scholarly journals Estimation of Cohort Fertility Using Parity Progression Ratio

2020 ◽  
pp. 18-28
Author(s):  
Dhanendra Veer Shakya
Keyword(s):  
Age Groups ◽  
Fertility Level ◽  
Parity Progression ◽  
Birth Cohorts ◽  
Number Of Children ◽  
Parity Progression Ratio ◽  
History Of ◽  
Cohort Fertility ◽  
Children Ever Born ◽  
Using Data

This study attempts to analyze the levels and patterns of cohort fertility in Nepal in 2016 using data on parity progression ratios (PPRs). Simple PPRs, rather than synthetic PPRs or birth history of women, are used in this study from distribution of women by age and children ever born. Data on PPRs are used from 2016 Nepal Demographic and Health Survey to estimate cohort fertility of currently married and all women separately. Fertility is analyzed for different birth cohorts of women, specifically for birth cohorts of age groups 45-49, 20-24, 25-29, and 30-34 years, beside overall span of reproductive ages (15-49) for different purposes. The PPRs data are employed in this study in three different ways such as PPRs itself, proportion of women with at least ‘N’ number of children ever born (CEB), and cohort fertility rates. All three measures are implied to estimate cohort fertility of both currently married and all women separately. Fertility patterns are almost similar in all the three methods and other the measures show that the level of cohort fertility is still a little higher in Nepal, although it is declining gradually over time. The completed cohort fertility is estimated at around 4 in Nepal in 2016. The contribution of this article will be to check fertility level by applying this simple, but less common, method in estimating cohort fertility.

scholarly journals The Association between Conditional Cash Transfer Programmes and Cohort Fertility: Evidence from Brazil

2021 ◽  
Vol 46 ◽  
Author(s):  
Camila Ferreira Soares ◽  
Everton Emanuel Campos de Lima
Keyword(s):  
Social Inequalities ◽  
Conditional Cash Transfer ◽  
Cash Transfer ◽  
Parity Progression ◽  
Monetary Transfers ◽  
Bolsa Familia ◽  
History Of ◽  
Cohort Fertility ◽  
Reproductive Cycles ◽  
The Relationship

Brazil’s Bolsa Família Programme (BFP) aims to combat poverty and social inequalities through monetary transfers to families. A much-discussed indirect effect of the programme was its correlation to the fertility of the beneficiary families. In this paper, we use a cohort fertility approach with parity progression ratios that differs from existing literature, which mainly used period fertility measures, to better understand the relationship between fertility and the BFP. This study analyses the relationship between the BFP and the reproduction of Brazilian women. We use data from the 2010 Brazilian micro-censuses, the only census after the start of the BFP in 2004, to reconstruct the childbirth history of women with incomplete reproductive cycles (women aged 25 to 29), and estimate parity progression ratios (PPRs) and cohort fertility rates (CFR). In addition, we estimate propensity score matching (PSM) models comparing fertility outcomes of beneficiaries and non-beneficiaries of the programme. Our results show distinct differences in CFRs and PPRs. On average, BFP beneficiaries had more children than women not covered by the programme. This finding remained consistent even after controlling for educational gradients and other covariates. Our empirical findings show that women opt for a “rational” strategy, where they tend to have children in more rapid succession up until three children. These findings contradict the recent literature that has not found any correlation between BFP and fertility. The results also suggest that cohort analyses may fill certain gaps left by previous studies of period fertility. This paper is one of a few that have analysed the relationship between a conditional income transfer programme and cohort measures in Brazil.

scholarly journals Genome-wide analysis identifies genetic effects on reproductive success and ongoing natural selection at the FADS locus

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Iain Mathieson ◽  
Felix R. Day ◽  
Nicola Barban ◽  
Felix C. Tropf ◽  
David M. Brazel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Natural Selection ◽  
Reproductive Success ◽  
European Ancestry ◽  
Age At First Birth ◽  
Hormone Regulation ◽  
Number Of Children ◽  
Two Generations ◽  
Reproductive Ageing ◽  
Children Ever Born ◽  
Using Data

AbstractIdentifying genetic determinants of reproductive success may highlight mechanisms underlying fertility and also identify alleles under present-day selection. Using data in 785,604 individuals of European ancestry, we identify 43 genomic loci associated with either number of children ever born (NEB) or childlessness. These loci span diverse aspects of reproductive biology across the life course, including puberty timing, age at first birth, sex hormone regulation and age at menopause. Missense alleles in ARHGAP27 were associated with increased NEB but reduced reproductive lifespan, suggesting a trade-off between reproductive ageing and intensity. As NEB is one component of evolutionary fitness, our identified associations indicate loci under present-day natural selection. Accordingly, we find that NEB-increasing alleles have increased in frequency over the past two generations. Furthermore, integration with data from ancient selection scans identifies a unique example of an allele—FADS1/2 gene locus—that has been under selection for thousands of years and remains under selection today. Collectively, our findings demonstrate that diverse biological mechanisms contribute to reproductive success, implicating both neuro-endocrine and behavioural influences.

COMPLETED FERTILITY DURING THE TWENTIETH CENTURY: AN EXAMPLE FROM SIX SETTLEMENTS IN NORTHERN GREECE

2018 ◽  
Vol 51 (1) ◽  
pp. 118-137 ◽  
Author(s):  
Konstantinos N. Zafeiris ◽  
Stamatina Kaklamani
Keyword(s):  
Temporal Trends ◽  
Fertility Transition ◽  
Birth Cohorts ◽  
Northern Greece ◽  
Cultural Economic ◽  
First Marriage ◽  
Strong Trend ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Children Ever Born

SummaryThis study aimed to delineate temporal trends and differentials of completed fertility and their relationship with some characteristics of the marriage system in specific anthropological populations of northern Greece. The analysis was based on the life history of quinquennial and decennial birth cohorts of married women born in the 20th century who reproduced solely within the settlements studied. The variables studied were: children ever born, mean age of mother at first marriage, mean age of mother at first child (live birth), mean age of mother at last child and reproductive span. The results indicated that there were significant differences in the demographic characteristics of marriage and that there was an ongoing fertility transition in the 20th century in the populations studied. The mechanism of fertility decline was connected with the gradual reduction of the mean age of the mother at last child, the parallel decrease in the mean age at childbearing and a shortening of the reproductive span. Fertility levels at all times maintained a dynamic character imposed by local cultural, economic and social structures, which, in turn, were part of broader national and international structures, in all the populations studied. A strong trend of convergence of fertility levels was observed among the populations studied.

Gelijke opleiding, verschillende opbrengsten : Een onderzoek naar genderongelijkheid in het effect van opleidingsniveau op de mate van leidinggeven

2020 ◽  
Vol 95 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-28
Author(s):  
Anneke de Hamer ◽  
Ineke Maas
Keyword(s):  
Gender Inequality ◽  
Returns To Education ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Education Level ◽  
Birth Cohorts ◽  
Capital Theory ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Equal Education ◽  
Onderzoek Naar ◽  
Using Data

Abstract Equal education, different returns: Research into gender inequality in the effect of education level on the degree of supervisionThe aim of this article is to investigate whether the effect of individuals’ education level on the degree of supervision their position holds, differs between men and women and how this has changed over birth cohorts. Drawing on the human capital theory and the glass ceiling metaphor, hypotheses on gender differences in the returns to education and how these change with birth cohort and age, are formulated. The hypotheses are tested using data from the Dutch Labor Supply Panel. We find that the returns to education are smaller for women than for men. This is the case in all age groups and birth cohorts. However, no evidence was found that women from earlier cohorts profit more from their education than women from later cohorts. Women and men born between 1961 and 1970 have the highest returns to education, as well as middle aged women and men.1

scholarly journals Polygyny and Fertility Differentials among the Yoruba of Western Nigeria

1986 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 63-74 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Ahmed
Keyword(s):  
Fertility Level ◽  
Western State ◽  
Number Of Children ◽  
Fertility Differentials ◽  
Children Ever Born

SummaryData were analysed from the 1973 surveys of the Nigerian segment of the Changing African Family (CAFN) Project which covered Yoruba women and men in Ibadan and the western state of Nigeria. The Yoruba women in monogamous unions and those in polygynous unions show slightly varying levels of fertility, measured as mean number of children ever born. Most of this variation can be attributed to other variables; type of union of the women does not significantly affect their fertility level.

scholarly journals Visualising Immigrant Fertility -- Profiles of Childbearing and their Implications for Migration Research

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marianne Tønnessen ◽  
Ben Wilson
Keyword(s):  
Life Course ◽  
Single Measure ◽  
Number Of Children ◽  
Migration Research ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Cohort Fertility ◽  
Children Ever Born ◽  
The Life Course ◽  
Migrant Fertility

AbstractDifferent measures of fertility have strengths and limitations when used to describe the fertility of immigrants, and no single measure captures every aspect of this complex phenomenon. This paper introduces a novel visual framework that shows life course profiles of immigrant childbearing in a multifaceted way. It develops the well-known cohort fertility curve—showing the average number of children ever born over the life course—and adds lines for immigrant women arriving at different ages, using their average number of children born on arrival as a starting point. These immigrant fertility profiles can illustrate a number of important aspects of childbearing simultaneously, including children born before arrival, fertility after arrival and completed fertility at the end of childbearing. In addition to showing numbers of children born (i.e. fertility quantum), the slopes of each profile indicate the tempo of fertility and how this changes by age and duration of residence. The fertility profiles of different immigrant groups can be plotted in the same graph, and can be compared and contrasted with non-immigrant groups—at origin as well as destination—through the augmentation of each visualisation. Using Nordic register data, we illustrate how these fertility profiles can be used to expand our knowledge of immigrant childbearing and to investigate various hypotheses of migrant fertility, giving a novel overview of the relationships between fertility measures such as period and quantum, before and after arrival.

scholarly journals Lineage-specific protection and immune imprinting shape the age distributions of influenza B cases

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marcos C. Vieira ◽  
Celeste M. Donato ◽  
Philip Arevalo ◽  
Guus F. Rimmelzwaan ◽  
Timothy Wood ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Influenza A ◽  
Age Distribution ◽  
Influenza B ◽  
Antibody Specificity ◽  
Virus Infections ◽  
Birth Cohorts ◽  
Additional Protection ◽  
History Of ◽  
People First ◽  
Using Data

AbstractHow a history of influenza virus infections contributes to protection is not fully understood, but such protection might explain the contrasting age distributions of cases of the two lineages of influenza B. Fitting a statistical model to those distributions using data from New Zealand, we found they could be explained by historical changes in lineage frequencies combined with cross-protection between strains of the same lineage. In addition to protection regardless of the order of infection, we found additional protection against B/Yamagata in people first infected with it, similar to the immune “imprinting” observed in influenza A. While the data were not informative about imprinting protection against B/Victoria, B/Yamagata imprinting could explain the fewer B/Yamagata than B/Victoria cases in cohorts born in the 1990s and the bimodal age distribution of B/Yamagata cases. Characterizing antibody specificity after exposure could illuminate the link between birth cohorts’ infection histories and susceptibility to influenza B.

The relationship of income and consumption of modern goods to fertility: a study of working class families in Iran

1979 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 219-226 ◽  
Author(s):  
Akbar Aghajanian
Keyword(s):  
Working Class ◽  
Fertility Level ◽  
Number Of Children ◽  
Children Ever Born ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
Near Future ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Contraceptive Practice

SummaryThis paper examines the effects of income and consumption of modern goods on fertility level and contraceptive practice among working class families in three Iranian cities. A j-shaped relationship is found between fertility and income after controlling for other variables. Expectation about future changes in income does not have any significant effect on the number of children ever born, but those who expect an increase in their income in the near future are more likely to be currently using contraception. Consumption of modern goods is positively related to fertility level and does not have any significant effect on contraceptive practice.

Migrant and non-migrant fertility in Greece: Results based on the 2001 population census

2014 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 147-158 ◽  
Author(s):  
Georgia Verropoulou ◽  
Christos Bagavos ◽  
Cleon Tsimbos
Keyword(s):  
Ethnic Groups ◽  
Population Census ◽  
Migrant Women ◽  
Native Women ◽  
Children Ever Born ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Of Greece ◽  
Migrant Fertility

This paper examines fertility patterns and differentials between migrant and non-migrant women in Greece using data from the 2001 census on the reported numbers of children ever-born alive by citizenship. Special tabulations produced by the National Statistical Service of Greece are analysed and presented here. The analysis focuses on Greek, Albanian and Bulgarian women born over 1950-1970. Noticeable differences are observed. Despite the fact that Bulgarian women tend to have their first births earlier, their fertility levels are the lowest. Albanian women exhibit the highest fertility while levels for native women are somewhere in between. Nevertheless, the gap observed among the ethnic groups tends, broadly, to narrow over successive cohorts.  

scholarly journals Predicting COVID-19 mortality with electronic medical records

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Hossein Estiri ◽  
Zachary H. Strasser ◽  
Jeffy G. Klann ◽  
Pourandokht Naseri ◽  
Kavishwar B. Wagholikar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Medical Information ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Prognostic Models ◽  
Smoking History ◽  
Risk Scores ◽  
Gradient Boosting ◽  
Chronic Obstructive ◽  
Clinical Expertise ◽  
History Of

AbstractThis study aims to predict death after COVID-19 using only the past medical information routinely collected in electronic health records (EHRs) and to understand the differences in risk factors across age groups. Combining computational methods and clinical expertise, we curated clusters that represent 46 clinical conditions as potential risk factors for death after a COVID-19 infection. We trained age-stratified generalized linear models (GLMs) with component-wise gradient boosting to predict the probability of death based on what we know from the patients before they contracted the virus. Despite only relying on previously documented demographics and comorbidities, our models demonstrated similar performance to other prognostic models that require an assortment of symptoms, laboratory values, and images at the time of diagnosis or during the course of the illness. In general, we found age as the most important predictor of mortality in COVID-19 patients. A history of pneumonia, which is rarely asked in typical epidemiology studies, was one of the most important risk factors for predicting COVID-19 mortality. A history of diabetes with complications and cancer (breast and prostate) were notable risk factors for patients between the ages of 45 and 65 years. In patients aged 65–85 years, diseases that affect the pulmonary system, including interstitial lung disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, lung cancer, and a smoking history, were important for predicting mortality. The ability to compute precise individual-level risk scores exclusively based on the EHR is crucial for effectively allocating and distributing resources, such as prioritizing vaccination among the general population.

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