CURE BEHAVIOR OF NANOSTRUCTURED HIERARCHICAL COMPOSITES WITH FUNCTIONALIZED CARBON NANOTUBES

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
DAE HAN SUNG ◽  
SAGAR M. DOSHI ◽  
ANDREW N. RIDER ◽  
ERIK T. THOSTENSON
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Nanotubes ◽  
Epoxy Resin ◽  
Electric Fields ◽  
Polymer Matrix ◽  
Volume Fraction ◽  
Aqueous Dispersion ◽  
Curing Kinetics ◽  
Thermomechanical Properties ◽  
Curing Temperature ◽  
Conductive Glass

Electrophoretic deposition is a promising technique to hybridize nanomaterials with conventional reinforcing materials for multifunctional applications. It utilizes the principle of electrophoresis, where electric potential drives charged particles dispersed in a liquid towards counter-charged substrates. Polymer matrix can be infused into the hybridized fibers to produce hierarchical polymer composites with reinforcements spanning several orders of magnitude in scale. This research addresses a key challenge associated with nanostructured composites produced by first dispersing the nanoscale reinforcement into the polymer matrix and then infusing into the fiber reinforcement (direct mix/infusion method). The key limitation is on the volume fraction of the nanoscale particles due to the drastic increase of the resin viscosity and the potential filtering effect of the particles during resin infusion. Our model system consists of an aqueous dispersion of carbon nanotubes (CNT) functionalized with a cationic polymer, polyethyleneimine (PEI), non-conductive glass fabric and epoxy resin. Amine functional groups of PEI are protonated under mildly acidic conditions, producing positively charged CNTs. A stable dispersion is formed through repulsive electrostatic forces among charged CNTs, which also facilitates deposition under applied electric fields. CNT-PEI films uniformly deposited via EPD on each filament throughout the fabric form a unique interface between reinforcing fiber and epoxy matrix. Concentrated amines from CNT-PEI coatings possibly alter the curing mechanism of infused epoxy resin, thereby creating the graded mechanical properties at the interface. In this study, curing kinetics and thermomechanical properties of epoxy resin are investigated with added PEI which provides stoichiometrically excessive amines. It is expected that the curing temperature profile can be designed to optimize the interfacial properties of electrophoretically processed CNT-PEI multiscale composites.

Study on the Preparation of 2-Phenyl Imidazole Microcapsule and its Effect on Curing Epoxy Resin

2013 ◽  
Vol 690-693 ◽  
pp. 1649-1652
Author(s):  
Ai Jie Ma ◽  
Qiu Yu Zhang ◽  
You Qiang Shi
Keyword(s):  
Epoxy Resin ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Curing Kinetics ◽  
Curing Temperature ◽  
Curing Agent ◽  
Thermal Analyzer ◽  
Epoxy Resin System ◽  
Curing Kinetic ◽  
Resin Curing ◽  
Micro Morphology

In this paper, 2-phenyl imidazole (2-PZ) microcapsule-type curing agent of epoxy resin were prepared through solvent volatilization with 2-PZ and polymethyl acrylic glycidyl ester (PGMA) as the raw materials. The micro-morphology, shape and structure of the microcapsules were studied by scanning electronic microscope (SEM) and fourier transform infrared spectrum (FT-IR). The curing kinetics of microcapsule curing agent/epoxy resin E-44 curing system were studied using TGA/DSC simultaneous thermal analyzer. Results showed that the preparation method is simple and effective and the prepared 2-PZ microcapsules have smooth surfaces and monodisperse size. And the curing kinetic study of epoxy resin system suggested epoxy resin curing temperature was rising with the increase of heating rate.

Influence of Speed of Processing in the Mechanical and Thermomechanical Properties of Polyamide 6 / Organoclay Nanocomposite

2014 ◽  
Vol 775-776 ◽  
pp. 383-387 ◽  
Author(s):  
Renê Anísio da Paz ◽  
E.M. Araújo ◽  
L.A. Pessan ◽  
T.J.A. Melo ◽  
A.M.D. Leite ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Polymer Matrix ◽  
Volume Fraction ◽  
Bentonite Clay ◽  
Polyamide 6 ◽  
Thermomechanical Properties ◽  
High Ratio ◽  
Organic Salts ◽  
Load Volume ◽  
Very High

The improvement in the properties of nanocomposites is achieved with a load volume fraction of up to 10% due to the very high ratio of the load aspect. Moreover, they have the advantage of being processed with conventional equipment and techniques (extrusion, injection, etc.) used for polymers. In order for the clay to be uniformly dispersed in the polymer and there to be good interaction with the polymer matrix, superficial treatments of the clays with organic salts are essential for it to become organophilic, and, thus the material obtained has better performance. In this study, it was evaluated the influence of two speeds (100 and 200 rpm) of processing and thermo mechanical properties of nanocomposites with 3% of bentonite clay prepared with two speeds and two threads. The nanocomposites showed better properties as compared to properties of polyamide 6, especially the samples heated at screw speed of 100 rpm.

The Study on Curing Kinetics of Lignin Based Epoxy Resin System Using Non-Isothermal DSC Method

2013 ◽  
Vol 788 ◽  
pp. 223-227 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ming Qiang Chen ◽  
Shao Min Liu ◽  
Feng Li ◽  
Zhong Lian Yang ◽  
Ye Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Epoxy Resin ◽  
Kinetic Parameters ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Curing Kinetics ◽  
Reaction Model ◽  
Curing Temperature ◽  
Resin System ◽  
Curing Reaction ◽  
Epoxy Resin System ◽  
Dsc Method

The synthesis of Lignin Base Epoxy Resin was based on industrial alkali lignin, and lignin-based epoxy resin curing characteristics were analyzed using the thermal weight loss technology under the oxygen atmosphere conditions. In light of the infra-red analysis of raw materials, the curing reaction kinetic parameters of lignin-based epoxy resin system were calculated using the Kissinger-Crane and Flynn-Wall-Ozawa method, and the curing reaction kinetics model of lignin-based epoxy resin system was established. The results showed that the kinetic parameters obtained using two methods were approximate, which validated that the curing reaction was consistent with the principle of the first-order reaction model. Initial curing temperature Ti0=454.88 K, curing temperature Tp0=507.55 K, and terminal temperature Tf0=598.77 K of lignin-based epoxy resin system were obtained when the extrapolation method was applied.

Thermal properties and non-isothermal curing kinetics of carbon nanotubes/ionic liquid/epoxy resin systems

2015 ◽  
Vol 618 ◽  
pp. 18-25 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiangyun Zheng ◽  
Daoke Li ◽  
Chuanyi Feng ◽  
Xiaoting Chen
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Nanotubes ◽  
Ionic Liquid ◽  
Thermal Properties ◽  
Epoxy Resin ◽  
Curing Kinetics ◽  
Kinetics Of

Thermo-mechanical properties of epoxy nanocomposites incorporating amino acid and acid functionalized multi-walled carbon nanotubes

2019 ◽  
Vol 54 (14) ◽  
pp. 1847-1861
Author(s):  
Alireza Bagherzade ◽  
Masoud Jamshidi
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Carbon Nanotubes ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Epoxy Resin ◽  
Acid Treatment ◽  
Curing Temperature ◽  
Gravimetric Analysis ◽  
Multi Walled Carbon Nanotubes ◽  
Walled Carbon Nanotubes ◽  
Functionalized Mwcnts

In this study, multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) were functionalized by both sulfuric/nitric acids and amino acids to form COOH and NH2/COOH/OH groups on their surface, respectively. The functionalized MWCNTs were characterized by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy, titration test, thermal gravimetric analysis, and solvent stability test. The results revealed that in each method, the functional groups were successfully attached to the surface of nanotubes. Acid treatment grafted more oxygen-containing groups compared to commercial carboxylated MWCNTs. The amino acid functionalized MWCNTs indicated improved stability in different solvents compared to raw and acid treated MWCNTs. These functionalized MWCNTs were incorporated into epoxy resin and the properties of the nanocomposites were evaluated by scanning electron microscopy, tensile test, dynamic mechanical thermal analysis, differential scanning calorimetry, and thermogravimetric analysis. The morphology of the nanocomposites revealed that acid and amino acid treated samples had better interaction with the epoxy resin. Compared to epoxy sample contained raw MWCNT (control) and commercial carboxylated MWCNTs, the addition of functionalized MWCNTs to the epoxy resin improved the tensile strength by 39% and 25% (for acid treated) and 46% and 33% (for amino acid treated), respectively. The best tensile properties for acid and amino acid treated samples were reached by MWCNTs acid treated at 110℃ for 15 min and MWCNTs treated in a 50 g/L aqueous solution of amino acid, respectively. Storage modulus of the epoxy samples which contained acid and amino acid treated MWCNTs were 1560 and 1900 MPa, respectively. The glass rubber transition temperature ( Tg) of the epoxy samples containing acid and amino acid treated nanotubes were increased by 1.1℃ and 5.9℃, respectively, compared to the control sample. Therefore, based on these mechanical properties, the epoxy samples containing nanotubes functionalized by amino acid exhibited the highest performance in the epoxy nanocomposite. Incorporating acid and amino acid treated MWCNTs accelerated the curing process of epoxy where the curing temperature decreased by 9.1℃ and 13.3℃, respectively. Because of the reaction between amine groups grafted on MWCNTs in the amino acid treatment and epoxide groups of the epoxy resin, this acceleration was more significant in the case of amino acid sample. Note that addition of functionalized MWCNTs to epoxy resin did not lead to increased thermal stability.

The Synthesis of Silicon-Containing Epoxy Resin and its Application in Environmentally-Friendship Epoxy Molding Compound for IC Packaging

2011 ◽  
Vol 211-212 ◽  
pp. 638-642 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ming Shan Yang ◽  
Jian Wei Liu ◽  
Lin Kai Li
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Stability ◽  
Epoxy Resin ◽  
Curing Kinetics ◽  
Curing Temperature ◽  
Molding Compound ◽  
Ic Packaging ◽  
Ortho Cresol ◽  
Novolac Epoxy ◽  
Kinetics Of ◽  
Thermal Stability Of

Silicon-containing epoxy resin (CNE-Si) was synthesized from diphenylsilandiol (DPSD) and ortho-cresol novolac epoxy resin using SnCl2 as catalyst. The chemical structure of CNE-Si prepared in this paper was characterized by 1H-NMR and FTIR. The thermal stability was analyzed by TGA. The result showed that the –Si- group enhanced the thermal stability of the epoxy resin. The curing kinetics of the system was studied by non-isothermal DSC. The kinetic parameters of the curing reaction including the activation energy were calculated using Kissinger and Ozawa method. The results showed that the system containing CNE-Si has lower curing temperature and more quick curing speed compared to CNE, which can be used for manufacturing the quick-curing EMCs or afterward-curing-free EMCs.

scholarly journals The Curing Kinetics of E-Glass Fiber/Epoxy Resin Prepreg and the Bending Properties of Its Products

Materials ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (16) ◽  
pp. 4673
Author(s):  
Lvtao Zhu ◽  
Zhenxing Wang ◽  
Mahfuz Bin Rahman ◽  
Wei Shen ◽  
Chengyan Zhu
Keyword(s):  
Glass Fiber ◽  
Epoxy Resin ◽  
Composite Laminates ◽  
Curing Kinetics ◽  
Curing Temperature ◽  
Scanning Calorimetry ◽  
Three Point Bending ◽  
Reinforced Composite ◽  
Curing Kinetic ◽  
Kinetics Of

The curing kinetics can influence the final macroscopic properties, particularly the three-point bending of the fiber-reinforced composite materials. In this research, the curing kinetics of commercially available glass fiber/epoxy resin prepregs were studied by non-isothermal differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The curing kinetic parameters were obtained by fitting and the apparent activation energy Ea of the prepreg, the pre-exponent factor, and the reaction order value obtained. A phenomenological nth-order curing reaction kinetic model was established according to Kissinger equation and Crane equation. Furthermore, the optimal curing temperature of the prepregs was obtained by the T-β extrapolation method. A vacuum hot pressing technique was applied to prepare composite laminates. The pre-curing, curing, and post-curing temperatures were 116, 130, and 153 °C respectively. In addition, three-point bending was used to test the specimens’ fracture behavior, and the surface morphology was analyzed. The results show that the differences in the mechanical properties of the samples are relatively small, indicating that the process settings are reasonable.

Viscoelastic material damping characteristics of carbon nanotubes based functionally graded composite shell structures

2018 ◽  
Vol 233 (8) ◽  
pp. 1510-1541 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ashirbad Swain ◽  
Tarapada Roy
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Nanotubes ◽  
Polymer Matrix ◽  
Composite Shell ◽  
Volume Fraction ◽  
Vibration Damping ◽  
Functionally Graded ◽  
Element Formulation ◽  
Damping Characteristics ◽  
Stress Resultant ◽  
Viscoelastic Modeling

This work deals with the study of viscoelastic modeling and vibration analysis of functionally graded nanocomposite shell panels where carbon nanotubes are reinforced in the polymer matrix based on the functionally graded distributions of carbon nanotubes. Five types of grading of carbon nanotubes (such as UD, FGX, FGV, FGO, and FGΛ) in the thickness directions have been considered in order to investigate the vibration damping performance of such composite shell panels. A detailed mathematical formulation for the determination viscoelastic properties is presented. The Mori–Tanaka micromechanics in conjunction with weak interface theory has been developed for the mathematical formulations of the viscoelastic modeling of carbon nanotubes based polymer matrix phase. An eight-noded shell element with five degrees-of-freedom per node has been formulated to study the vibration damping characteristics of various panels made by such functionally graded nanocomposite materials. The shell finite element formulation is based on the transverse shear effects as per the Mindlin’s hypothesis, and stress resultant-type Koiter’s shell theory. Impulse and frequency responses of such structures have been performed to study the effects of various important parameters (such as volume fraction of carbon nanotubes, interfacial condition, agglomeration, temperature, geometries of shell panel) on the dynamic responses. Obtained results demonstrate that quick vibration mitigation may be possible using such carbon nanotubes based proposed composite materials.

scholarly journals Influence of Silanization Treatment on Thermomechanical Properties of Multiwalled Carbon Nanotubes: Poly(methylmethacrylate) Nanocomposites

2011 ◽  
Vol 2011 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carlos Velasco-Santos ◽  
Ana Laura Martinez-Hernandez ◽  
Witold Brostow ◽  
Victor M. Castaño
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Nanotubes ◽  
Multiwalled Carbon Nanotubes ◽  
Polymer Matrix ◽  
Mechanical Load ◽  
Mechanical Analysis ◽  
Thermomechanical Properties ◽  
Multiwalled Carbon ◽  
Dynamical Mechanical Analysis ◽  
The Matrix

Unfunctionalized and silanized multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWNTs) were incorporated in poly(methylmethacrylate) matrices usingin situpolymerization. Polymer-compatible functional groups on carbon nanotube (CNT) surfaces were characterized by infrared spectroscopy. These chemical moieties improve interaction at interfaces, allowing transfer of mechanical load between the matrix and the dispersed phase as reflected in the resulting improved mechanical and thermophysical properties. The composites were characterized by Raman spectroscopy to evaluate molecular level interactions and dynamical mechanical analysis. Composites with silanized CNTs have higher storage modulus (E′) than polymer reinforced with unfunctionalized nanotubes. Considering the average of the samples, only 1 wt.% of silanized nanotubes provides an increase inE′ of 165% at room temperature with respect to polymer matrix, and the increments reached are by a factor of 6.8 and 13.6 over the polymer matrix at 80°C and 90°C, respectively. 1 wt% of silanized CNTs increases the glass transition temperature of polymer matrix around 30°C. Microscratch testing results of composites show that unfunctionalized CNTs cause deeper penetration of the indenter than polymer matrix at the same force; however, the composites developed with silanized CNTs present more regular behavior than polymer reinforced with unfunctionalized CNTs.

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