Cohort Fertility, Parity Progression, and Family Size in Former Yugoslav Countries

Yugoslavia was a union of countries at the crossroads of cultures, rich in diversity, bringing together heterogeneous populations with very different demographic transition pathways, particularly with respect to fertility. This paper studies the trends and patterns of cohort fertility in former Yugoslav countries, similarities and differences between the countries, and their possible clustering. Do former Yugoslav countries exhibit persistent diversity to this day, or is there convergence in terms of cohort fertility behaviour? If so, what might account for this homogeneity within Yugoslavia’s heterogeneity? We trace how fertility behaviour changed from the turn of the twentieth century, when Yugoslav countries began their progression from agrarian into industrial capitalist societies. We consider the factors related to a rapid transformation to socialist modernity after 1945 and proceed to investigate the federation’s breakup and the successor states’ transitions to market economies in the early 1990s. Our study thus covers a century of socioeconomic and fertility developments within the region. We analyse census data on children born by means of the completed cohort fertility rate, parity progression ratios, and parity composition. Our results show that while fertility levels decreased in all former Yugoslav republics, this happened at different speeds and taking different paths. Parity progression to higher birth orders was particularly responsible for this development, as well as for the differences and similarities between the respective republics. Former Yugoslav republics are clustered into three groups, where Croatia, Slovenia, and Serbia form the low fertility group, and Bosnia-Herzegovina, North Macedonia, and Montenegro belong to a higher fertility group. Kosovo remains a special case with exceptionally high fertility in the European context. We conclude that this clustering stems from a complex interplay of historical, political, economic and social factors.

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Medición de la baja fecundidad: repensando los métodos demográficos / Measuring Low Fertility: Rethinking Demographic Methods

Estudios Demográficos y Urbanos ◽

10.24201/edu.v22i3.1271 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 22 (3) ◽

pp. 523

Author(s):

José Antonio Ortega ◽

Hans-Peter Kholer

Keyword(s):

Life Table ◽

Low Fertility ◽

Parity Progression ◽

Fertility Rates ◽

Fertility Measure ◽

Tempo Change ◽

Demographic Methods ◽

Cohort Fertility ◽

Basic Concepts ◽

Fertility Analysis

En el análisis de la fecundidad baja cobra importancia una serie de conceptos básicos como la progresión de paridad a partir de tablas de vida –aquí llamadas tablas de fecundidad–, y la consideración de los efectos de los cambios de calendario sobre las tasas de fecundidad observadas. En este artículo se presenta la génesis histórica de estos conceptos y su relación con otros similares –como la traslación demográfica–, acompañados de ejemplos de aplicación en el análisis de la fecundidad de periodo y de cohorte. Algunas investigaciones recientes, entre las que se incluyen las de los autores, permiten hoy en día obtener intensidades de fecundidad ajustadas por calendario, a partir de las cuales se pueden conseguir todo tipo de medidas de fecundidad de periodo libres de efectos calendario o proyectar la fecundidad a partir del método de progresión de paridad. AbstractIn a low fertility context there are a number of basic concepts that become more relevant for the analysis of fertility, such as parity progression analysis through life-table methods, here called fertility tables, and the consideration of the effects of tempo change on observed fertility rates. In this articles, these ideas are presented together with their historical genesis and their relationship to similar concepts such as demographic translation, together with examples of application to both period and cohort fertility analysis. Recent research, including research done by the authors, allow us today to estimate tempo-adjusted fertility intensities that can be used to obtain any tempo-adjusted period fertility measure or parity-progression fertility projections.

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Cohort fertility decline in low fertility countries: Decomposition using parity progression ratios

Demographic Research ◽

10.4054/demres.2018.38.25 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 38 ◽

pp. 651-690 ◽

Cited By ~ 13

Author(s):

Krystof Zeman ◽

Éva Beaujouan ◽

Zuzanna Brzozowska ◽

Tomáš Sobotka

Keyword(s):

Fertility Decline ◽

Low Fertility ◽

Parity Progression ◽

Cohort Fertility

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Cohort Fertility Decline in Low Fertility Countries: Decomposition Using Parity Progression Ratios

10.1553/0x003cd012 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 1 ◽

pp. 1-41

Author(s):

Kryštof Zeman ◽

Éva Beaujouan ◽

Zuzanna Brzozowska ◽

Tomáš Sobotka

Keyword(s):

Fertility Decline ◽

Low Fertility ◽

Parity Progression ◽

Cohort Fertility

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ON-FARM FORESTRY DEVELOPMENT OPTIONS FOR NORTHLAND

Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association ◽

10.33584/jnzg.1986.47.1762 ◽

1986 ◽

pp. 27-32

Author(s):

J.S. Clark

Keyword(s):

Joint Ventures ◽

Low Fertility ◽

High Fertility ◽

Financial Returns ◽

Farm Forestry ◽

Hill Country ◽

Financial Position ◽

On Farm

Agroforests and woodlots offer Northland hill country farmers investment and diversification opportunities. Agroforests have less effect on the "whole farm" financial position than woodlots, especially where a progressive planting regime is adopted and where no further borrowing is required. Establishment and tending costs for agro-forests are lower, and returns come much sooner. The proven opportunity for continued grazing under trees established in this manner, apart from a short post-planting period, further enhances the agroforesty option. Even where there is reluctance on a farmer's part to plant trees on high fertility land, the expected financial returns from agroforests on low and medium fertility land will increase the overall long-term profitability and flexibility of the whole farming operation. Woodlots may be more appropriate on low fertility areas where weed reversion is likely. Joint ventures may be worth considering where farm finances are a limited factor. Keywords: On-farm forestry development, Northland hill country, agroforestry, woodlots, diversification, joint ventures, progressive planting regimes, grazing availability.

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Determinants of Aggregate Fertility in Pakistan

The Pakistan Development Review ◽

10.30541/v25i4pp.553-570 ◽

1986 ◽

Vol 25 (4) ◽

pp. 553-570

Author(s):

Ghulam Yasin Soomro

Keyword(s):

Developing Countries ◽

Economic Status ◽

Development Planning ◽

Natural Increase ◽

High Fertility ◽

Household Level ◽

Fertility Behaviour ◽

Human Fertility ◽

Control Programmes ◽

The Difference

Experiencing high fertility and declining mortality levels, the developing countries are today faced with the problem of relatively high rates of natural increase in their populations. This pace of growth in population, influenced by high fertility levels, impedes the overall development planning. As pointed out in a document prepared by the Planning Commission of Pakistan, 'A vicious circle is set in motion in which high fertility and socio-economic stagnation breed upon each other' [5]. In the developing countries, development programmes including birth control programmes are in operation. The sustained high fertility levels, therefore, call for more insights into the mechanisms operating in the society and influencing fertility. Studies of fertility behaviour are conducted at both micro and macro levels. The difference between micro and macro is a matter of emphasis rather than one of kind, and both approaches are concerned with each level of social aggregation. Macrolevel studies describe the level and pattern of change resulting from the ongoing socio-econornic development in the society as a whole and do not explain variations in fertility at the household level [12]. However, development programmes, which are implemented at aggregate levels defined by geographical boundaries, influence the population in terms of socio-economic status and fertility behaviour. There are many factors which affect human fertility individually or collectively. Attempts have been made to identify these factors, and conceptual frameworks have been developed to explain the causal hypotheses. In this context mention may be made of the demographic transition theory, which is often applied to study fertility behaviour.

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Comparing infertility-related stress in high fertility and low fertility countries

Sexual & Reproductive Healthcare ◽

10.1016/j.srhc.2021.100653 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 100653

Author(s):

Emily A. Groene ◽

Cyrialis Mutabuzi ◽

Dickson Chinunje ◽

Ester Matson Shango ◽

Shalini Kulasingam ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Low Fertility ◽

High Fertility ◽

Related Stress

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Estimation of Cohort Fertility Using Parity Progression Ratio

Curriculum Development Journal ◽

10.3126/cdj.v0i42.33209 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 18-28

Author(s):

Dhanendra Veer Shakya

Keyword(s):

Age Groups ◽

Fertility Level ◽

Parity Progression ◽

Birth Cohorts ◽

Number Of Children ◽

Parity Progression Ratio ◽

History Of ◽

Cohort Fertility ◽

Children Ever Born ◽

Using Data

This study attempts to analyze the levels and patterns of cohort fertility in Nepal in 2016 using data on parity progression ratios (PPRs). Simple PPRs, rather than synthetic PPRs or birth history of women, are used in this study from distribution of women by age and children ever born. Data on PPRs are used from 2016 Nepal Demographic and Health Survey to estimate cohort fertility of currently married and all women separately. Fertility is analyzed for different birth cohorts of women, specifically for birth cohorts of age groups 45-49, 20-24, 25-29, and 30-34 years, beside overall span of reproductive ages (15-49) for different purposes. The PPRs data are employed in this study in three different ways such as PPRs itself, proportion of women with at least ‘N’ number of children ever born (CEB), and cohort fertility rates. All three measures are implied to estimate cohort fertility of both currently married and all women separately. Fertility patterns are almost similar in all the three methods and other the measures show that the level of cohort fertility is still a little higher in Nepal, although it is declining gradually over time. The completed cohort fertility is estimated at around 4 in Nepal in 2016. The contribution of this article will be to check fertility level by applying this simple, but less common, method in estimating cohort fertility.

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SUATU PENDEKATAN ANALISIS MULTIVARIAT TENTANG TINGKAT KELAHIRAN PADA BEBERAPA KELOMPOK DAN ETNIS WANITA PERNAH KAWIN DI IRIAN JAYA

Populasi ◽

10.22146/jp.10809 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 3 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Pieter J. Soumokil

Keyword(s):

Rural Women ◽

Rural Areas ◽

Urban Women ◽

Developed Countries ◽

Low Fertility ◽

Dominant Factor ◽

High Fertility ◽

Irian Jaya ◽

Lower Fertility

It has been argued by many demographers that socio economic development with its associated fundamental changes in the role of women and the value of children is the dominant factor in the transition from high to low fertility. Research in less developed countries has found lower fertility levels in urban population compared to rural population. It was therefore assumed that the modernizing role of urbanlife helped bring about a decline infertility levels.This study in Irian Jaya, however, convincingly shows that fertility of urban women in Irian Jaya is higher than that of rural women. This differential infertility in favour of urban women in Irian Jaya appears to be real and not a result of underreporting of total live births in rural areas.The reasons for lower fertility in the rural areas in IrianJaya remain unknown, and more research is therefore needed. However, this study strongly suggests that the traditional system of swidden agricultyure in Irian Jaya, which places a highvalue on the labour input of women, may play a major role in constraining fertility in rural area of this province. On the other hand, high fertility in urban areas takes place because urbanwomen have their first birth earlier thanwomen inthe rural areas.

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The Association between Conditional Cash Transfer Programmes and Cohort Fertility: Evidence from Brazil

Comparative Population Studies ◽

10.12765/cpos-2021-08 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 46 ◽

Author(s):

Camila Ferreira Soares ◽

Everton Emanuel Campos de Lima

Keyword(s):

Social Inequalities ◽

Conditional Cash Transfer ◽

Cash Transfer ◽

Parity Progression ◽

Monetary Transfers ◽

Bolsa Familia ◽

History Of ◽

Cohort Fertility ◽

Reproductive Cycles ◽

The Relationship

Brazil’s Bolsa Família Programme (BFP) aims to combat poverty and social inequalities through monetary transfers to families. A much-discussed indirect effect of the programme was its correlation to the fertility of the beneficiary families. In this paper, we use a cohort fertility approach with parity progression ratios that differs from existing literature, which mainly used period fertility measures, to better understand the relationship between fertility and the BFP. This study analyses the relationship between the BFP and the reproduction of Brazilian women. We use data from the 2010 Brazilian micro-censuses, the only census after the start of the BFP in 2004, to reconstruct the childbirth history of women with incomplete reproductive cycles (women aged 25 to 29), and estimate parity progression ratios (PPRs) and cohort fertility rates (CFR). In addition, we estimate propensity score matching (PSM) models comparing fertility outcomes of beneficiaries and non-beneficiaries of the programme. Our results show distinct differences in CFRs and PPRs. On average, BFP beneficiaries had more children than women not covered by the programme. This finding remained consistent even after controlling for educational gradients and other covariates. Our empirical findings show that women opt for a “rational” strategy, where they tend to have children in more rapid succession up until three children. These findings contradict the recent literature that has not found any correlation between BFP and fertility. The results also suggest that cohort analyses may fill certain gaps left by previous studies of period fertility. This paper is one of a few that have analysed the relationship between a conditional income transfer programme and cohort measures in Brazil.

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Changes in Bull Semen Metabolome in Relation to Cryopreservation and Fertility

Animals ◽

10.3390/ani10061065 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 10 (6) ◽

pp. 1065

Author(s):

Valentina Longobardi ◽

Michal A. Kosior ◽

Nunzia Pagano ◽

Gerardo Fatone ◽

Alessia Staropoli ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Seminal Plasma ◽

Glycine Betaine ◽

Low Fertility ◽

High Fertility ◽

Over Expression ◽

Bull Semen ◽

Before And After ◽

Associated Proteins ◽

Cellular Compartments

Semen cryopreservation determines several sperm damages, including the loss of fertility-associated proteins. The purpose of the study was to compare the metabolite contents in bovine sperm and seminal plasma before and after cryopreservation, and between high- and low-fertility bulls in vitro. Forty-eight ejaculates, collected from eight bulls (six per bull), were analyzed by liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry. Cryopreservation resulted in an over-expression of lysophosphatidylcholine (0:0/18:2(9Z,12Z)) in seminal plasma. In addition, higher levels of glycine betaine and pyro-l-glutaminyl-l-glutamine were observed in cryopreserved compared to fresh spermatozoa. The fresh seminal plasma of high-fertility bulls showed an over-expression of l-acetylcarnitine, glycerol tripropanoate, 2,3-diacetoxypropyl stearate and glycerophosphocholine, and an under-expression of lysophosphatidylcholine and butyrylcarnitine, compared to low-fertility bulls. Higher levels of glycerophosphocholine and lysophosphatidylcholine (16:0/0:0) were recorded in fresh spermatozoa from high-fertility bulls. In high-fertility bulls, a greater content of glycerophosphocholine and lower levels of butyrylcarnitine, glycine betaine and l-carnitine were found in cryopreserved seminal plasma, and lower levels of glycine betaine were detected in cryopreserved spermatozoa. In conclusion, cryopreservation affects bovine semen metabolome at both plasmatic and cellular compartments, and metabolic profile differs between high- and low-fertility bulls.

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