in administrative and other academic activities, all of which contribute to occupational stress among teachers. Competition has crept into the education industry in this dynamic climate. Faculty today serves in a variety of positions in addition to instructing students, such as mentor, coach, consultant, administrator, researcher, and so on. He or she is required to devote more time and effort to the institutions to meet the demands of an ever-changing academic environment. This study attempted to study the influence of personal variables like gender, course and tenure on technostress. The results found that the personal characteristics had no significant impact on technostress in a sample of 84technical and non-technical faculty members. Further, technostress did not show to have any impact on job satisfaction and organisational commitment; indicating a need for a more comprehensive further study.

Vincristine-Induced Peripheral Neuropathy in Childhood Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia: Genetic Variation as a Potential Risk Factor

Vincristine (VCR) is the first-line chemotherapeutic medication often co-administered with other drugs to treat childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Dose-dependent neurotoxicity is the main factor restricting VCR’s clinical application. VCR-induced peripheral neuropathy (VIPN) sometimes results in dose reduction or omission, leading to clinical complications or affecting the patient’s quality of life. With regard to the genetic basis of drug responses, preemptive pharmacogenomic testing and simultaneous blood level monitoring could be helpful for the transformation of various findings into individualized therapies. In this review, we discussed the potential associations between genetic variants in genes contributing to the pharmacokinetics/pharmacodynamics of VCR and VIPN incidence and severity in patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Of note, genetic variants in the CEP72 gene have great potential to be translated into clinical practice. Such a genetic biomarker may help clinicians diagnose VIPN earlier. Besides, genetic variants in other genes, such as CYP3A5, ABCB1, ABCC1, ABCC2, TTPA, ACTG1, CAPG, SYNE2, SLC5A7, COCH, and MRPL47, have been reported to be associated with the VIPN, but more evidence is needed to validate the findings in the future. In fact, a variety of complex factors jointly determine the VIPN. In implementing precision medicine, the combination of genetic, environmental, and personal variables, along with therapeutic drug monitoring, will allow for a better understanding of the mechanisms of VIPN, improving the effectiveness of VCR treatment, reducing adverse reactions, and improving patients’ quality of life.

A Relationship between Micro-Meteorological and Personal Variables of Outdoor Thermal Comfort: A Case Study in Kitakyushu, Japan

Outdoor thermal comfort is an important indicator to create a quality and livable environment. This study examines a relationship between micro-meteorological and personal variables of outdoor thermal comfort conditions in an urban park. The data collection of outdoor thermal comfort is carried out using two methods in combination: micro-meteorological measurement and questionnaire survey. This finding shows that most of the respondents were comfortable with the thermal, wind, and humidity condition. The acceptability and satisfaction level of thermal comfort were positive. The most significant micro-meteorological variable for the physiologically equivalent temperature (PET) value is mean radiant temperature (Tmrt). As the Tmrt value is influenced by how much shading is produced from the presence of vegetation or buildings around the measurement location, this finding shows that the shadow was very important to the thermal comfort conditions in the Green Park Kitakyushu. The most influential micro-meteorological variable for the three different personal variables (TSV, WFSV, and HSV) is air temperature. The strongest relationship among the four variables is between TSV and PET. The findings will be the basis for the city authorities in preparing regional development plans, especially those related to the planning of city parks or tourist attractions.

Environmental engagement through behaviour change interventions: A case study of litter reduction in New Zealand Schools

<p>Litter has serious implications for the environment and is recognised as a significant form of marine and terrestrial pollution. A major source of litter pollution is recreational litter. Although litter is identified as an environmental problem, the propensity to litter continues within society. Behaviour change interventions have significant potential to influence the production of recreational litter. A shift in littering behaviour is necessary to reduce the environmental impact litter has on terrestrial and marine ecosystems. This research used the framework Community-Based Social Marketing to identify the barriers and benefits of littering as well as interventions to increase the reduction of littering in a school setting. The behaviour change interventions hypocrisy and goal setting were selected and separately implemented in two Intermediate schools in the Greater Wellington Region of New Zealand. Behaviour change was assessed using pre, post, and follow up litter counts on school grounds, and supported by interviews with student, teacher and parent participants. Results found both interventions to be significant in reducing the rate of recreational littering when used in conjunction with education. Goal setting was also found to be significant in reducing wrappers in school lunches. Cognitive, situational, and personal variables, as well as key stakeholders, were also recognised as influencing the litter and packaging behaviour of participants. Findings from this research can be used to support the selection and implementation of future behaviour change interventions and campaigns, specifically those targeting the behaviour of littering in a school setting.</p>

Environmental engagement through behaviour change interventions: A case study of litter reduction in New Zealand Schools

<p>Litter has serious implications for the environment and is recognised as a significant form of marine and terrestrial pollution. A major source of litter pollution is recreational litter. Although litter is identified as an environmental problem, the propensity to litter continues within society. Behaviour change interventions have significant potential to influence the production of recreational litter. A shift in littering behaviour is necessary to reduce the environmental impact litter has on terrestrial and marine ecosystems. This research used the framework Community-Based Social Marketing to identify the barriers and benefits of littering as well as interventions to increase the reduction of littering in a school setting. The behaviour change interventions hypocrisy and goal setting were selected and separately implemented in two Intermediate schools in the Greater Wellington Region of New Zealand. Behaviour change was assessed using pre, post, and follow up litter counts on school grounds, and supported by interviews with student, teacher and parent participants. Results found both interventions to be significant in reducing the rate of recreational littering when used in conjunction with education. Goal setting was also found to be significant in reducing wrappers in school lunches. Cognitive, situational, and personal variables, as well as key stakeholders, were also recognised as influencing the litter and packaging behaviour of participants. Findings from this research can be used to support the selection and implementation of future behaviour change interventions and campaigns, specifically those targeting the behaviour of littering in a school setting.</p>